PFD PT ANTAM

1. Oxidative Pretreatment : hydrometallurgy (low pressure oxygen preaeration, high

pressure oxygen-acidic media, high pressure oxygen-nonacidic media, nitric acid,
chlorination, biological), pyrometallurgy (roasting)
Oxidative processes may be used as a pretreatment for sulfide, carbonaceous, and
telluride ores and concentrates to increase the extraction of gold by standard
hydrometallurgical processing techniques, usually cyanidation. These methods are
applied when direct treatment by cyanidation gives unacceptably low gold recovery
or is uneconomic, for one of the following reasons:
a. Gold is locked in reactive gangue minerals, often sulfides, and cannot be
adequately liberated, even by fine grinding.
b. Gold occurs with minerals that consume unacceptable quantities of reagents, for
example, pyrrhotite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite.
c. Gold occurs with carbonaceous materials that adsorb gold during leaching.
d. Any combination of 1 to 3.
2. Leaching (cyanidation, chlorination, thisulfate, thiourea, thiocyanate, ammonia)
In the context of gold extraction, leaching is the dissolution of a metal or mineral in a
liquid. The reaction of primary concern is the dissolution of gold in an aqueous
solution, which requires both a complexant and an oxidant to achieve acceptable
leaching rates. Only a limited number of ligands form complexes of sufficient stability
for use in gold extraction processes.
Cyanide is universally used because of its relatively low cost, its great effectiveness
for gold (and silver) dissolution, and its selectivity for gold and silver over other
metals. Also, despite some concerns over the toxicity of cyanide, it can be applied
with little risk to health and the environment. The oxidant most commonly used in
cyanide leaching is oxygen, supplied from air, which contributes to the attractiveness
of the process.
The different processes developed for leaching with cyanide, including agitation
leaching, heap leaching, and intensive cyanidation, and their applications are
reviewed in this chapter.

3. Solution Purification and Concentration (carbon adsorption, ion exchanger resin,

solvent extraction)
Gold is first adsorbed from leach solutions onto an extractant, such as activated
carbon or a synthetic ion exchange resin. The loaded extractant is then separated
from the process stream, and the gold values are desorbed into a smaller volume of
solution suitable for metal recovery. The stripped extractant is regenerated, if
necessary, and then reused in the process.
Activated carbon is the most widely used extractant for this purpose. Alternatively,
ion exchange resins have been used in some applications and continue to be
developed. Both extractants can be used to treat leach slurries directly, called in-pulp
processing, as well as unclarified and clarified solutions, thereby obviating the need
for solid–liquid separation steps required in conventional flowsheets.

4. Recovery
Recovery processes, as defined in this chapter, remove gold and other metal values
from solution into a concentrated solid form. Prior to the widespread adoption of
carbon adsorption processes for treatment of dilute leach slurries and solutions in the
late 1970s (Chapter 7), zinc precipitation was used almost exclusively for direct
recovery of gold from clarified leach solutions.
Subsequently, both electrowinning and zinc precipitation have been used to treat the
more concentrated gold solutions produced by carbon elution. Direct recovery from
dilute solutions by zinc precipitation is still preferred over carbon adsorption for
treatment of some ores, for example:
 Ores with high silver content
 Ores containing species that interfere with carbon adsorption (e.g., clay minerals,
organic material)
 Small ore bodies that cannot justify the generally higher costs of carbon adsorption,
elution, and regeneration systems at that scale of operation
5. Refining
Refining processes are used to upgrade the products of earlier recovery processes,
principally zinc precipitate slimes, loaded cathodes, electrowinning sludges, and
mercury–gold amalgam, all of which generally contain >10% gold. In addition, a
number of by-products of gold extraction and refining processes are treated further
for gold recovery; for example, loaded carbon fines, refinery slags, high-grade dusts,
old crucibles and furnace liners, and refinery floor sweepings. The methods applied
depend on the nature of the material, and the type and amount of impurities present.

Refining is usually performed in two stages:

a. Treatment at the point of production (e.g., at the mine site) to produce a crude
bullion (typically 90% to 99% total precious metals)
b. Refining of crude bullion from the first stage to produce high-purity gold and silver
for sale. The first stage can be applied at relatively low cost at the mine site, even
for small quantities of precious metal production. This yields a low-volume
product, which is easy to transport and which can be sampled representatively,
either in the molten state or as homogeneous solid bullion, for accurate
accounting purposes.
The second stage is usually performed by dedicated refineries, often located close
to major gold- (and other metal-) producing regions, which can process the doré
bullion more economically on a bigger scale. The purity of the final product
depends on the ultimate use: typically 99.6% for jewelry and monetary bullion,
and 99.99% for production of coins.
KEBUTUHAN, EKSPOR, IMPOR GOLD BULLION
Perbandingan Bijih Emas di Indonesia

1. Gosowong, Maluku Utara

Tipe : low sulphidation epithermal deposit
Mineral : chalcopyrite, galena, electrum, Au-Ag-Te minerals (pettzite and hessite), Cd-bearing
sphalerite (spharelite, wurtzite), quartz, adularia, chlorite and calcite.
Proses : crushing-milling, preleach, agitated tank cyanidation, counter-current decantation
thickening, Merril Crowe zinc precipitation, calcination, smelting
2. Martabe, Sumatera Utara
Tipe : high sulphidation epithermal deposit
Mineral : ...
Proses : crushing-milling, preleach, agitated tank cyanidation, CIL, elution, electrowinning,
smelting

3. Pongkor, Jawa Barat

Tipe : low sulphidation epithermal deposit
Mineral :
Proses :
4. Tujuh Bukit
high sulphidation, low sulphidation, porphyry
crushing, agglomeration, heap leach, adsorption, desorption and recovery
5. Miwah
Veining paragenesis : quartz, alunite, barite, pyrite
Mineralization : covellite, enargite, luzonite, tennantite, goldfieldite

List komponen
Ag
Al
As
B

6. Pani