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LECTURE 1

Art as a Humanistic Discipline

Socrates was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western
philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought
Wisdom - the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being
wise.
Thales of Miletus. Thales of Miletus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, mathematician, and
astronomer from Miletus in Asia Minor (present-day Milet in Turkey). He was one of the Seven Sages of
Greece.
Confucius was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn
period of Chinese history.
The philosophy of Confucius, also known as Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental
morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with
many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of
the Legalists during the Qin Dynasty.

LECTURE 1.2
The Humanities in Western Civilization
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In
the renaissance, the term contrasted with divinity and referred to what is now called classics, the main area
of secular study in universities at the time.
Divinity- divinity or godhead is the state of things that are believed to come from a supernatural
power or deity, such as a god, Supreme Being, creator deity, or spirits, and are therefore regarded
as sacred and holy
Humanitas is a Latin noun meaning human nature, civilization, and kindness.
Barbaritas - Savages in the state of nature for survival.

Ancient 800BC

Protagoras was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In
his dialogue, Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist.
Medieval
Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by
the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700,
and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic
context.
Renaissance
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings,
individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism)
over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and


poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province
of Egypt, wrote in Koine Greek, and held Roman citizenship.

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was
an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest
included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anat
omy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. He has been variously called the father
of palaeontology, ichnology, and architecture, and is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time.
Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter and tank, he epitomised the Renaissance
humanist ideal.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni or more commonly known by his first
name Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in
the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western
art. Considered by some the greatest living artist during his lifetime, he has since been described as one
of the greatest artists of all time.
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated
a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely
independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker. An
innovative and prolific master in three media, he is generally considered one of the greatest visual
artists in the history of art and the most important in Dutch art history.
Cesar Legaspi was a Filipino painter known as one of the 13 Moderns, a group of emergent artists
whose work, according to artist-art educator Victorio Edades, was an alternative to the classicism and
nostalgia-laced realism popular during the pre-World War II juncture of American colonialism in the
Philippines. Along with peers Hernando Ocampo and Vicente Manansala, Legaspi was part of a generation
of artists whose early image making engaged with questions of distortion, and the liberties artists could
take in construing reality.
Mideo M. Cruz is an active cross-disciplinary, artist-organizer based in Manila. His art production
has been built upon overtly and subversively expanding and evolving communicative language and
contexts. Aiming to stimulate interaction and critical consumption of art. Taking his multi-sensory advocacy
from the streets to the internet and galleries, Mideo M. Cruz has crafted political yet humorous work and
social discourse realized both collectively and individually.
Installation art is an artistic genre of three-dimensional works that often are site-specific and
designed to transform the perception of a space. Generally, the term is applied to interior spaces, whereas
exterior interventions are often called public art, land art or intervention art; however, the boundaries
between these terms overlap.
Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts
(artworks), expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual idea, or technical skill, intended to be
appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include the
production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic
dissemination of art.
Artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating
an art.
Artisan is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or
strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food items,
household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of
a watchmaker. Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive
levels of an artist.
Fine art is art developed primarily for aesthetics or beauty, distinguishing it from applied art, which
also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or most metalwork.

Major Art made by artists and primarily concerned with the form of beauty
Minor Art or Craft made by artisans and concerned with functionality and usefulness of human-
made objects (artifacts)

LECTURE 1.3
The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao)

LATIN “humanitas” ENGLISH “humanities”


FILIPINO “pagpapakatao” Mula sa “pagkatao” “tao”

KATAUHAN Biological: Born as a human being Act of being human “personality”


Kultural: Becoming a human being Process of becoming human “personhood”

“PAGPAPAKATAO”
The process by which one becomes a human being

FILIPINO PERSONHOOD

Manunggul Jar is a secondary burial jar excavated from a Neolithic burial site in the Manunggul
cave of the Tabon Caves at Lipuun Point in Palawan. It dates from 890–710 B.C. and the two prominent
figures at the top handle of its cover represent the journey of the soul to the afterlife.
The Manunggul Jar is widely acknowledged to be one of the finest Philippine pre-colonial
artworks ever produced and is considered a masterpiece of Philippine ceramics. It is listed as a national
treasure and designated as item 64-MO-74 by the National Museum of the Philippines. It is now housed at
the National Museum of Anthropology and is one of the most popular exhibits there. It is made from clay
with some sand soil.

Cultural identity is the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of a person's self-
conception and self-perception and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social
class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture. In this way, cultural
identity is both characteristic of the individual but also of the culturally identical group of members sharing
the same cultural identity.
“Cultural identity is a sine qua non for becoming active in the world… a source of social
empowerment. Rob a people of their identity and they become passive, lost, indolent, uncreative and
unproductive.”

LECTURE 1.4
The Filipino
Concept of Art

Damián Domingo y Gabor (February 12, 1796 – July 26, 1834) was the father of Philippine painting.
Domingo established the official Philippine art academy in his residence in Tondo in 1821.
Juan Luna y Novicio, better known as Juan Luna was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political
activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized
Philippine artists.
His winning the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts, along with the silver win of
fellow Filipino painter Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, prompted a celebration which was a major highlight in
the memoirs of members of the Propaganda Movement, with the fellow Ilustrados toasting to the two
painters' good health and to the brotherhood between Spain and the Philippines.
Spoliarium (often misspelled Spolarium) is a painting by Filipino painter Juan Luna. The painting
was submitted by Luna to the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 in Madrid, where it garnered the
first gold medal (out of three). In 1886, it was sold to the Diputación Provincial de Barcelona for
20,000 pesetas. It currently hangs in the main gallery at the ground floor of the National Museum of Fine
Arts in Manila, and is the first work of art that greets visitors upon entry into the museum. The picture
recreates a despoiling scene in a Roman circus where dead gladiators are stripped of weapons and
garments.
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that
began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style principally derived from the architecture
of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles, and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio.
Félix Resurrección Hidalgo y Padilla (February 21, 1855 – March 13, 1913) was a Filipino artist. He is
acknowledged as one of the great Filipino painters of the late 19th century, and is significant in Philippine
history for having been an acquaintance and inspiration for members of the Philippine reform
movement which included José Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Mariano Ponce and Graciano López Jaena, although
he neither involved himself directly in that movement, nor later associate himself with the First Philippine
Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo.
His winning the silver medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts, along with the gold win of
fellow Filipino painter Juan Luna, prompted a celebration which was a major highlight in the memoirs of
members of the Philippine reform movement, with Rizal toasting to the two painters' good health and citing
their win as evidence that Filipinos and Spaniards were equals
Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts,
literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture
of classical antiquity.
Romantic realism is an aesthetic term that usually refers to art which combines elements of
both romanticism and realism. The terms "romanticism" and "realism" have been used in varied ways,
and are sometimes seen as opposed to one another.
Renaissance art is the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of the period of European history,
emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred
in philosophy, literature, music, and science. Renaissance art, perceived as the noblest of ancient
traditions, took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by absorbing
recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge.
Vicente Silva Manansala was a Filipino cubist painter and illustrator.
Lamarroza, Prudencio is a Filipino artist who is known for his hyperrealist and surrealistic landscape
paintings, especially his Amburayan Queen Series, which consists of paintings depicting a protective
mythological spirit, suggestive of the need for ecological preservation. He was born in Tagudiri Ilocos Sur.
He began his studies at the UST College of Fine Arts but finding the traditional school objected to
his adventurousness in art, he transferred to the PWU. While in college, he was influence by modernists
like local painters Lee Aguinaldo and Roberto Chabet and European Artist Modigliani and Victor Vasarely.
He experimented with various modern styles but his works continued to be mostly figurative. He was an
outstanding student, winning special awards in 1971, he held first one man show of works that used
innovative materials in La Solidaridad.
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual
artworks and writings.
Action painting, sometimes called "gestural abstraction", is a style of painting in which paint is
spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.
Abstract expressionism is a post–World War II art movement in American painting, developed in
New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence
and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. Although the
term abstract expressionism was first applied to American art in 1946 by the art critic Robert Coates, it had
been first used in Germany in 1919 in the magazine Der Sturm, regarding German Expressionism. In the
United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works by Wassily Kandinsky
Color Field painting is a style of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the 1940s
and 1950s. It was inspired by European modernism and closely related to Abstract Expressionism, while
many of its notable early proponents were among the pioneering Abstract Expressionists.
Color Field is characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into
the canvas creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane. The movement places less emphasis
on gesture, brushstrokes and action in favour of an overall consistency of form and process. In color field
painting "color is freed from objective context and becomes the subject in itself."
T'nalak is a traditional cloth found in Mindanao Island made by a group of people in Lake
Sebu, South Cotabato called T'bolis, Tboli people.
Vinta is a traditional boat from the Philippine island of Mindanao.
Sarimanok is a legendary bird of the Maranao people who originate from Mindanao, an island in
The Philippines. It comes from the words "sari" and "manok." "Sari" means cloth or garment, which is
generally of assorted colors. manok means "chicken"
Okir (also spelled as okkil, okil, or ukkil) is the term for geometric and flowing designs (often based
on an elaborate leaf and vine pattern) and folk motifs that can be usually found
in Maranao, Maguindanao and Muslim-influenced artwork, especially in the southern Philippines, and in
some parts of Southeast Asia. Okir a dato refers to the ornamental design for men and okir a bay to that
for women.
Burnay Jars – Burnay PotteryJars made from Vigan are much sought-after by foreign and local
visitors. This earthenware is called burnay. The industry that has grown from the making of burnay dates
back to pre-colonial times when immigrants from China came to settle in Vigan.

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