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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Codes Requirements................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 ASCE7-05 vs. ASCE7-10 ....................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Serviceability Requirements for Wind Load ............................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Serviceability Requirements for Wind Drift ......................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Serviceability Combination for Drift of Walls and Frames.................................................................... 7
3. Defining Automatic Wind Load Patterns................................................................................................... 8
3.1 General roles ................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 2006 IBC / ASCE7-05 Automatic Wind Lateral Static Load ............................................................ 9
3.2.1 SAP2000 v.17.3.0 ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.2 ETAB2015 V15.2.0 ...................................................................................................................... 13
4. Define Wind Load Manually .................................................................................................................. 15
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 1 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 2 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
As a result, for buildings in Saudi Arabia, it is recommended to set auto wind load in
analysis programs to ASCE 7-05 code.
This could be changed in the future where Saudi wind map and
standards adapted to recent ASCE standard.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 3 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
Figure 1 Source: ASCE7-10 Table C26.5-6
d
ASCE7-10 (mph) =SBC301 wind speed (km/hr) ×√1.6 ×0. 621 ×1.072.
2- Wind load combinations shall follow ASCE7-10 requirements, but multiply the wind
factor × Wind importance factor as per SBC301 building category see Figure 2.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 4 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
For metal building systems, the calculation of the lateral drift of a building frame
(sidesway) is normally based on a bare frame with no walls or roof. The wind load is
applied as a static force and the calculated drift is often unexpectedly large.
Use of the nominal (700-year mean recurrence interval (MRI) or 1,700-year MRI) wind
load in checking serviceability is excessively conservative. [AISC7-10 – Section CC.1.2]
This difference refers to the following factors
(1) Drift calculations are traditionally based on full design loads.
(2) Moment-rotation stiffnesses of the “pinned” bases are taken as zero.
(3) The usual analytical procedures are based on “bare” frames (skin action of the roof
diaphragms and end walls is neglected) thus load sharing has not been taken into account.
(4) The static analysis used does not take into account the dynamic effects of the applied
load and the mass effects of the structure.
Anyone who wishes to make use of the methodology must first know or assume the
stiffness of the building frames, the roof diaphragm, and the end wall. [MBMA 2006 –
section 1.3.4.8)
The stiffening effect of nonstructural walls and partitions may be taken into account in the
analysis of drift if substantiating information regarding their effect is available. [AISC7-
10 – Section CC.1.2]
For now, it is possible to calculate the actual drift under wind load from another point of
view; deflection is a serviceability criterion rather than a strength consideration and as
such, poses less hazard and risk to life and property.
In fact, the IBC 2006 recognizes this as specified by the 0.70 reduction factor of Note (f)
in Table 1604.3
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 5 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
To be considered firmly supported, the framing members for each individual pane of glass
shall be designed so the deflection of the edge of the glass perpendicular to the glass pane
shall not exceed 1/175 of the glass edge length or 3/4 inch (19.1 mm), whichever is less,
when subjected to the larger of the positive or negative load.
2- Building design (ASCE 7-5 – Commentary Appendix C)
Drift limits in common usage for building design are on the order of 1/600 to 1/400 of the
building or story height These limits generally are sufficient to minimize damage to
cladding and nonstructural walls and partitions. Smaller drift limits may be appropriate if
the cladding is brittle.
An absolute limit on story drift may also need to be imposed in light of evidence that
damage to nonstructural partitions, cladding, and glazing may occur if the story drift
exceeds about 10 mm (3/8 in.) unless special detailing practices are made to tolerate
movement
The following load combination can be used to check short-term effects “wind load need
not be considered in analyzing the effects of creep or other long-term actions”:
[AISC7-05 – Section CC.1.2]
D + 0.5L + 0.7 W7-05
“W7-05 is wind load based on Saudi Building Code 301 and ASCE7-05”
[AISC7-10 – Section CC.1.2]
D + 0.5L + Wa
Wa is wind load based on serviceability wind speeds. Until serviceability wind speed map
become available in Saudi building code, it is possible to consider:
Wa = 0.7 W7-10 / 1.6 W7-10: Wind load based on ASCE7-10
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 7 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
1- When the code is ASCE 7-05, or ASCE 7-10, automatic wind load patterns may become multi-
stepped. For example, a wind load may be specified as occurring at multiple angles around the
structure. These will be treated as a single load pattern and will be analyzed in a single load
case, producing multiple output steps of response, one for each separate step of the load.
2- Exposure can be summarized as follow:
The wind load pattern must be defined before assigning wind parameters
to frame and area objects.
Source: SAP2000 Lateral Loads Manual
3- The top story/maximum global Z indicates the highest story level to be assumed exposed to
wind loading for the purposes of calculating the automatic wind load. In most instances the top
story should be the uppermost story level/elevation in the building and this is the default value.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 8 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
Automatic wind loads for the ASCE 7-05 are based on Section 6.5 of ASCE 7- 05 (Method 2 –
Analytical Procedure). Windward and leeward horizontal wind loads are applied on the vertical
projected area of the building as determined from the story heights and the input diaphragm
exposure widths. The case types are described in ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-9. The case type can be 1, 2,
3, or 4. The eccentricity factors are described in ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-9. A typical value for e1 and
e2 is 0.15.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 9 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
ASCE 7-05 Wind load parameters for SAP2000 program as shown in Figure 3
Figure 3
The following notes refer to SAP2000 V17.3.0 only; these notes are not applicable for ETAB2015
V15.2.0 program. These notes may be updated or enhanced for new SAP2000 versions.
1- When specifying the wind direction, indicate the direction of the wind by an angle measured in
degrees. An angle of 0 degrees means the wind is blowing in the positive global X-direction.
An angle of 90 degrees means the wind is blowing in the positive global Y-direction. Any
angle for the wind direction can be input.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 10 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
2- Pressure coefficients, Cp are taken from ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-6, Table for “Wall Pressure
Coefficients” in the windward and leeward directions. Please note that L/B ratio may varies
over the building height
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 11 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 12 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
ASCE 7-05 Wind load parameters for ETAB2015 program as shown in Figure 4
Figure 4
The following notes refer to ETAB2015 V15.2.0 only; these notes are not applicable for SAP2000
program. These notes may be updated or enhanced for new ETAB versions.
1- When the Input Pressure Coefficients option is Program Determined, Pressure coefficients, Cp
are taken from ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-6, Table for “Wall Pressure Coefficients” in the windward
and leeward directions. The determination of leeward pressure automatically accounts for the
building aspect ratio i.e., L/B ratio based on diaphragm extents.
The program uses the smallest L/B ratio for producing a maximum
leeward pressure coefficient, but if this effect is not desirable, the User
specified option can be used as stated in previous chapter.
Source: ETAB2015 Lateral Loads Manual
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 13 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
NOTE:
In some cases, it is required to check wind in another angle
For example, it is required to study wind in 45o for the following building:
In such case, it is possible to change wind direction from [Wind direction and exposure] tab and
modify direction Angle as shown below:
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 14 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
Take Care:
1- In case of Define wind load manually, choose "None" for
auto lateral load pattern
If auto lateral load is required, you can make two load cases
for each direction.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 15 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
It is possible to calculate wind load using excel sheet [ASCE702W.xls] on the internet.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 16 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
1- The basic wind speed V shall be determined in accordance with Section 6.4.1.
The wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 17 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 18 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 19 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
The total horizontal load shall not be less than that determined by assuming ps= 0 in
zones B & D. (TAKE B & D = 0 IF THEY DECREASE TOTAL HORIZONTAL
LOAD)
IN THE END
This is not the end!
This guideline is always under progress.
Various sources aide the engineer in determining strength. No one of them is more
important than another.
Analyses, tests, experience and such intuitive common sense as may be personally
developed about structural stability; these are all helpful, but they can also be
dangerously misleading.
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 21 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE
WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & Page 22 of 22
ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE