OSIRIS-REx - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/OSIRIS-REx

OSIRIS-REx
OSIRIS-REx

Artist's rendering of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft

Names Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith
Explorer

Mission type Asteroid sample return[1]

Operator NASA
COSPAR ID 2016-055A (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2016-055A)
SATCAT no. 41757
Website AsteroidMission.org (http://asteroidmission.org)
Mission Planned: 7 years
duration 505 days at asteroid
Elapsed: 2 years, 2 months, 25 days, 5 hours

Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer Lockheed Martin
Launch 2,110 kg (4,650 lb)[2]
mass
Dry mass 880 kg (1,940 lb)[2]
Dimensions 2.44 × 2.44 × 3.15 m (8 × 8 × 10.33 ft)[2]
Power 1,226 to 3,000 W[2]

Start of mission
Launch date 8 September 2016, 23:05 UTC[3]
Rocket Atlas V 411, AV-067[3]
Launch site Cape Canaveral SLC-41
Contractor United Launch Alliance

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The End of mission

Landing date Planned: 24 September 2023, 15:00 UTC[4]
Landing site Utah Test and Training Range[4]

Flyby of Earth
Closest 22 September 2017[2]
approach
101955 Bennu orbiter
Orbital 3 December 2018 [5][6]
insertion
Orbital 3 March 2021 (planned)[2]
departure
Sample 0.1–2.0 kg (0.13–4.4 lb)[4]
mass
Instruments
OCAMS OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite
OLA OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter
OTES OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer
OVIRS OSIRIS-REx Visible and Infrared Spectrometer
REXIS Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer
TAGSAM Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism

New Frontiers program

OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith

Explorer) is a NASA asteroid study and sample-return mission.[7][8][9][10] The mission's goal is to obtain a small
sample (about 60 grams (2.1 oz)) from study asteroid 101955 Bennu, a carbonaceous asteroid, and return the
sample to Earth for detailed analysis. The material returned is expected to enable scientists to learn more about the
formation and evolution of the Solar System, its initial stages of planet formation, and the source of organic
compounds that led to the formation of life on Earth.[11] If successful, OSIRIS-REx will be the first U.S. spacecraft
to return samples from an asteroid.

OSIRIS-REx was launched on 8 September 2016, and reached close proximity of Bennu on 3 December 2018,[5]
where it will begin analyzing its surface for a target sample area over the next several months. It is expected to
return with its sample to Earth on 24 September 2023.[12]

The cost of the mission will be approximately US$800 million[13] not including the Atlas V launch vehicle, which is
about US$183.5 million.[14] It is the third planetary science mission selected in the New Frontiers program, after
Juno and New Horizons. The Principal Investigator is Dante Lauretta from the University of Arizona.

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Contents
Mission
Launch
Cruise
Sample acquisition
Curation
Science objectives
Specifications
Payload
OCAMS
OLA
OVIRS
OTES
REXIS
TAGSAM
OSIRIS-REx II
Gallery
See also
References
External links

Mission
Overall management, engineering and navigation for the mission is
provided by NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center, while the University
of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory provides principal science
operations and Lockheed Martin Space Systems built the spacecraft
and provides mission operations.[2] The science team includes
members from the United States, Canada, France, Germany, United
Kingdom, and Italy.[15]

After traveling for approximately two years, the spacecraft is to

rendezvous with asteroid 101955 Bennu in December 2018[6] and begin
505 days of surface mapping at a distance of approximately 5 km
(3.1 mi).[1] Results of that mapping will be used by the mission team to
Asteroid Bennu - OSIRIS-REx
arrival select the site from which to take a sample of the asteroid's surface.[16]
(3 December 2018) Then a close approach (without landing) will be attempted to allow
extension of a robotic arm to gather the sample.[17]

An asteroid was chosen as the target of study because an asteroid is a 'time capsule' from the birth of our Solar
System.[18] In particular, 101955 Bennu was selected because of the availability of pristine carbonaceous material, a
key element in organic molecules necessary for life as well as representative of matter from before the formation of
Earth. Organic molecules, such as amino acids, have previously been found in meteorite and comet samples,
indicating that some ingredients necessary for life can be naturally synthesized in outer space.[1]

Following collection of material (from 60 grams to two kilograms) in July 2020, the sample will be returned to

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Earth in a 46-kilogram (101 lb) capsule similar to that which

returned the samples of comet 81P/Wild on the Stardust
spacecraft. The return trip to Earth will be shorter and the capsule
will land with a parachute at the Utah Test and Training Range in
September 2023 before being transported to the Johnson Space
Center for processing in a dedicated research facility.[1]

The acronym OSIRIS was chosen in reference to the ancient

OSIRIS-REx mission overview video
mythological Egyptian god Osiris, the underworld lord of the
dead. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned man with a
pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs and wearing a distinctive crown with two large ostrich
feathers at either side.[19] Rex means 'king' in Latin. His name was chosen for this mission as asteroid Bennu is a
threatening Earth impactor, with an estimated 1-in-1,800 chance of hitting Earth in the year 2170.[19][20]

Launch
The launch was on 8 September 2016 at 23:05 UTC on a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 from Cape Canaveral
Space Launch Complex 41.[3] The 411 rocket configuration consists of a RD-180 powered first stage with a single
AJ-60A solid fuel booster, and a Centaur upper stage.[21] OSIRIS-REx separated from the launch vehicle 55
minutes after ignition,[2] with a speed of 5.4 km/s (12,000 mph).[22] The launch was declared "exactly perfect" by
the mission's Principal Investigator, with no anomalies worked before or during launch.[23]

Cruise
OSIRIS-REx entered the cruise phase shortly after separation from the launch vehicle, following successful solar
panel deployment, propulsion system initiation, and establishment of a communication link with Earth.[23] Its
hyperbolic escape speed from Earth was about 5.41 km/s (3.36 mi/s). On 28 December 2016, the spacecraft
successfully performed its first deep space maneuver to change its velocity by 431 m/s (1,550 km/h; 960 mph)
using 354 kg (780 lb) of fuel.[24][25] An additional, smaller firing of its thrusters on 18 January further refined its
course for an Earth gravity assist in 22 September 2017.[24] The cruise phase will last until its encounter with
Bennu in December 2018,[6] after which it will enter its science and sample collection phase.[24]

During its cruise phase, OSIRIS-REx was used to search for a class of near-Earth objects known as Earth-Trojan
asteroids as it passed through Sun–Earth L4 Lagrange point. Between 9 and 20 February 2017, the OSIRIS-REx
team used the spacecraft's MapCam camera to search for the objects, taking about 135 survey images each day for
processing by scientists at the University of Arizona. The search will be beneficial even if no objects are found, as it
closely resembles the operation that will be required as the spacecraft approaches Bennu, searching for natural
satellites and other potential hazards.[25][26]

On 12 February 2017, while 673 million km (418 million mi) from Jupiter, the PolyCam instrument aboard
OSIRIS-REx successfully imaged the giant planet and three of its moons, Callisto, Io, and Ganymede.[27]

Sample acquisition
On 3 December 2018, NASA affirmed that OSIRIS-REx had matched the speed and orbit of Bennu at a distance of
about 19 kilometers (12 mi), effectively reaching the asteroid. Over the next months, OSIRIS-REx will perform
closer passes of the Bennu surface, initially at about 6.5 km (4.0 mi) through December to further refine the shape
and orbit of Bennu, and then to about 1.4 km (0.87 mi) in January 2019 as to start its extensive remote sensing
campaign for the selection of a sample site.[5]

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Rehearsals will be performed for the final sampling event. The

solar arrays will be raised into a Y-shaped configuration to
minimize the chance of dust accumulation during contact and
provide more ground clearance in case the spacecraft tips over (up
to 45°) during contact.[15] The descent will be very slow to
minimize thruster firings prior to contact in order to reduce the
likelihood of asteroid surface contamination by unreacted
hydrazine propellant. Contact with the surface of Bennu will be
detected using accelerometers, and the impact force will be
OSIRIS-REx launch video
dissipated by a spring in the TAGSAM arm.

Upon surface contact by the TAGSAM instrument, a burst of

nitrogen gas will be released, which will blow regolith particles
smaller than 2 cm (0.8 in) into the sampler head located at the
end of the robotic arm. A five-second timer will limit collection
time to mitigate the chance of a collision. After the timer expires,
the back-away maneuver will initiate a safe departure from the
asteroid.[15]

OSIRIS-REx will then halt the drift away from the asteroid in case Animation of OSIRIS-REx 's trajectory
it is necessary to return for another sampling attempt. The from 9 September 2016 to
spacecraft will use images and spinning maneuvers to verify the 22 October 2023
OSIRIS-REx · 101955 Bennu ·
sample has been acquired as well as determine its mass and verify
Earth
it is in excess of the required 60 grams (2.1 oz).[15] In the event of
a failed sampling attempt, the spacecraft will return for another
try. There is enough nitrogen gas for three attempts.[2]

In addition to the bulk sampling mechanism, contact pads on the

end of the sampling head will passively collect dust grains smaller
than 1 mm, upon contact with the asteroid. These pads are made
from tiny loops of stainless steel.[28]

After the sampling attempt, the Sample-Return Capsule (SRC) lid

will be opened to allow the sampler head to be stowed. The arm
Animation of OSIRIS-REx 's trajectory
will then be retracted into its launch configuration and the SRC around 101955 Bennu from
lid will be closed and latched preparing to return to Earth.[29] 26 December 2018 to 20 March 2021
OSIRIS-REx · 101955 Bennu

Curation
On 24 September 2023 the OSIRIS-REx return capsule will re-
enter Earth's atmosphere and land at the Air Force's Utah Test
and Training Range.[30] The sample will be curated by NASA's
Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate
(ARES) and at Japan's Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center.
[30][31] The sample material from the asteroid will be distributed to
requesting organisations worldwide by ARES.[32]
Artist's concept of TAGSAM instrument in
Science objectives operation

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The science objectives of the mission are:[33]

1. Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid

regolith in an amount sufficient to study the nature, history, and
distribution of its constituent minerals and organic material.
2. Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy of a primitive
carbonaceous asteroid to characterize its geologic and dynamic
history and provide context for the returned samples.
3. Document the texture, morphology, geochemistry, and spectral
properties of the regolith at the sampling site in situ at scales down
to millimeters.
4. Measure the Yarkovsky effect (a thermal force on the object) on a Sample-return capsule as seen by
potentially hazardous asteroid and constrain the asteroid StowCam
properties that contribute to this effect.
5. Characterize the integrated global properties of a primitive
carbonaceous asteroid to allow for direct comparison with ground-based telescopic data of the entire asteroid
population.
Telescopic observations have helped define the orbit of 101955 Bennu,
a near-Earth object with a mean diameter in the range of 480 to 511
meters (1,575 to 1,677 ft).[34] It completes an orbit of the Sun every
436.604 days (1.2 years). This orbit takes it close to the Earth every six
years. Although the orbit is reasonably well known, scientists continue
to refine it. It is critical to know the orbit of Bennu because recent
Shape model of the mission's
calculations produced a cumulative probability of 1 in 1410 (or 0.071%) destination, asteroid Bennu
of impact with Earth in the period 2169 to 2199.[35] One of the mission
objectives is to refine understanding of non-gravitational effects (such
as the Yarkovsky effect) on this orbit, and the implications of those effects for Bennu's collision probability.
Knowing Bennu's physical properties will be critical for future scientists to know when developing an asteroid
impact avoidance mission.[22]

Telescopic observations have revealed some basic properties of Bennu. They indicate that it is very dark and is
classified as a B-type asteroid, a sub-type of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids. Such asteroids are considered
"primitive", having undergone little geological change from their time of formation.

Specifications
Dimensions: Length
2.4 m (8 ft), width
2.4 m (8 ft), height
3.1 m (10.33 ft)[2]
Width with solar
arrays deployed:
6.2 m (20.25 ft)[2]
Power: Two solar
arrays generate
1226–3000 watts,
depending on the 3D model of OSIRIS-REx OSIRIS-REx instrument deck
spacecraft's distance
from the Sun. Energy
is stored in Li-ion
batteries.[2]
Propulsion system: Based on a hydrazine monopropellant system developed for the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter, carrying 1,230 kg (2,710 lb) of propellant and helium.[36]
The Sample-Return Capsule (SRC) will re-enter the Earth's atmosphere for a parachute assisted landing. The
capsule with encased samples will be retrieved from Earth's surface and studied, as was done with the
Stardust mission.

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Payload
In addition to its telecommunication equipment, the spacecraft will carry a suite of instruments that will study the
asteroid in many wavelengths,[37] as well as image the asteroid, and retrieve a physical sample to return to Earth.
The Planetary Society coordinated a campaign to invite interested persons to have their names or artwork on the
mission's spirit of exploration saved on a microchip now carried in the spacecraft.[38][39]

OCAMS
The OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS) consists of the PolyCam, the
MapCam, and the SamCam.[40] Together they acquire information on
asteroid Bennu by providing global mapping, sample site
reconnaissance and characterization, high-resolution imaging, and
records of the sample acquisition.[41]

PolyCam, an 8-inch (20 cm) telescope, acquires images with

increasingly higher resolution as the spacecraft approaches the
asteroid. Imaging camera suite
MapCam searches for satellites and outgassing plumes. It maps
the asteroid in 4 different colors, informs our model of Bennu's
shape and provides high resolution imaging of the sample-site.
SamCam continuously documents the sample acquisitions.

OLA
The OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) is a scanning and LIDAR instrument that will provide high resolution
topographical information throughout the mission.[40] The information received by OLA will create global
topographic maps of Bennu, local maps of candidate sample sites, ranging in support of other instruments, and
support navigation and gravity analyses.

OLA will scan the surface of Bennu at specific intervals in the mission to rapidly map the entire surface of the
asteroid to achieve its primary objective of producing local and global topographic maps. The data collected by
OLA will also be used to develop a control network relative to the center of mass of the asteroid and to enhance and
refine gravitational studies of Bennu.

OLA has a single common receiver and two complementary transmitter assemblies that enhance the resolution of
the information brought back. OLA's high-energy laser transmitter is used for ranging and mapping from 1 to
7.5 km (0.6 to 4.7 mi). The low-energy transmitter is used for ranging and imaging from 0.5 to 1 km (0.3 to
0.6 mi). The repetition rate of these transmitters sets the data acquisition rate of OLA. Laser pulses from both the
low and high energy transmitters are directed onto a movable scanning mirror, which is co-aligned with the field of
view of the receiver telescope limiting the effects of background solar radiation. Each pulse provides target range,
azimuth, elevation, received intensity and a time-tag.

OLA is funded by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and was built by MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates at
Brampton, Ontario, Canada.[42] OLA was delivered for integration with the spacecraft on 17 November 2015.[43][44]

OVIRS
The OSIRIS-REx Visible and IR Spectrometer (OVIRS) is a spectrometer, which measures light to provide mineral
and organic spectral maps and local spectral information of candidate sample sites.[40] It also provides full-disc
asteroid spectral data, global spectral maps (20 m resolution), and spectra of the sample site (blue to near-

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infrared, 400–4300 nm, with a spectral resolution of 7.5–22 nm).[45]

These data will be used in concert with OTES spectra to guide sample-
site selection. These spectral ranges and resolving powers are sufficient
to provide surface maps of mineralogical and molecular components
including carbonates, silicates, sulfates, oxides, adsorbed water and a
wide range of organic compounds. It provides at least two spectral
samples per resolution element taking full advantage of the spectral
resolution.

OVIRS
OTES
The OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES) provides
mineral and thermal emission spectral maps and local spectral
information of candidate sample sites by collecting thermal infrared
data from 4–50 µm.[40] (see also thermal infrared spectroscopy)

OTES provides full-disc Bennu spectral data, global spectral maps, and
local sample site spectral information used to characterize the global,
regional, and local mineralogic composition and thermal emission from
the asteroid surface. The wavelength range, spectral resolution, and OTES
radiometric performance are sufficient to resolve and identify the key
vibrational absorption features of silicate, carbonate, sulfate,
phosphate, oxide, and hydroxide minerals. OTES is also used to measure the total thermal emission from Bennu in
support of the requirement to measure emitted radiation globally. Based on the performance of Mini-TES in the
dusty surface environment of Mars, OTES is expected to be resilient to extreme dust contamination on the optical
elements.

REXIS
The Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) will provide an X-ray spectroscopy map of Bennu,
complementing core OSIRIS-REx mission science.[40] REXIS is a collaborative development by four groups within
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, with the potential to involve more than 100
students throughout the process. REXIS is based on flight heritage hardware, thereby minimizing elements of
technical risk, schedule risk, and cost risk.

REXIS is a coded aperture soft X-ray (0.3–7.5 keV) telescope that images X-ray fluorescence line emission
produced by the interaction of solar X-rays and the solar wind with the regolith of Bennu. Images are formed with
21 arcminute resolution (4.3 m spatial resolution at a distance of 700 m). Imaging is achieved by correlating the
detected X-ray image with a 64 x 64 element random mask (1.536 mm pixels). REXIS will store each X-ray event
data in order to maximize the data storage usage and to minimize the risk. The pixels will be addressed in 64 x 64
bins and the 0.3–7.5 keV range will be covered by five broad bands and 11 narrow line bands. A 24 s resolution
time tag will be interleaved with the event data to account for Bennu rotation. Images will be reconstructed on the
ground after downlink of the event list. Images are formed simultaneously in 16 energy bands centered on the
dominant lines of abundant surface elements from O-K (0.5 keV) to Fe-Kß (7 keV) as well the representative
continuum. During orbital phase 5B, a 21-day orbit 700 m from the surface of Bennu, a total of at least 133
events/asteroid pixel/energy band are expected under 2 keV; enough to obtain significant constraints on element
abundances at scales larger than 10 m.

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TAGSAM
The sample-return system, called Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition
Mechanism (TAGSAM), consists of a sampler head with an articulated
3.35-meter (11 ft) arm.[2][40] An on-board nitrogen source will support
up to three separate sampling attempts for a minimum total amount of
60 grams (2.1 oz) of sample. The surface contact pads will also collect
fine-grained material.

Highlights of the TAGSAM instrument and technique include:

TAGSAM arm test before launch
Slowly approach surface at 0.2 meters per second (0.66 ft/s)[46]
Contact within 25 meters (82 ft) of selected location
OCAMS documents sampling at 1 Hz
Collect samples in less than five seconds, direct nitrogen (N2) annular jet fluidizes regolith, surface-contact
pad captures surface sample
Verify bulk sample collection via spacecraft inertia change; surface sample by imaging sampler head
Sampler head stored in Sample-Return Capsule (SRC) and returned to Earth

OSIRIS-REx II
OSIRIS-REx II was a 2012 mission concept to replicate the original spacecraft for a double mission, with the
second vehicle collecting samples from the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. It was stated that this mission
would be both the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons.[47][48]

Gallery

OSIRIS-REx imaged the OSIRIS-REx's first "Super-resolution" view

Earth-Moon system images of target asteroid of asteroid Bennu from
during an engineering Bennu from August OSIRIS-REx on October
test in January 2018 2018 29, 2018 from a distance
of 205 miles (330 km)

See also
Hayabusa
Hayabusa2
List of asteroids targeted for spacecraft visitation

References
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External links
OSIRIS-REx website (http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/osiris-rex/) by NASA
OSIRIS-REx website (http://www.asteroidmission.org) by the University of Arizona

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