Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4.The statement 'To identify the relationship between the time the patient spends on the
operating table and the development of pressure ulcers' is best described as a research:
a) Objective
b) Aim
c) Question
d) Hypothesis
6. A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables is known as the:
a) Concept definition
b) Hypothesis
c) Problem statement
d) Research question
a) Research question
b) Research aim
c) Hypothesis
d) Operational definition
8.'Relaxation therapy is more effective than standard patient education alone in decreasing
pre-operative anxiety' is an example of a:
a) Null hypothesis
b) Non-directional hypothesis
c) Complex hypothesis
d) Directional hypothesis
a) Null hypothesis
b) Directional hypothesis
c) Non-directional hypothesis
d) Simple hypothesis
10. Which of the following statements meets the criteria for a researchable question?
11.The researcher needs to clearly identify the aim of the study; the question to be answered;
the population of interest; information to be collected, and feasibility in order to decide on the
research:
12.A variable that changes due to the action of another variable is known as the:
a) Independent variable
b) Extraneous variable
c) Dependent variable
d) Complex variable
13.Researchers have a duty to avoid, prevent or minimise risk to study participants. This is
based on the principle of:
14. Which of the following is correct if a participant wishes to withdraw from a study?
16.One of the requirements for informed consent is that the participant/s have been:
a) Told they have been selected because they meet the criteria for inclusion
b) Told they need to read the ethics proposal
c) Informed of the risks and benefits of the study
d) Informed the study has approval from administration
a) Beneficence
b) Autonomy
c) Non-maleficence
d) Respect
18.Researchers must seek approval from a Human Research Ethics Committee if they intend
to:
19.You are a nurse undertaking research as part of a higher degree. Your study will take place
in the outpatient clinic of a hospital. You will need to submit a proposal for ethics approval to
the ethics committee for the:
a) A brief summary of the literature review, focus of the research and how the research
will affect you
b) What the research is about, benefits and risks of the research and how your privacy
will be respected
c) A brief summary of the literature review, how findings will be disseminated and a
place to sign your consent
d) What the research is about, benefits of the study and how your privacy will be
respected
21.A researcher plans to interview parents who have had a stillborn child. Aware that talking
about this event may cause distress, the researcher has a plan of action if this occurs during
data collection. The principle underlying this plan is that of:
a) Maleficence
b) Self-determination
c) Autonomy
d) Non-maleficence
22. If you collected data from a patient who had not been asked to give consent, which of the
following principles would you have broken?
23. A researcher poses a question about the relationship between the effects of pre-operative
education on the level of anxiety in patients who are due to have hip replacement surgery.
This question can best be answered by a(n):
a) Comparative design
b) Descriptive design
c) Randomised control trial
d) Epidemiological design
a) Heuristics
b) Bracketing
c) Essence
d) Intuiting
27. Grounded theory examines and analyses the data using a process known as:
a) Theoretical compression
b) Constant comparative method
c) Memoing
d) Intentionality
31. A researcher wishes to examine why the health of homeless people has not improved
despite the introduction of community health clinics. The research design that would best
provide answers to this question is:
32.A group of clinicians discover that they have similar concerns about a practice issue and
decide to carry out a study to determine factors affecting the issue. From the results they
developed, implemented and evaluated a new practice approach. This study used a(n):
a) Experimental design
a) Reliable
b) Generalisable
c) Convenient
d) Limited
35. The type of sampling approach where each person in the sampling frame has an equal
chance of being selected is best described as:
a) Systematic sampling
b) Stratified random sampling
c) Simple random sampling
d) Non-probability sampling
37.The population from which the study sample is selected is called the:
a) Accessible population
b) Target population
c) Total population
d) Universal population
38. Which one of the following types of samples is least representative of the population?
40. You are approached by a person in the street who asks you to participate in a study on life
insurance by answering a number of questions. The method of sampling which has been used
to select you is:
a) Random sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Stratified random sampling
d) Network sampling
43. To calculate the required sample size for a quantitative study the researcher needs to
consider:
45.Study participants are asked to indicate their ethnic background from a given list (e.g.
Caucasian). This type of variable is classified as:
a) Continuous
b) Ordinal
c) Nominal
d) Discrete
a) Continuous variables
b) Ordinal variables
c) Nominal variables
d) Discrete variables
47. Identify the type of statistics researchers use when reporting demographic information
such as gender, age, ethnicity, salary and level of education collected during a study:
a) Interpretative
b) Dichotomous
c) Descriptive
d) Inferential
48.Analysis of data shows that the distribution of results is skewed. Due to this the
researchers decide the measure of central tendency best used to report the findings is the:
a) Mean
b) Range
c) Median
d) Average
49. An abstract for a research report states that cross tabulation was performed. This indicates
to the reader that the analysis involves:
50.Researchers report a 95% confidence interval (CI) for pain scores. This indicates:
51.A report states that the results are statistically significant. This means that:
52. Reporting that there is no difference between treatment groups when differences exist is
called a(n):
53. The relationship between blood pressure and cholesterol levels is best described by using
a:
a) Correlation test
b) Chi-square test
c) t-test
d) Wilcoxon test
54. If a researcher wanted to predict with 99% accuracy they would set the level of
significance at:
a) .05
b) .95
c) .01
d) .10
58.In deciding which literature to include in a critical review you would include all except:
a) Introduction
b) Methodology
c) Ethical issues
d) Report of the analysis
a) Assumptions
b) Generalizations
c) Concepts
d) Limitations
61. The section/sentence that includes the aim or purpose of the study is found in the:
a) Literature review
b) Methodology
c) Introduction
d) Theoretical framework
62.When evaluating the research study results you would consider all of the following as
important except:
a) Not worry about understanding the results as the researcher has analysed them for the
reader
b) Assume that the right statistical tests have been used to answer the research question
c) Just understand what the p-value means
d) Search for the researcher's rationale for the statistical tests and results
64.In critiquing a qualitative research report you would expect to find information that would
assist you in assessing the credibility of the study in the:
a) Literature review
b) Discussion of analysis of the data
c) Methodology
d) Philosophical integration
66.In making a decision about which appraisal tool to use when undertaking a critical review
of six phenomenological studies, the best action is to:
a) Reliable
b) Generalisable
c) Convenient
d) Limited
69.The type of sampling approach where each person in the sampling frame has an equal
chance of being selected is best described as:
a) Systematic sampling
b) Stratified random sampling
c) Simple random sampling
d) Non-probability sampling
71.The population from which the study sample is selected is called the:
a) Accessible population
b) Target population
c) Total population
d) Universal population
72. Which one of the following types of samples is least representative of the population?
74. You are approached by a person in the street who asks you to participate in a study on life
insurance by answering a number of questions. The method of sampling which has been used
to select you is:
a) Random sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Stratified random sampling
d) Network sampling
78.To calculate the required sample size for a quantitative study the researcher needs to
consider:
a) Randomisation
b) Association
c) Causality
d) Homogeneity
82. The degree to which the findings of a study reflect reality is dependent on:
a) Analysis validity
b) Internal validity
c) External validity
d) Precision validity
83. The degree to which the findings of the study can be generalised to a wider population is
known as:
a) Analysis validity
b) Construct validity
c) Internal validity
d) External validity
84.A researcher wishes to use a rating scale that has been tested and validated for collecting
data in a quantitative study. Using such a rating scale will help them to avoid which one of
the following threats to internal validity?
a) Maturation
b) Selection bias
c) Instrumentation
d) Testing
a) Maturation
b) History
c) Reactive effects
d) Interaction effect
86. A study aims to determine the difference in rates of pressure ulcers following introduction
of a new skin care schedule. The researchers examine the records of reported pressure ulcers
before and after the introduction of the new intervention. The study design used is a(n):
a) Experimental design
b) Non-experimental design
a) Descriptive design
b) Correlational design
c) Epidemiological design
d) Experimental design
a) Correlational design
b) Quasi-experimental design
c) Cohort study design
d) Descriptive design
90.In selecting a quasi-experimental design in preference to an experimental design the
researchers are aware that the study will have less:
a) Bias
b) Data available
c) Control
d) Testing
91. To estimate the mean of the population from sample information, we need to calculate the
standard deviation of the distribution of the sample means around the population mean. This
is done by dividing the standard deviation of our sample by the square root of N, and is called
the:
A. central limit
B. integral calculus
C. standard error
D. Z score
92. Suppose a researcher hypothesizes that a person who favors national health insurance is
more likely to vote for President Obama. In this case, the dependent variable is:
A. attitude toward national health insurance
B. attitude toward Bill Clinton
Examiner: Robert Abebreseh Page 14
C. Bill Clinton's support for national health insurance
D. presidential vote
93. It is hypothesized that among the elderly, there is a relationship between marital status
and happiness. In this hypothesis, happiness is a(n) __________ variable and marital status is
a(n) ___________ variable while age is a(n) ________ variable.
A. independent, dependent, control
B. independent, control, dependent
C. dependent, independent, control
D. dependent, control, independent
95. A correlation coefficient of .90 between learning time and GPA indicates:
A. a weak association
B. a strong association
C. a statistically significant association
D. both b and c
97. The statement 'To identify the relationship between the time the patient spends on the
operating table and the development of pressure ulcers' is best described as a research:
e) Objective
f) Aim
g) Question
h) Hypothesis
98. A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables is known as
the:
e) Concept definition
Examiner: Robert Abebreseh Page 15
f) Hypothesis
g) Problem statement
h) Research question
100. Relaxation therapy is more effective than standard patient education alone in decreasing
pre-operative anxiety' is an example of a:
e) Null hypothesis
f) Non-directional hypothesis
g) Complex hypothesis
h) Directional hypothesis
102. A group of clinicians discover that they have similar concerns about a practice issue and
decide to carry out a study to determine factors affecting the issue. From the results they
developed, implemented and evaluated a new practice approach. This study used a(n):
e) Experimental design
f) Ethnographic design
g) Action research design
h) Critical social theory design
105. The type of sampling approach where each person in the sampling frame has an equal
chance of being selected is best described as:
e) Systematic sampling
f) Stratified random sampling
g) Simple random sampling
h) Non-probability sampling
108. To calculate the required sample size for a quantitative study the researcher needs to
consider:
e) Maximum effect size
f) Level of significance
g) Measurement error
h) Population homogeneity
110. Study participants are asked to indicate their ethnic background from a given list (e.g.
Caucasian). This type of variable is classified as:
e) Continuous
f) Ordinal
g) Nominal
h) Discrete
112. Reporting that there is no difference between treatment groups when differences exist is
called a(n):
e) Error of confidence
f) gamma
g) Beta
h) Alpha
113. The relationship between blood pressure and cholesterol levels is best described by
using a:
e) Correlation test
f) Chi-square test
g) t-test
h) Wilcoxon test
114. If a researcher wanted to predict with 99% accuracy they would set the level of
significance at:
e) .05
f) .95
g) .01
h) .10
115. The risk of making a beta (type II) error is:
e) Less if the level of significance is set at 0.01
f) Greater if the level of significance is set at 0.05
g) Not affected by the p-value
h) Increased by the confidence interval
116. When participants with similar characteristics are included in the sample for a
quantitative study this is known as:
e) Randomisation
f) Association
g) Causality
h) Homogeneity
117. The degree to which the findings of a study reflect reality is dependent on:
e) Analysis validity
f) Internal validity
g) External validity
Examiner: Robert Abebreseh Page 18
h) Precision validity
118. The degree to which the findings of the study can be generalised to a wider population is
known as:
e) Analysis validity
f) Construct validity
g) Internal validity
h) External validity
123. Which of the following is correct if a participant wish to withdraw from a study?
e) Participation is voluntary and they can withdraw at any time
f) They must continue to participate as they have signed the consent form
g) Withdrawal from the study has to occur through the ethics committee
h) They may be able to withdraw if they negotiate with the researcher.