Status of Vegetable Peroduction in Ethiopia

PROMOTION AND POPULARIZATION OF IMPROVED VARIETY OF
COFFEE (74158) PRODUCTION, PRODUCTVALUE ADDITION, AND

MARKETING: THE CASE OF BUKO KEBELE, DARIMU WOREDA, ILU
ABA BORA ZONE. Commented [A1]: Please refer your proposal title
Jimma University
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension
AN ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT
BY
ADISU ETANA
I.D. No AU0005
Program: Value Chain Oriented Agricultural Extension
College: JUCAVM
Advisor: TamiruChalchisa (MA)
Sponsors: JUCAVM, SAFE, DarimuWoreda and Oromia Regional State
December, 2017
Jimma, Ethiopia
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PROMOTION AND POPULARIZATION OF IMPROVED VARIETY OF
COFFEE (74158) PRODUCTION, PRODUCT VALUE ADDITION,AND
MARKETING : THE CASE OF BUKO KEBELE, DARIMUWOREDA, ILU
ABA BORA ZONE.
An Action Research Report Submitted to

Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
JUCAVM:
Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension;
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of

VALUE CHAIN ORIENTED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
BY
ADISU ETANA
December, 2018
Jimma, Ethiopia Commented [A2]: fo
2|Page
Commented [A3]: Format
DEDICATIONS
I dedicate this action research report /manuscript to my father EtanaTolesa, my mother

HundetuHasenu, and my wife BirkineshMitiku who are giving their spiritual advice and strengthen
me in performing this research report.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYM
Kg Kilogram
Cm Centimeter
CSA Central Statistical Agency
GDP Growth Development Plan Commented [A4]: Growth Domestic Product
HHH House Hold Head
Qt/ha Quintal per hectare
SNNPR South Nations and Nationalities People Region
WAO Woreda Agricultural Office
VCA Value Chain Analysis
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STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR
First, I declare this action research proposal is my bonafide work and that all sources of materials
used for this proposal is duly acknowledged. This action research proposal has been submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for advanced B.Sc. degree at Jimma University and is
deposited at the College Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I
solemnly declare that this action research proposal is not submitted to any other institution
anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma, or certificate.
Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate
acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or
reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major
department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the
proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however,
permission must be obtained from the author.
Author Signature Signature of the advisor

Name____________________________ Name ______________________________
Sign_____________________________Sign ______________________________
Date ______________________________ Date _____________________________
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BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR
The author was born on July, 1983 in Ilu Aba Bora Zone, Darimuworeda, BukoChokorsoKebele.
He attended his elementary and junior secondary education at Bilisumma higher primary and
Darimu Higher secondary school in DarimuWoreda respectively. Then after he joined Agarfa
ATVET College of Agriculture and graduated with Diploma in Cooperative Accounting and
Auditing management in year 2004 E.C. Following his graduation, he was employed by
Darimuworeda cooperative Office. After that he was employed and has been working as
Cooperative Development Agent in Gudina Multi-purpose Cooperative Society found in
GuriKebele until he joined the Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
in 2015.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At this very outset, my reverences towards “Almighty God” would definitely deserve the most
special mention, for his eternal love, unceasing help, guidance, kindness and blessing which guard
me in completing the present task. I take this opportunity to look back on the path travelled during
the course of this endeavor and to remember the guiding faces behind the task with a sense of
gratitude.
It is with immense pleasure that I express my deep sense of reverence and gratitude to my advisor
Mr. TamiruChalchisa (Lecturer) for his excellent guidance, timely advices and constructive
comments without which my desire for the completion of the task would have remain unfulfilled.
I wish to thank and express my heartfelt gratitude to Jimma University, College of Agriculture and
Veterinary Medicine who supported me through creating such an opportunity to look back to my
community and conduct this task. Last but not the least my special reverence goes to my wife
BirkineshMitiku, my friends, colleagues and families who were with me throughout my work.
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TABLE CONTENTS
Contents Page
DEDICATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 3
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR ............................................................................................. 5
BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR ............................................................................................. 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 7
TABLE CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... 8
LIST OF FIGURE ...................................................................................................................... 12
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 14
1.1. Background and Justification ...................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Cost Benefit Analysis .................................................................................................................. 16
Table 1.Cost-benefit analysis of the commodity....................................................................... 16
1.3. Statements of the Problem ........................................................................................................... 16
1.4 prioritization of problem .............................................................................................................. 17
Table: 2. Prioritization of the problem ..................................................................................... 17
1.5. Result of Need Assessment ......................................................................................................... 18
Table 3: Marking Scheme and Survey Result .......................................................................... 18
1.5.1 Interpretation on analyzing data ............................................................................................. 20
1.6. Objective .................................................................................................................................... 20
1.6.1. Development Objective ........................................................................................................ 20
1.6.1.1 Production Objective .......................................................................................................... 20
1.6.1.2 Value Addition Objective ................................................................................................... 20
1.6.1.3 Marketing Objective ........................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Learning Objective................................................................................................................... 21
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 21
2.1. Theoretical Review ..................................................................................................................... 21
2.1.1 Production............................................................................................................................. 21
2.1.2 Value chain ........................................................................................................................... 23
2.1.2Value Chain Analysis ............................................................................................................. 23
2.1.3 Marketing ............................................................................................................................. 24
2.2. Empirical Review ....................................................................................................................... 24
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2.2.1 Production............................................................................................................................. 24
2.2.2 Value chain analysis .............................................................................................................. 25
2.2.3 Market Analysis .................................................................................................................... 27
3 .Research And Development Methodology............................................................................ 27
3.1. Description of the Study.............................................................................................................. 27
3.2. Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques .................................................................................... 28
3.3. Data Source and Method of Data Collection ................................................................................ 29
3.3.1. Primary Data Source and Method of Data Collection ............................................................ 29
3.3.2 Secondary Data Source and Method of Data Collection ......................................................... 29
3.4. Methods of Data collection ......................................................................................................... 29
3.5 Methods of Data Analysis ............................................................................................................ 30
3. 6. Research Design ........................................................................................................................ 30
Table: 4 research Design table ................................................................................................... 30
3.7 Materials and inputs ..................................................................................................................... 32
3.7.1Materials ................................................................................................................................ 32
3.7.2 Inputs .................................................................................................................................... 32
3.8. Implementation of the project ..................................................................................................... 32
3.8.1 Conducting Training ............................................................................................................. 32
3.8.2 Avail of Improved Seed ........................................................................................................ 33
3.8.3 Land preparation (February-April 30/2017) ........................................................................... 33
3.8.4 Sowing .................................................................................................................................. 34
3.8.5 Mulching .............................................................................................................................. 34
3.8.6 Shading ................................................................................................................................. 35
3.8.7 Weeding................................................................................................................................ 35
3.8.8 Fertilizer Application ............................................................................................................ 35
3.8.9 Monitoring and follow up ...................................................................................................... 36
3.9. Extension Methods Used ............................................................................................................. 36
3.9.1. Individual extension method ................................................................................................. 36
3.9.2. Group extension method ....................................................................................................... 36
3.9.3 Training; ............................................................................................................................... 37
3.9.4. Field day .............................................................................................................................. 37
4. Result and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 38
4.1 Characteristics of target farmers Development Objective ........................................................ 38
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4.1.1 Increasing number of coffee seedling of households from 500 to 750 .................................... 38
4.1.2 Characteristics of target farmers ............................................................................................ 39
4.1.2.1 Age and sex........................................................................................................................ 39
Table 5.Age and sex of target peasant....................................................................................... 39
4.1.2.2 Education level of Respondents ......................................................................................... 39
Table 6.Education level of Respondents ................................................................................... 39
Table 7.Education level of Respondents ................................................................................... 40
4.1.2.3 Land holding of the respondents ......................................................................................... 40
Table 8. Land holding of the respondents ............................................................................... 40
4.2.1 Knowledge Assessment Before and After Training.................................................................... 41
4.2.1.1 Learning .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 9..Knowledge assessment before and after training...................................................... 41
4.2.3. Production objectives ........................................................................................................... 43
4.2.4. Value Addition and Marketing ............................................................................................. 43
5. DELIVERABLES ................................................................................................................... 44
5.1. Project Outputs ........................................................................................................................... 44
5.2. Project Outcomes ........................................................................................................................ 44
5.3. Knowledge Dissemination Used.................................................................................................. 44
Table: 10 . Knowledge Dissemination used .............................................................................. 44
6. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 45
7. RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................................................... 46
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 47
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LIST OF TABLE
Contents pages
Table1.Cost-Benefit Analysis ofthe Commodity-------------------------------------------16

Table 2. Prioritization of The Problem--------------------------------------------------------17
Table 3: Marking Scheme and Survey Result------------------------------------------------18
Table: 4 Research Design Table----------------------------------------------------------------30
Table 5.Age And Sex of Target Peasant-------------------------------------------------------39
Table 6.Education Level of Respondents------------------------------------------------------39
Table 7.Education Level of Respondents------------------------------------------------------40
Table 8. Land Holding of The Respondents--------------------------------------------------40
Table 9..Knowledge Assessment Before And After Training-------------------------------42
Table: 10 . Knowledge Dissemination Used---------------------------------------------------45
Commented [A5]: Automate
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 Map of Oromia region……………………………………………………….28
Figure 2 Sowing the seed……………………………………………………………..34
Figure 3 Fertilizer application in the field……………………………………………36
Figure 4 Conducted field day………………………………………………………...38 Commented [A6]: Automate
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PROMOTION AND POPULARIZATION OF IMPROVED VARIETY OF COFFEE
(74158) PRODUCTION, PRODUCT VALUE ADDITION, ANDMARKETING: THE
CASE OF BUKO KEBELE, DARIMUWOREDA, ILU ABA BORA ZONE.
BY; AdisuEtana
(B.Sc. Candidate, Value Chain Oriented Agricultural Extension Program)
Advisor: TamiruChalchisa (MA) Commented [A7]: delete
ABSTRACT
In production of Arabica coffee, Ethiopia is the sixth largest producer in the world .The same
Author contends that about 15 million people directly or indirectly depend on coffee for their
living. The largest volume of coffee is grown in the two large regions of Oromia (in the central Commented [A8]: such a like sentences should be avoided
when writing abstract; Rather you solicit as raw fact
part of the country) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Only
Commented [A9]: Check again
five percent of coffee production is grown on modern plantations, the rest is grown by smallholder
farmers, and about half of that production is in backyards or gardens. The Hybrid coffee Arabica Commented [A10]: Where?
has excellent germination yield potential of above 750 per/seed bed in research and about less
than500 per/seed bed in farmer’s demonstration field. The current production of improved coffee
seedling in the area was< 500per/seedbed, but the average potential production of area was more
than 750per/seed bed. There are some problems behind farmers’ low productivity, these are:
absence of using improved coffee variety, spacing between plants and rows, poor land
preparation, poor shading, value addition and traditional marketing system, lack of awareness on
the market opportunity, and others.. The objective of this action research is to promote and
popularize improved coffee seed variety of(74158) it’s value addition and marketing among24
farmers in BukoKeble, Darimuworeda,Ilu Aba Bor Zone in year of 2017.About 12kg of improved
coffee variety of (74158 ) was disseminated to 24 farmers and used to investigate average
production yield increment in the area. Systematic random sampling technique is used to select
the farmers. Both primary and secondary information were used and collected through household
survey, focus group discussion and observations. Simple descriptive statistics were used as
methods of data analysis. The results of the study indicate that, improved coffee seedling yield was
increased by 750per/seedbed. This is by far greater than local practices (less than500 seedlings
per seed bed). This shows that if key recommendations for improved coffee seedling production
like; site selection, land preparation, seedbed preparation, row sowing, weed management, well
shading, and awareness on market opportunity were properly given for local farmers they can
easily increase their productivity. Assessment made before and after implementation of this project
shows that a positive effect of demonstration and training in extension dissemination processes.
Through effective training and demonstration made in this research farmers knowledge and skill
was enhanced. Thus, any extension activities intended to support the farmer should be supported
by practical application or demonstrations. Commented [A11]: Your abstract is not informative. Rewrite
again. Plese refer documents given for you on how to write
inforamitve abstract
Key words:-Promotion, Production, Value Addition, 74158 coffee variety
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background and Justification
Ethiopia is famous as the origin of coffee and is the largest producer in Africa. In production of
Arabica coffee, Ethiopia is the sixth largest producer in the world (Abu, 2012). The same Author
contends that about 15 million people directly or indirectly depend on coffee for their living. The
largest volume of coffee is grown in the two large regions of Oromia(in the central part of the
country) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Only five percent Commented [A12]: Check again
of coffee production is grown on modern plantations, which are owned by private investors or by
the government (Ibid). The rest is grown by smallholder farmers, and about half of that production Commented [A13]: Not scientifical
is in backyards or gardens. In both cases (modern plantations as well as smallholder production),

coffee is generally grown under shade.
Production estimates for Marketing Year (MY) 2010/11 (October 2010 –September 2011) and for
MY 2011/12 have been raised substantially from earlier USDA estimates. However, there is not
much change in production from year to year. Although there is some additional planting of trees,
there has very little progress in management (e.g., disease and pest management remains poor) or
input usage by smallholders. Few commercial farmers are interested in investing in coffee due to
the 5-10 years required before trees come into peak production. Another limiting factor is the
deforestation in the country, caused by population pressure and the need for firewood, which is
inhibiting the available shade for coffee production and accelerating erosion.
When we come to the study area, coffee is grown in different ways for different purpose. Mainly
they produce unimproved coffee verities and used for consumption and to obtain income from it.
As well as some farmers are grown the improved variety through only traditional agronomic
practice.As a result, the improved coffee variety potential of the area is not obtaining in the area.
As of DarimuWoreda Agricultural Development office report (2016), most of coffee growers are
not in a position to be benefitted from their produce as they follow traditional practices and
seedling production practices are not augmented with strong extension support.
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Accordingly, common problems for coffee seedling production and coffee farming system in the
area were low germination potential (less than 500 from per/seedbed), when it is germinated and
reaches for transferring its plant cannot gains good market price and when it reaches for provides
production it is very low. As the result the farmers’ production and productivity as well as their
income distribution are lower.
Best experiences from innovative farmers in the area also indicate that, if the farmers grow the
improved coffee variety they can increase their production and productivity, also they improve
their life in the long run. This is mainly due to good germination potential of improved coffee
variety on per/seedbed which is in average morethan700 seedling. In other case, when the farmers
need to sell its seedling for the local market, they obtain good market value as well as it provides
high level of production. There are many improved coffee in the area; 74174, 74110, Miesitu and
74112, 74158, and etc. These improved seed disseminations for mass local community in the area
were minimal and different factors are believed to affect farmers’ extension need on Seedling
production, value addition and marketing in the area. Therefore, to disseminate this improved
variety to the kebele conducting the research on improved coffee seedling is very critical.
Coffee is the major sources of consumption and also sources of income for all farmers in
Bukokebleandhighly the most dominant in Darimuworeda, Oromia Region. According to woreda
agricultural office 95% of the population produce coffee in the kebele and over 90% of the
population in the woreda use to produce coffee crops ratherthan for their consumption it’s the
sources of income for selling its seedling and production in the market when compared to other
crop. The study was conducted with the objective of understanding the significance of coffee variety
(74158) in the woreda and the economic gain which obtained from produced the improved coffee
seedling. Regarding to this the data indicates that lack of awareness of farmers, poor land preparation,
poor seedbed preparation, lack of using compost, untimely supply of seed variety, poor shading,
method of growing or spacing, producing improved coffe seedling in the nearest of established
nursery area which decreases the value of production, lack of organized cooperative links the
farmers with the high price market, other market structures, and no other research conducted on
improved coffee to improve the poor agronomic practice which affected the coffee seedling
production,valueaddition,and marketing as well as income of the farmers in the
woreda(Darimuworeda Agricultural office, 2016). Commented [A14]: These are simple narration Please focus on
coffee production trends and productivity scenario
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1.2 Cost Benefit Analysis
Table 2.Cost-benefit analysis of the commodity

Inputs Cost Output Revenue
(Eth. Birr) (Eth. Birr) for
Seed rate 12 kg a .2160 b.Yield Produced 750 seedling per
HHH
Land preparation 2400 c.Price per coffee 3
seedling
Seed bed preparation on 2400
nursery area
Seedling and mulching 1200 Gross Income = ( b*c) 54000
Wedding and watering 4800 Net income = ( b*c) –a 36120
Shading 1920
Other cost 3000
• Total cost 17880
Source: (Need assessment survey).
1.3. Statements of the Problem
Ethiopia is the world's fifth largest producer of coffee. As an industry, coffee can be hugely
lucrative; it provides employment for nearly 15 million people and makes up some 28% of the
country's yearly exports. Yet all too often farmers are excluded from the value chain, with profits Commented [A15]: citation
being shared by distributors and middlemen, while farmers sell their coffee beans for a much lower
price than they could be fetching. Farmers sell their coffee to traders or collectors, who will then
process the beans for export or sale them on to private businesses who are licensed by the
government to export coffee. To access the best markets, coffee beans must be harvested to a
certain standard
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The major economic income of the farmers and the surrounding communities was coffee
production. As of Woreda Agricultural Office report (2016), in the area the average number of
coffee seedling per seed bed were very low (approximately 500). In comparison to potential of
coffee production in the area (approximately 700 as of Woreda Agricultural Office, 2016) farmers
in the area were not fully implementing key recommendations of coffee seedling production and
they are not getting good benefit from their work.
The ascribed problem in the area was absence of using improved coffee variety, spacing between
plants and rows, poor land preparation, poor shading, value addition and traditional marketing
system among the other. To the maximum of authors knowledge there was no investigation
conducted to increase coffee seedling production and value chain as well as market oriented
extension related scenarios. This project was intended to fill the production, value addition as well
as marketing related scenarios for coffee seedling in the area. Commented [A16]: Very shallow nd not convincing
1.4 prioritization of problem
Table: 2. Prioritization of the problem

No. Problems observed Target farmers Percentage Rank
M F Total
1 Using74158 coffee 25 25 50 100 % 1

variety
2 Land preparation 18 26 44 88 % 2
3 Spacing of plant 18 22 40 80% 3
4 Marketing 16 22 38 76 % 4
5 Shading 12 23 35 70 % 5
(Data from need assessment survey)
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1.5. Result of Need Assessment
Table 3: Marking Scheme and Survey Result
On farmer’s knowledge On farmer’s practices

Subject Matter
Male Fe Total % Male F Total %

Marking
Quality specifications
scheme
Correct 2 marks 12 6 18 36 4 2 6 12
Partial correct 1 marks 14 6 20 40 10 3 13 26
None 0 marks 4 8 12 24 12 19 31 62
Seed variety
Correct 2 marks 7 3 10
Partial correct 1 marks 15 4 19
None 0 marks 8 13 21
Land preparation
Correct 2 marks 9 4 13 26 7 4 11 22
None 0 marks 8 12 20 40 11 14 25 50
Sowing time
Correct 2 marks 11 5 16 32 5 2 7 14
None 0 marks 5 8 13 26 15 18 33 66
spacing
Correct 2 marks 7 3 10 20 3 2 5 10
None 0 marks 12 17 29 58 14 22 36 72
Fertilizer rate
Correct 2 marks 7 4 11 22 5 2 7 14
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None 0 marks 10 16 26 52 11 20 31 62
Weed control
Correct 2 marks 9 4 13 26 9 4 13 26
None 0 marks 8 15 23 46 10 14 24 48
Shading
Correct 2 marks 12 8 20 40 7 3 10 20
None 0 marks 5 12 17 34 9 15 24 48
Mulching
Correct 2 marks 12 6 18 36 7 5 12 24
None 0 marks 7 11 18 36 10 15 25 50
Seed rate
Correct 2 marks 9 4 13 26 7 3 10 20
None 0 marks 8 14 22 44 10 17 27 54
Making fence
Correct 2 marks 15 4 19 38 8 4 11 22
None 0 marks 8 12 20 40 11 16 27 54
Harvesting
Correct 2 marks 9 4 13 26 5 2 7 14
None 0 marks 8 15 23 47 15 21 36 72
marketing
Correct 2 marks 15 8 23 46 4 2 6 12
None 0 marks 5 8 13 26 13 18 31 62
Value addition
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Correct 2 marks 7 3 10 20 2 1 3 6
None 0 marks 14 18 32 64 17 26 43 86
Source (Need assessment result, 2016).
1.5.1 Interpretation on analyzing data
As indicated in table 2, farmer’s knowledge on variety is very less as only 10 farmers gave their
testimonies to implement recommended practices of coffee seedling production in the area. This
can be solved mainly through raising farmers’ awareness on variety identification so as to reduce
production risk on improved coffee seedling’s survey result indicates, identification of variety on
practices is very less which means that from the respondents 50 farmers 20% of the growers are
confirmed as they are practically implementing recommended way of variety selection methods.
On sowing time the knowledge of farmer is very less; from the respondent (HHH) improved coffee
seedling grower only 32% farmers are confirmed as they are practically implementing
recommended sowing time.
Survey result also indicates that farmers’ knowledge on land preparation still shows technical
inefficiency. Farmers asked about technical aspect of land preparations are still telling the
traditional and obsolete practices that are not key recommendations for improved coffee seedling.
This shows that there exist knowledge gap on land preparation among local farmers.
1.6. Objective
1.6.1. Development Objective
1.6.1.1 Production Objective

• To increase the average number of coffee seedling per seed bed from500 to 750 among 36
farmers in the year 2017 in the study area.
1.6.1.2 Value Addition Objective

• To produce improved coffee seedlingat the absence of coffee nursery area among 36
farmers in the year 2017.
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1.6.1.3 Marketing Objective
• Organize 36 target farmers in a multi- purpose cooperative society to access market for
improved coffee(74158) variety seedlings produced with bare rooted with properly
managed in the year 2017 Commented [A17]: Please refer your last year objectives
6.2 Learning Objective

.To assess the effectiveness of participatory training and result demonstration on the promotion and
popularization of improved coffee (74158) variety among 85 farmers by using interview and group
extension method in 2017. Commented [u18]: Revise
2. LITERATURE REVIEW Commented [A19]: Start from new page
2.1. Theoretical Review

2.1.1 Production
Agronomic practices for coffee production
Naturally, Arabica coffee grows as an understory tree/shrub in the montane rainforests of Ethiopia Commented [A20]: ??????
at altitude between 1000-2200m, with the most suitable range being 1500-1800 m. Coffee
performs well in optimum average annual temperature of 18-240C with contrasting seasons. Areas
suitable for coffee should also receive an average rainfall of 1500 –2000mm/year. Productivity of
coffee depends on the agronomic practices. Coffee is a shade living plant due to its forest origin.
Hence, agronomic practice for coffee production includes shade management, beside key activities
like propagation and planting, pruning, weed control, soil fertility management, pest and disease
control and irrigation (Soendahl et al. 2005). In
Ethiopia, coffee is cultivated under shades, in nearly all traditional coffee production systems. The
shade trees can be naturally regenerating trees in natural forests managed for coffee production or
purposely planted shade trees. The density and diversity of shade trees varies from place to place,
depending on age of the stand management, proximity to the natural forest that serves as seed
source and intensity of management by the farmers. However, the canopy cover of shade trees is
mostly well over 30%, and can be 60-85% in semi-forest and forest systems (Gole 2003).
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Propagation and planting: In Ethiopia, coffee is propagated through natural regeneration in forest
systems, through both natural and through planting of local varieties in semi-forest. In garden and
plantations, it is always planted with favorite varieties of coffee locally known and suitable. For
planting, seedlings of the selected coffee varieties are raised in shaded nurseries, 6-12 months
before the planting season. Planting sites are prepared well ahead in time by digging holes.
Seedlings are planted in previously dug holes. The young plants may start producing the first seeds
2.5-3 years after planting.
Pruning:
Pruning is an essential management practice in coffee production. It helps to achieve the desired
plant shape, and contribute to sustainable higher yields
While contributing to disease and pest control. This may involve different methods,
Capping main branches at 1.8 m to complete stumping at 30 cm above ground. Complete stumping
is recommended at about 8-12 years interval.
However, pruning is not commonly practice by Ethiopian coffee farmers.
Weed control: Weed should be controlled, as they compete with the coffee trees for moisture and
nutrients. Tillage, herbicides, mulching and intercropping with cover crops may suppress weeds.
In Ethiopia, weeds are controlled by mechanical removing/slashing or weeding 2-3 times per year.
Mulching and cover crops are also used in intensively managed systems like plantation, home
gardens and semi-forest. The use of herbicides is nearly non-existent in small holder coffee
production systems, which is the dominant in Ethiopia.
Soil fertility management: Fertilizer requirement for coffee production depends on the yield level
and natural soil fertility. Nutrients are removed by harvested of fruits, and additional nutrients are
also required for sustaining the vegetative growth. Parts of the total nutrients are recycled back to
the soil by leaf fall, pruning, decaying feeder roots and litter from mechanical weeding. In Ethiopia,
application of chemical fertilizer is almost non-existent. Alternative, organic fertilizers like
manure, cover crops, nitrogen-fixing shade trees and coffee pulp are used. In forest and semi forest
systems, however, coffee production entirely relies on natural soil fertility from nitrogen fixing
trees, though there can be deficiencies in soil nutrients.
Pest and disease control: Significant proportion of potential coffee yields are annually lost due
to persistent disease and pest problems. The major coffee diseases in Ethiopia are coffee berry
disease (CBD) and coffee wilt disease (CWD). Coffee leaf rust (CLR) is common, but has not
22 | P a g e
posed any economically significant problem on coffee production due to presence of high genetic
diversity and existence of tolerant genes. This may change over time, with the effects of climate
change. For CBD, resistant varieties selected from the local landraces and developed by research
institutes are being planted in areas affected by the disease. For CLR, however, the only solution
is uprooting the diseased plant and destroying it by burning. In Ethiopia, cultural practices like
shading and pruning are used for insect pest control. Coffee pest is not yet a serious problem in
Ethiopia. The major coffee pests reported to occur in Ethiopia include nematodes, coffee berry
borer, leaf minor, stem borer and scale insects. The problem of pests and disease is higher in the
more intensively managed systems like plantations and home gardens. This could be attributed to
narrow genetic pool of the coffee stock, reduced shade and habitat complexity. Hence, farmers
sometimes might be obliged to consider uses of chemical pesticides.
Irrigation: Normally, irrigation is essential in nurseries and during the first 1-2 years after field
planting to enable the young plants to establish and survive the dry seasons. Irrigation is mostly
applied only in nurseries in Ethiopia. However, in Harar and minor coffee growing areas in
northern Ethiopia, where shade is not used, and adult coffee trees are also occasionally irrigated.
Critical periods when irrigation is applied are at flowering time, at berry expansion stage and at
bean filling stage.
2.1.2 Value chain

It’s the process by which technology is combined with material and labor inputs, and then
processed inputs are assembled, marketed, and distributed. A single firm may consist of only one
link in this process, or it may be extensively vertically integrated. Value chain is the full range of
activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception through the different
phases of production (involving a combination of physical transformation and the input of various
producer services), delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use.
2.1.2Value Chain Analysis

VCA is a powerful tool in order to identify the key activities within a firm or industry which form
the value chain, and have the potential of a sustainable competitive advantage for a company which
lies in its ability to perform crucial activities along the value chain better than its competitors. The
starting point to understand the nature of VCA is by defining the value (added) chain itself. Value
chain analysis concerned with organizational and institutional networks formed with regard to a
specific product and the local, national and international actors involved. This broad approach does
23 | P a g e
not only look at the activities implemented by a single enterprise. Rather, it includes all its
backward and forward linkages, up until the level at which the raw material produced is linked to
the final consumer [Porter, 1985].
2.1.3 Marketing
There are many marketing definitions. The better definitions are focused upon market orientation
and the satisfaction of customer needs. Marketing is the social process by which individuals and
organizations obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging value with
others.(Kotler and Armstrong, 2010).www.marketingteacher.com/what-is-marketing-2/).
2.2. Empirical Review
2.2.1 Production
The supply of coffee is one of the weakest points in the value chain. The low production per farmer Commented [A21]: source
and smallholdings increase the number of transactions between the farmer, local collectors, and
small processors of the value chain that have to collect the proper amount of coffee to be sold.
Because of the limited availability of land, a constraint placed by the country’s environment, the
productivity of coffee must be boosted by increasing the productivity per area, instead of
increasing the hectares planted in coffee. Other serious challenges to the coffee supply are
Yemen’s limited water resources, and its increasing qat(khat) production that competes for land Commented [A22]: what do you mean
and other natural resources. Adding value to the process could be quickly achieved through the
implementation of Best Agricultural Practices (BAP). This is an effective tool to increase
productivity in the short term, both at the level of crop yield and at post harvesting. These practices,
which are becoming common in Arabica coffee producing countries such as Brazil, Ethiopia,
India, Uganda, Ecuador, Mexico, etc., could increase the product and its quality. With the
implementation of BAP, Yemeni coffee could be marketed as high quality coffee. Implementing
a fast track approach to increase the yield of quality coffees could help meet U.S. buyers’
increasing interest in Yemeni coffee. Some national initiatives may help increase the productivity
and availability of Yemeni coffee for export to the U.S. The Yemeni Ministry of Industry and
Trade, through the Enhanced Integrated Framework Program (EIF)11, is currently providing
support for agriculture focusing on increasing productivity and improving quality. This program
could be leveraged with a national effort to upgrade processing methods of Arabica Naturals so
24 | P a g e
that they meet quality standards and best practices. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture and
Irrigation has regional offices in all the governorates and the coffee department is willing to
provide support for future interventions. Prices in rural markets are relatively high at
approximately U$7/kg (3.5/lb) for year 2012. The real prices in Yemeni Rials (YR) in rural
markets have increased from their 2008 price of 812YR/kg to 1,583YR/kg suggesting that there is
less available coffee in the internal markets. This fact seems to indicate that to catch up with the
internal demand some local traders’ source some coffees from other origins. However, it is not
clear whether these coffees are later exported to international markets, left for internal
consumption, or both. This fact is also supported by some testimonials in the local markets of
imports12from other origins such as Ethiopia, Brazil, or Vietnam. In interviews, local collectors
and marketers in Taiz and Sana’a acknowledged that some of their suppliers provide them with
coffees from these origins. Commented [A23]: You are required to review various
literatures rather than directly copying from one documents
2.2.2 Value chain analysis
During this analysis, CQI reviewed previous studies on the coffee value chain in Yemen. Although
many of the limiting factors still remain as challenges (water scarcity, limited fertile land,
competition for arable land by qat), this analysis centers on key points along the value chain that
are limiting the consistent supply of high quality coffees. These factors are: 1) the limited supply
of coffee, 2) lack of standards and differentiation systems, 3) absence of a leading coffee institution
capable of identifying and advocating for the whole industry and 4)a U.S. and local marketing
strategy. The analysis will describe the different stages of the value chain with special emphasis
on the factors mentioned above. The consistent supply, one of the weakest points along the value
chain, could be improved with the implementation of Best Agricultural Practices (BAP). Farmers
‘low supply of coffee creates additional transaction costs along the value chain resulting in the
capture of minimal value in the transaction. Moreover, there is little information flow, price info
or quality requirements; in addition, transactions are based more on trust and tradition than on
quality or differentiation. An institution that advocates for the industry would help establish a
common language for quality and standards that is understood and trusted in the international
market, encourage new or existing policies, and carry the message of a legendary product: Yemeni
coffee.
25 | P a g e
Value chains focus on value creation—typically via innovation in products or processes, as well
as marketing—and also on the allocation of incremental value. Differentiation, as a tool to add
value, can benefit the lower part of the value chain, particularly the farmer. The coffee value chain
in Yemen is relatively simple it extends from farmer to local collectors or sub-traders, processors,
local traders, local markets, to traders (exporters) (see Value Chain diagram below). A collector
requires
several transactions with numerous farmers to collect enough coffee for the processor, which
creates additional transaction costs and diminishes the quality of the final product. In Taiz, the
Talooq Women’s Association collects coffees from its members to later sell to a larger collector.
The association pays between 28000 YR to 37000 YR per Sadhu of cherry. This translates in a
value of approximately US $2.0 to 2.5 per pound of green coffee, which seems to be high when
compared with international prices. However, the minimal density, small plots, (between 100 to
800 trees), and poor yield per farmer make it hard for producers to achieve a sustainable income.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAI), average producer holdings are
generally between 0.25 to 1.0 hectares, which in a low yielding and poor production environment
means that the income of smallholding farmers is extremely limited even if their product is bought
at relatively high prices. Currently prices are comparable to some of the top priced and more
exceptional specialty coffees from places like Ethiopia, Kenya, Guatemala and Colombia (Roche
and McCarthy, 2006). While this price structure seems favorable to the producer, poor production
techniques, limited natural resources, low yields and competition of the narcotic qat have hindered
coffee expansion. Quality or differentiation is not considered in the transaction. Smallholders, the
lowest part of the value chain, typically harvest their crop, dry it and then market it to local
collectors, sub traders, or merchants. Traders—in the mid and lower levels of the value chain—in
Sana’a and Bajel have established rudimentary differentiation systems. They use a 3-grade
differentiation based on visual assessment, hand stripping, and sometimes size sorting. However,
there is minimal, if any, transfer of extra premiums for quality to the farmers. For instance, Mr.
Sowaid of Sowaid Trading pays a premium price of 3% for certain characteristics. Such quality
differentiation is based mainly on origin and size, but not quality. Mr. Sowaid is the largest
exporter of green coffee in Yemen. He used to export approximately 200MT a year, but because
of the relatively stagnant production and an aging planting area, he now exports approximately 60
tons per year.
26 | P a g e
Value chain analysis requires a complex decision that requires balancing multiple interests and
objectives. The ultimate sector or subsector choice is usually an iterative process that occurs
through discussions with different stakeholders (Kolinsky and Morris, 2001). The criteria for
choosing a subsector or product for which to perform a VCA directly follow from the parameters
that determined the initial sector choice. If the focus is on the agribusiness sector, for instance, it
Commented [A24]: You are required to use various literatures
will be necessary to know which agro-based products are most important to the country. idea rather than relying and copying from one source
2.2.3 Market Analysis
it requires a solid understanding of the subject country’s standing in the world economy using
trends in production, consumption, exports, imports, prices, macroeconomic performance,
monetary indicators, contributions to GDP, general policy and trade policy regime, and so on
(Kolinsky and Morris, 2001, Porter, 1985). After the sector or subsector has been determined, the
next step in a VCA is to conduct a market analysis to obtain a strong basis for understanding
industry trends and issues both in that country and in the international Market. Most market
analysis data can be obtained from secondary sources such as published statistical databases,
country or commodity reports, and through direct interview (in the form of discussion) with
domestic industry and trade associations and relevant government agencies. Commented [A25]: Unrelated concept Please try to review
marketing related concepts in Ethiopian context
3 .Research And Development Methodology Commented [A26]: Start from new page
3.1. Description of the Study

Darimu woreda is one of the 24 woredas in Ilu Aba Bora zone and found at the distance of 664km
to South West from Addis Ababa and 64km from Mettu which is the capital city of Ilu Aba Bora
zone. Darimu woreda is founded on the Southern part of Ilu Aba Bora zone. The Woreda is
bourdered by Algesachi woreda from the East, kellem Wollega zone from the West, Birbirriver
from the North, and BiloNophaworeda from South direction (DarimuWoreda Agricultural
Development Office, 2016).
27 | P a g e
Darimu
Figure 1 map of Oromia region Commented [A27]: Study area
According to CSA (2007) report, the total population of this woreda is 145,070; from this 72,348
men. Darimu woreda has estimated area of 1395.79 square kilometer. It has an estimation
population density of 95 people per square kilometer. From the total population of woreda 97.07
are rural dwellers. The weather condition of this woreda is 54% weniadega and 46% kola. The
range of temperature of this wereda is 180C-250C. The altitude range of this woreda is 792m-1800m
above sea level. With the average annual rain fall 1172mm-1740.Theclimatic Condition of The
Fluctuates with Long Summer Rain Fall(June-September), Short Rainy Season(March-April) And
winter dry Season(December-February). The major crops grown in this woreda is maize, sorghum,
teff, wheat, pepper and so on. From the total area of land, coffee covers 5,000hectares. Which are
about 24% of woredas total coverage (DarimuWoreda Agricultural Office report, 2016).
3.2. Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques
Random sampling techniques were used for selection of sample respondents in Buko Kebele.
Accordingly, the total population of farmers 312 (HH) and out of these 290 are growers i.e. target
farmers 312 (HH) and out of these 290are growers i.e. target farmers for the study. From these Commented [A28]: delete
target population 80 are selected as representative respondents by Slovene’s sample size

determination formula where 312/ (1+290*0.12)=80, but for the reason of budget and time Commented [A29]: due to
problem 50 farmers are selected. Those Are 25 male and 25 Females.
28 | P a g e
Therefore, each 25 men and 25women are selected for the research and the actual respondents are
selected by using purposive selection. Farmers are selected from 290 of BukoKebele HHH
improved coffee seedling growers of the population by using. Commented [A30]: sentence fragmaentation
The sample size of the above Keble improved coffee seedling growers grower farmers are 50 HH
according to the Solvent’s formula and need Assessment data was collected from 50 respondent
farmers. And also, the data analysis carried out with these 50 target farmers. Due to time, budget
and resource shortage this action research actually has been conducted among 24 target farmers.
This means 18 males and 6 females. Commented [A31]: high level of sentence fragmentations and
do not have scientific grounds
3.3. Data Source and Method of Data Collection Commented [A32]: delete
3.3.1. Primary Data Source and Method of Data Collection Commented [A33]: delete
The quantitative primary data was collected from sampled households, public and private service Commented [A34]: were
providers. In addition, data generated by Rapid Appraisal (need assessment survey) during last
summer will be used as primary source. The qualitative primary data sources were include type Commented [A35]: were
and number of cultivars, purpose for buying, price differences among cultivars and the reasons for
the difference. Similarly criteria for technology selection, seed sourcing, advantages and
disadvantages of different seed sources, reasons for extinction of local cultivars, reasons for new
introductions, opportunities for new agricultural technology complementarities and poems that
emerged following new cultivar introductions and disappearance and reasons for giving different
local names for different cultivars will be collected accordingly.
3.3.2 Secondary Data Source and Method of Data Collection Commented [A36]: delete
Secondary data sources were mainly collected from documents, Woreda agricultural office, zone
agricultural office research center of Mettu other related institutions.
3.4. Methods of Data collection
29 | P a g e
Data was collected through house hold survey, Focus Group Discussion, Observation and. Commented [A37]: were
interview
3.5 Methods of Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed by using computer aided Microsoft excel tool. Simple Commented [A38]: were
descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation, percentage and the like will be used to analyze Commented [A39]: were
qualitative data. Whereas, qualitative data was analyzed by employing narrations and descriptions. Commented [A40]: Ere
3. 6. Research Design
Table: 4 research Design table Commented [A41]: revise along with your research objectives
Objectives Specific Data Required Source Of Method of Method Of

Data Data Data
Collection Analysis
Development • Land preparation

objective • Seed bed preparation
• Recommended variety
To increase the
• Varieties grown
average number of
• Date of sowing
coffee seedling per Descriptive
• Plant spacing used
statistics
seed bed from500 • Method of sowing
to 750 among 36 • Time of watering,
Target
farmers in the year • Method of shading
farmers=18
2017 in the study • Time of transplanting Oral- test
area. • Weeding time and Men 18 and

frequency observation
Women 36
• Method of weeding
• Harvesting time
Value addition
On-Farm Production
• Increase awareness of
recommended input and
30 | P a g e
agronomic management
methods
• -Increase focus on
integrated crop and pest
management methods and
timely weeding
• -Marketing time and place
Learning objective • Knowledge on land Descriptive

preparation, statistics
To assess the
effectiveness of • Knowledge on seed bed
participatory Target Group
preparation,
training and method farmers=85 Frequency
discussion
demonstration on • Recommended improved
Men 60
the promotion and coffee variety in the area,
popularization of Women 25
• Knowledge on improved
improved coffee
spacing and techniques of
(74158) variety with
planting
bare rooted among
85 farmers by using • Type and number of
interview and group cultivars,
extension method in Contact Average
• Criteria for seed selection,
2017. farmers=85
• Seed source Group
Men=60
discussion
• Time of sowing
Women=25
• Varieties grown
• Date of planting
• Adding compost
• Plant spacing used
• Method of sowing
31 | P a g e
• Weeding time and frequency
• Harvesting time
• Transportation
Marketing time and place
How to sale your improved coffee

seedling product
-improve harvesting
-pest and disease control
Source: Own construction (2017)
3.7 Materials and inputs

3.7.1Materials
During the project activity from the beginning up to the end of the project period the materials
used was meter for measuring the plots, strings for layout, farm tools (peg, meter mareashaetc)
for field preparation,kg for measuring improved coffee seed and video recorder and mobile camera
for gathering information. Commented [A42]: use picture
3.7.2 Inputs
According to this, the input we used was improved coffee(74158) variety given by Woreda
Agricultural and Natural Resource Office, organic fertilizers like compost and manure were
prepared by the farmers own self with technical Support provided by DA in the area. Commented [A43]: Sentence fragmentation
3.8. Implementation of the project Commented [A44]: These things better discussed in Result and
discussion
3.8.1 Conducting Training

Training is about extending and developing individuals capabilities (attitude) for better
performance in their job. According to need assessment survey of last year farmers need more
training on all agronomic practices, especially on improved seed identification, seed bed
preparation, spacing, marketing time and the nursery area. So, because of these different training
32 | P a g e
method was conducted. The training techniques are lecturing, individual and group discussion, and
demonstration were conducted in the project implementation. For the training that given in the
schedule designed one, it conducted March 1-2/2017 the training was given for 24 production
objectives or target farmers. The conducted training has:-
• Importance and objectives of projects.
• Land preparation
• Seed bed preparation
• Time of weeding
• Time of watering,
• Time of marketing,
• Site selection
• Way of sowing or planting (time, spacing, amount of
Organic fertilizer used, seed rate) etc.
3.8.2Avail of Improved Seed

A good crop stand and establishment depends on the quality of seeds planted and the conditions
under which the seeds were planted. Thus, the seeds should be quality. Quality parameters of seed
are: purity (pure both genetically and physically), viability (high germination percentage), healthy
(free from pathogens, insect pests, etc.), vigorously (high potential for rapid and uniform
emergence) and wholesomeness (should not be easily broken and deformed). These are the points
which discussed with the farmers. Thus, the farmers were used improved coffee seed (74158))
which are supported by Darimuworeda agricultural office for action research implementation and
distributed to farmers May 5/2017.
3.8.3 Land preparation (February-April 30/2017)
33 | P a g e
Land preparation method that incorporates organic matter into the soil increases aeration through
burrowing and decomposition activities of soil organisms (MacRobertet al., 2007).land
preparation is required during the dry season while the soil has sufficient moisture and it is to avoid
weeds. Land preparation involves ploughing, harrowing and leveling the field to make it suitable
for crop establishment. Human resource, draft animal (such as oxen) can be used as power sources
in land preparation. The land was ploughed three to four times before sowing and finally the seed
was sown.
3.8.4 Sowing
Coffee does not like other cereal crops. Because it is seeded on the prepared seed bed and stayed
on that seed bed for one year until transplanting is reached. The demonstration plots were sown at
the (May15-30/2017) directly in the seedbed using recommended spacing. The row spacing for
sowing was 10cm between rows and 10cm between plants. The seed rate was 0.25kg per seedbed;
and 12 kg of improved coffee seed were used for 0.0192/ hectare in demonstration plots of 24
participated farmers.
Figure 3.2 sowing the seed (Source: Authors Caption, 2017
3.8.5 Mulching
34 | P a g e
Mulching is very important for the prepared seed bed to prevent the weed which can affect the production
and productivity of improved coffee seedling grown in the seedbed .As a result, the farmers were mulched
the seedbed before and after seed is sown. This was done by the farmers participated on the training.
3.8.6 Shading
Shading the very important materials need to protect the plant from the damage through sun light and heavy
rain. As a result this shading was done by the farmers trained on growing of improved coffee seedling. As
well as this shading was done in 80cm to1m from the seedbed with the effective technical support.
3.8.7 Weeding
Successful cultivation of improved coffee seedling depends largely on the efficiency of weed control. This
can be protected through mulching. Weeding twice or three times suppresses weed growth, increases
yield of coffee seedling and maximizes profit in coffee nursery (Agricultural Research Center,
2008). The growth of weeds decreases significantly in the order of increasing frequency of
weeding. Meanwhile the highest growth and yield of coffee seedling parameters occur in the weed-
free plots indicating that it is necessary to protect the crop from weed competition throughout most
of its growth to ensure maximum yield (Adenawoolaet al., 2005).
Weed during the first six to eight weeks after planting is crucial, because weeds compete vigorously with
the crop for nutrients and water during this period. Therefore, first weeding was done after six weeks of
planting when mulching was raised from the seed bed, the second was after two weeks of the first weeding
and it was continued until the transplanting of plants from the seed bed to the field.
3.8.8 Fertilizer Application
Since organic fertilizer is very essential for both soil fertility and plant growth. Compost and
manure were used before sowing seed in the seed bed with ratio of 1 quintal of compost for
per/seed bed by using broadcasting method and combined with soil.
35 | P a g e
Figure 3.3 Fertilizer Application in the field (Source: Authors Caption, 2017)
3.8.9 Monitoring and follow up

Follow up or round visit method is one of the individual extension methods which is done to follow-up and
inspect each individual farmer how to do the recommended practices step by step for the purpose of teaching
new technology. Monitoring and follow up was done starting from the land preparation up to
harvesting. The following was done not only by the researcher but it was supported by DA of the
Keble.
3.9. Extension Methods Used

3.9.1. Individual extension method
During the project working periods the researcher made farm visit on target farmer’s farm. On
home and farm visit the farmer were monitored their performance, to evaluate the performance of
sown improved coffee seed, to monitor the management status of the grown seed, finally to give
technical support.
3.9.2. Group extension method
This method was used when selection of target farmers was made, during problem identification
and prioritization, during different data collection and at the time of training.
36 | P a g e
3.9.3 Training;
The training was focus on to have full knowledge and skill about the technology; to know their
previous attitude and experience on the technology and to create sustainability of the technology,
finally to solve the problem that they already faced. Also, the training was mainly to increase the
capability of the farmers on the introduced technologies. Before the training has given, the target
farmers knowledge and skill was measured.
After the training importance was defined, the training course was designed and developed, the
training was given with the integration of different activities with the help of and support of
Darimuworeda agricultural office. The training was covered both theoretically and practical.
During the theoretical part the farmers got knowledge and the skill from the given lesson, similarly
the theoretical part was covered by the help of different teaching aid like; booklet and brochure
dissemination.
3.9.4. Field day

The program main purpose was other than the target groups the farmers around the project area to
get knowledge from the introduced technology, to exchange experience from the performed
demonstration plots. During field day we were invite farmers plots on August20,2009 E.C.
Participant farmers was 5 women and 40 men farmers, totally 45 farmers and DA’s of the Kebeles,
2 experts from the wereda office are participated on field day, during this visit we gave them
explanation on
• The objective of field day or how farmers learn between them.
• What is the aim of the project?
• general agronomic practice of plots
• Compare the impact of improved seed and local seed in terms of production
• Consequently, 45 farmers participated in field day has taken the awareness on the merits
of improved coffee variety of(74158), row spacing, sowing/planting, weed control,
watering, harvesting and marketing, and identify the merit and demerit of new and old
technology through discussion and field observation.
37 | P a g e
Comments and suggestion raised from the visitor were; -
• In order to solve the low production level, this activity is very important and it should be sustainable
to the future as a positive comment, and
• They ask the availability of such like improved coffee variety?
• Finally, they have committed to accept the improved coffee variety and its technical practices to
promote better production.
Figure: 3.4 Field Day ((Source: Authors Caption, 2017))
4. Result and Discussion Commented [A45]: Start from new page
4.1 Characteristics of target farmers Development Objective
4.1.1 Increasing number of coffee seedling of households from 500 to 750

The mean coffee seedling produced by target household heads was750seedlings with bare roots.
This result is by 100 % percent with equal to the proposed development objective.
And this is due to the better Characteristics of target farmers which are explained as follows: Commented [A46]: Please start your discussions by
characterizing your respondents
38 | P a g e
4.1.2 Characteristics of target farmers
4.1.2.1 Age and sex

According to the study through purposive sampling techniques and the study was conducted 66.6%
of male and 33.4 female was participated. Commented [A47]: What is your rationales to combine these
variables
Table 5.Age and sex of target peasant

Age range Male Female Total %
15-29 4 - 4 17
30-44 6 6 12 50
45-59 6 2 8 33
Greater than 60 - - - -
Total 16 (66.6%) 8 24 100
Sex difference is one of the factors expected to influence production of coffee seedlings
where many females have their own roles to affect.
According to (Table 5) 24 household heads were considered in this study. Out of these interviewed
farmers, 8 (33.4%) of them were female headed and the remaining 16 (66.4%) were male headed
households.
4.1.2.2 Education level of Respondents
Table 6.Education level of Respondents

Education Frequency %
Non- formal education 6 25

6th and less than 10 41.7
7th-12th grade 8 33.2
Diploma - -
Tot al 24 100
The largest part of target farmers (41.7 %) were literate found in 6th and less than education and Commented [A48]: About 40% of sampled respondents
they were inclined to practice growing improved coffee seeding.
39 | P a g e
This is in line to greater than 7th who witnessed that education has positive impact to influence the
application of improved agricultural practices.
In almost all of studies on agriculture, education was taken as an important explanatory factor that
positively affects the decision of households to adopt new agricultural technologies (Abay and
Assefa, 2002). Farmers with more education easily aware of more sources of information, and be
more efficient in evaluating and interpreting information about innovations than those with less
education (Teklewoldet al., 2006). So, educational status of the household head is also an
important element in smallholder economic activities.
Table 7.Education level of Respondents

Education Frequency %
Not have formal education 6 25

Adult education - -
Elementary 10 41.7
Junior high school 8 33.2
Twelve complete - -
Total 24 100 Commented [A49]: Table results are not well discussed
Source: Field survey (2017)
4.1.2.3 Land holding of the respondents

Table .Land holding of the respondents Land holding of the respondents
Table 8. Land holding of the respondents

Land size of target
Frequency Percentage
famers(ha)
<0.5 4 16.6
0.5-0.75 8 33.2
0.75-1.0 8 33.2
>1 4 16.6
Source: Field survey (2017)
40 | P a g e
The above table shows that most of respondents (66.4%) have greater than 0.5 to 1 hectare of land, and
16.6% of them have< 0.5,as well as 16.6 have greater than1 hectare of land.
4.2 Development Objective

While coffee seedling is already plays a critical role in smallholder livelihood and generation of
income. This role can be expanded. Improved coffee variety has the highest potential yields Commented [A50]: Incomplete sentences
currently in its seedling. The objective of this research is to increase the average production of Commented [A51]: Fragmentation
improved (variety of coffee 74158) productivity from current production (<500 per/seed bed) to 750
seedling among 24 target farmers’ in the Kebele is one of the goal of the action research. According to on Commented [A52]: Objectives
farm field trials the production was above750 per/seedbed are ensured by using appropriate
average mean and rate of germination, improved quality seeds, and farm management practices
with proper awareness creation was conducted, to increase the production and this was achieved
during the project period. Commented [A53]: Try to describe the number of coffee
seedling produced among 24 target farmer and discuss the result
4.2.1 Knowledge Assessment Before and After Training
4.2.1.1 Learning
To know whether farmers’ knowledge on improved coffee variety production, value addition and
marketing was enhanced or not reconnaissance survey was made two times before and after
practical demonstrations of improved coffee variety in the area. At the end of all training,
evaluation has been conducted to test the knowledge and skill that participant acquire from training
which they do not know before. This was done by interviewing the trainee with relevant open
ended question regarding that they have learnt at training session and follow-up evaluation were
also carried out at different time of program implementation. All of them have acquired the
necessary technical operation that required for growing improved coffee production. After training
and farmers round visit were conducted the knowledge and skill difference of farmers pre and post
demonstration were evaluated step by step.
Table 9..Knowledge assessment before and after training

Measuring point on farmers Before training (%) After training (%)
41 | P a g e
Knowledge on coffee74158 variety 33.3 66.6
Knowing of seed bed preparation 41.6 58.3
Knowing of weed control 50 83.3
Knowledge in seed sowing technique 33.3 75
Knowledge on watering frequency 33.3 83.3
Knowledge in nursery shade management 25 75
Knowledge in seed transplanting technique 25 66.6
The participants’ knowledge is assessed based on Kirkpatrick Model of Training Evaluation Commented [A54]: Source ????
techniques by which outcomes of (Reaction and Learning are measured accordingly.
Knowledge assessment test which was evaluated just before training session indicated that,33.3 %
of farmers don’t have knowledge on improved coffee variety of 74158, while 41.6%, 50% ,
33.3%, 33.3%, 25% and 25% of them are unaware of seed bed preparation, weed control, seed
sowing technique, watering frequency, nursery shade management and seed transplanting
technique, respectively.
To measure a starting point or the amount of pre-existing knowledge on preparation of improved

coffee seedling with properly and to evaluate if trainees have captured the specific learning
objectives, the pre and after evaluation has focused on the development objective).
The result indicated that:
• 75% of farmers have recalled the information transferred during the training and therefore
they listed the steps of seedling preparation after the training session. According to
Benjamin Bloom this is the capacity of learners to memorize what they have learnt before
and can be considered as knowledge gained(i.e. knowledge in bloom’s taxonomy of
cognitive domain)
• 50% of farmers have clearly understood i.e. rewrote the steps and principles of test design
and interpreted instructions correctly. However, they were unable to practice it virtually.
Because of this Comprehending ability, they are classified in Comprehension step.
42 | P a g e
4.2.3. Production objectives Commented [A55]: This can`t be production objective rather
learning objectives
• 66.6% of farmers have correctly applied the steps of seedling preparation in both
techniques; And the farmers have applied the classroom learning to work situations which
is known as application (in bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive domain)
33.4% of farmers have not only correctly applied the steps of seedling preparation in bare
rooted techniques; hence, these farmers were classified in this category.
Hence, to promote knowledgeable and comprehending group of learners to appliers and analyzers,
farmers’ field day conducted after the training in the demonstration plots.
4.2.4. Value Addition and Marketing
Value addition means the entire system of production, processing and marketing of a particular
product, from the inception to the final product through the value chain actors. It includes all the
activities starting from seed supply until the crop is used by the consumers. Basically, when the
above agronomic practices have been conducted properly easily we can add a value to our
products. Throughout the project implementation the value addition was started by promoting
and popularizing with good agronomic practice of 74158 improved coffee seed variety to the
farmers, awareness creation on how they prepare the land, sowing method, seedbed preparation
method, fertilizer used and amount of application, weeding management, watering, shading,
harvesting and transplanting techniques as well as time of marketing are given to farmers.
In order to improve marketing system of the farmers ‘of coffee seedling production the training or
awareness creation was provided to the target farmers how to cooperate, when to sell or at the price
becomes high and direct contact with the users, while convectional extension method they consider
only production, so market information is important to farmers in addition production increment.
Value chain actors
Input supplier ------ Producer (farmer) ---- farmer’s cooperative -----Consumer
43 | P a g e
5. DELIVERABLES
5.1. Project Outputs
Any benefit was seen regarding in its cost and benefit for the sustainability of project, the project’s
cost and benefit was done at starting up to the final stage. The cost of each management was
recorded, that is 745 birr per/seed bed. The general cost of the whole plots was 17,880 Birr, but
income obtained was 54000 gross incomes thus the farmers are benefited from this project.
Gross Income =(Yield Produced*Price /seed bed)
18000seedling *3 birr = 54000
Net income= gross income – total cost
=54000– 17880 = 36120 birr
Therefore, each target farmer can obtain the net profit 1505 birr from one seed bed with 0.25 kg
of improved coffee variety.
5.2. Project Outcomes
Farmers were developed their knowledge and skill from the project. This was assured after the
outcome of the project implementation. Thus, it has a vital role in their attitudinal change and
benefited in their livelihood such as financial opportunity, increased income, reducing of
household debt and educating their children in the income generated obtained from the project and
etc.
5.3. Knowledge Dissemination Used
Table: 10 . Knowledge Dissemination used
The following scheme were used to popularize the technology at larger scale
Activity No. Key Messages

Training of target farmers 2 days Starting from land preparation up to marketing
44 | P a g e
Community field days 1day Show the difference b/n indigenous and new
technology on d/t farmers’ field (On improved
coffee seedling preparation) and the difference
between the seedling properly managed and
improperly agronomic practice.
Extension material dissemination
Brochure and booklet (Afan 24 • Promotion improved coffee importance

Oromo language) to farmers
• Promoting improved coffee variety in
terms of production
• Management practice like land
preparation, seed bed preparation,
preparation, sowing method, organic
fertilizer application rate and amount,
weeding time, time of watering, time
of shading and harvesting, time of
transplanting and time, marketing Commented [A56]: Good work
awareness.
6. CONCLUSION
Coffee is one of the most important cash crops in the area. It serves as a source of both consumption
and cash income. The majority of farmers are using traditional way of farming practices including;
lack improved coffee seed variety, also they did not follow the recommended rate of seed, land
preparation, seed bed preparation, spacing, mulching, watering, shading, transplanting technique,
fertilizer rate and amount of application, recommended time of marketing and recommended place
of nursery area that results they are facing low production and productivity. Assessment made on
farmers’ knowledge and practices of key recommendations of improved coffee variety production
45 | P a g e
were very low. This was attributed to low exposure to extension services, unaffordable input price,
absence of organic fertilizer and improved seed and farm size among the other. Most farmers are
willing to accept and adopt the new technologies if they meet their needs and fit to their actual
conditions. The research result indicted that improved coffee variety (74158) is best suited to
ecology, and results above 750 seedlings per/seed bed, which is by far greater than local practices
were achieved in demonstration site. Thus, knowledge and skill of target farmers about the
introduced technology was increased. Particularly, the technology introduced paved ways in which
farmers can improve their productivity. This urges the role of research, extension, and planning
agencies to be sensitive to the needs of smaller farmers through developing and disseminating
technologies and strategies that are relevant to their needs. Conventional extension system which
focuses only in production system were major problems and assessment made after effective
demonstration also indicated increment in farmers effectiveness in both in practice and knowledge.
In addition to these, awareness on marketing opportunity in terms of time and place, storage
method to reduce production losses are some achievement research. So, farmers has gained ample
knowledge improvement and they can adopt agricultural technological which sustain and improve
their living standards and wellbeing of farm.
7. RECOMMENDATION
Based on the above conclusions, the following recommendations were forwarded:
• Any extension activities intended to support the farmer should be supported by practical
application or demonstrations,
• Training and effective follow up techniques are very important to support farmers
sustainably.
46 | P a g e
• Attention is needed in the preparation of organic fertilizers, like compost and manure. And
timely supply the seeds to encourage farmers to use improved technology and use them as
per the recommendation.
• Value addition and marketing information should be integral part of every extension
activities at grassroots level.
• Farmers should follow key recommendations (Agronomic practices; seed rate, type of
fertilizer and rate of application.
• Development Agent in the area should be provide continuous technical support for the
farmers,
• The farmers should be accepted and applied technical support provided by their experts.
• Provide technical support to the farmers how and place at the nursery area should be
produced. Commented [A57]: Great
REFERENCES Commented [A58]: Make sure that all cited souces are listed
here and all listed references are cited
Abu T (2012): Ethiopian Coffee Annual Report for USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. USA.
Abate, T. (2007). Focusing agricultural research to address development needs: Direction for
agricultural research in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: EIAR.
Anonymous of production accessed from the Production_(economics) definition in 2017
CenteralStatisticalAgency (2007): National Statistical Bulletin, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
47 | P a g e
DarimuWoreda Agricultural Development Office (2016): DarimuWoreda Agricultural Office
Report. Darimu.
Kaplinsky and Morris, 2001, FIAS, 2007,
Kotler and Armstrong (2010).www.marketingteacher.com/what-is-marketing-2/
Text: TadesseWolde Mariam Gole, Environment and Coffee Forest Forum, Layout: Environment
and Coffee Forust Forrest Forum: AddisAbeba, Ethiopia 2015.
Re-discovering Coffee in Yemen: Updating the coffeeValue chain and Marketing strategy; to re-
position Yemen in the International Coffee Markets. Commented [A59]: Revise all your references
48 | P a g e

Status of Vegetable Peroduction in Ethiopia

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PROMOTION AND POPULARIZATION OF IMPROVED VARIETY OF

COFFEE (74158) PRODUCTION, PRODUCTVALUE ADDITION, AND

College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension

AN ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

Advisor: TamiruChalchisa (MA)

Sponsors: JUCAVM, SAFE, DarimuWoreda and Oromia Regional State

An Action Research Report Submitted to

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of

I dedicate this action research report /manuscript to my father EtanaTolesa, my mother

CSA Central Statistical Agency

GDP Growth Development Plan Commented [A4]: Growth Domestic Product

HHH House Hold Head

Qt/ha Quintal per hectare

SNNPR South Nations and Nationalities People Region

WAO Woreda Agricultural Office

VCA Value Chain Analysis

Author Signature Signature of the advisor

Date ______________________________ Date _____________________________

Cooperative Development Agent in Gudina Multi-purpose Cooperative Society found in

Table1.Cost-Benefit Analysis ofthe Commodity-------------------------------------------16

Table 3: Marking Scheme and Survey Result------------------------------------------------18

Table: 4 Research Design Table----------------------------------------------------------------30

Table 5.Age And Sex of Target Peasant-------------------------------------------------------39

Table 6.Education Level of Respondents------------------------------------------------------39

Table 7.Education Level of Respondents------------------------------------------------------40

Table 8. Land Holding of The Respondents--------------------------------------------------40

Table 9..Knowledge Assessment Before And After Training-------------------------------42

Table: 10 . Knowledge Dissemination Used---------------------------------------------------45

Commented [A5]: Automate

Figure 1 Map of Oromia region……………………………………………………….28

Figure 2 Sowing the seed……………………………………………………………..34

Figure 3 Fertilizer application in the field……………………………………………36

Figure 4 Conducted field day………………………………………………………...38 Commented [A6]: Automate

is in backyards or gardens. In both cases (modern plantations as well as smallholder production),

Table 2.Cost-benefit analysis of the commodity

1.3. Statements of the Problem

1.4 prioritization of problem

Table: 2. Prioritization of the problem

1 Using74158 coffee 25 25 50 100 % 1

3 Spacing of plant 18 22 40 80% 3

(Data from need assessment survey)

Table 3: Marking Scheme and Survey Result

On farmer’s knowledge On farmer’s practices

Male Fe Total % Male F Total %

Source (Need assessment result, 2016).

1.5.1 Interpretation on analyzing data

1.6.1. Development Objective

1.6.1.1 Production Objective

1.6.1.2 Value Addition Objective

6.2 Learning Objective

2. LITERATURE REVIEW Commented [A19]: Start from new page

2.1. Theoretical Review

2.1.2 Value chain

2.1.2Value Chain Analysis

2.2. Empirical Review

2.2.2 Value chain analysis

2.2.3 Market Analysis

3.1. Description of the Study

Figure 1 map of Oromia region Commented [A27]: Study area

3.2. Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques

target population 80 are selected as representative respondents by Slovene’s sample size

problem 50 farmers are selected. Those Are 25 male and 25 Females.

Date __ Date _