ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES

Unit 2: Step 3 Understand the waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

Delivered by:
ANDRÉS FERNANDO GÓMEZ URBANO
Código: 1061711870

Group:
203058_22

Presented to:
WILMER HERNAN GUTIERREZ
Tutor

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE - UNAD BASIC SCIENCE

SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
APRIL 2018
 INTRODUCTION
In the present collaborative work the development of the activity of the unit 2 Waves in
Open and closed Media is presented, it is divided into two parts; Firstly, a consolidation is
achieved with the best answers given by each member to 6 questions that were proposed in
the activity guide, which establishes the conceptual bases necessary to understand the
behavior of electromagnetic waves in open and closed media, understanding their behavior
when influencing different surfaces. In the second part of this work is the development and
solution given to 5 problems proposed in the guide of activities that have to do with fields
and waves, in these exercises each member will realize the elements that are part of systems
that work with waves in open and closed media.
Solution step 6
Choose one of the following problems, taken from "Cutnell, J.D. & Johnson, K. W. (2009)
Physics, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, doi, 10, S0142-9612" Resolve and share the
solution in the forum. Conduct a critical analysis on the contributions of group members
and answer this in the forum.
1. When the vacuum red light strikes the Brewster angle on a glass slab, the refractive
angle is 43 °. What are (a) the refractive index of the glass and (b) the Brewster
angle?
Since the angle of incidence is 43º then the refracted angle is
90º − 43º = 47º
This since for the Brewster angle 𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝑟 = 90
By Snell's theory and law we have to
1𝑠𝑒𝑛(47º) = 𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑛(43º)
Hence:
𝑠𝑒𝑛(47º)
𝑛= = 1.076
𝑠𝑒𝑛(43º)
Then 𝑛 = 1.076 refractive index of the glass
(b) Brewster's angle is equal to the reflected angle that in this case is 47º
Each student in the group has to answer the following questions using academic references
to
1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomena could be used in transmission
systems.
The phenomena of refraction and reflection could be used in the transmission of
information since these give us a greater speed; This is the case of optical fiber where the
core of the fiber optic cable must have a refractive index (n1) greater than the refractive
index (n2) of the coating. When this occurs, the light is reflected in such a way that it is not
able to cross the surface between both means completely reflecting, Because the nucleus is
completely surrounded by the coating, there is an advance of the light waves without losses
towards the opposite end of the fiber.
2. Explain Snell's law, the critical angle and the practical applications where it could
be used.
Snell's law is a formula used to calculate the refractive angle of light when crossing the
surface of separation between two means of propagation of light (or any electromagnetic
wave) with a different refractive index. This law is important because, if we have two
media characterized by different refractive indices separated by a surface, it will turn out
that the light rays change direction, this change depends on the quotient between the
refractive indexes.
One of the first practical applications where it was used was to solve the shapes of the
lenses that focus light with geometric aberrations, in the 10th century by Ibn Sahl,
nowadays this law helps the elaboration and modeling of the optical fiber, or for the
refraction of electrons in pn junctions of graphene according to the article is Shaowen
Chen, Zheng Han. support the research:
3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.
First of all, it is important to know that lenses deflect light rays by means of refraction. The
rays of light that impinge on one face will be deviated from their trajectory and redirected
on the other side.
Myopia (near vision): Light rays focus on the front of the retina, causing distant objects to
blur. The lens to correct this problem is a "negative" lens. The shape of the lens is concave
(thicker at the edge, thinner at the center) to bend the rays outward, allowing light to focus
on the correct point to correct vision.
Hyperopia (far vision) The rays of light are centered behind the retina, causing objects at all
distances, especially near, to blur. In this case, a 'positive' lens is needed. The shape of the
lens is convex (thicker at the center, thinner at the edge) to bend the rays inward, allowing
light to focus on the correct point inside the eye and correct vision
4. What is the importance of the refractive index?
Under controlled measurement conditions, it is a constant property for a medium and
allows determining the purity of a substance or quantifying a given compound in binary
mixtures of known constituents.
Refractometers are important instruments in the food industry, since they are used in the
analysis of liquid products and in the control of operations during the processing of various
foods: milk and its derivatives, It is a rapidly determinable index and is very useful to
follow a hydrogenation process.
5. Is it possible for a single beam of light to be refracted in several grains? Explain
Yes, it is possible to remember that the frequency of a wave never changes when passing
from one medium to another, for example, if a wave of white light comes from the air to the
prism we will have: a decrease in the wavelength that results in a decrease in its
propagation speed.
 CONCLUSIONS
 Full understanding of Snell's law is achieved and its application is reflected in the
correct solution given to each proposed problem.
 It is possible to understand in the best way how is the behavior of the
electromagnetic waves in open and closed media, also it is possible to understand
the behavior of these when they affect different surfaces.
 We learned to determine refractive indexes and therefore to define it operationally,
together with the analysis of the critical and refraction angles.
 Each object, being composed of different materials, has its respective refractive
index, which depends on the intrinsic characteristics of the material of which the
object is constituted
Bibliografía
Stanley, Marshall, Dubroff, Richard E. Skitek, Gabriel. Electromagnetismo–Conceptos y
aplicaciones. Cuarta edición. México: Prentice Hall hispanoamericana, 1997.
Reitz J. R., Milford F. J., Christy R. W. Fundamentos de la teoría electromagnética.
Editorial Addison-Wesley Iberoamericana (1996).
Fowles G. R. Introduction to modern Optics. Editorial Holt, Rinehart and Wisnton N. Y.
(1975).
Sears T. W. Óptica. Editorial Aguilar (1970).