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WIND LOAD ON CONCRETE AND STEEL

STRUCTURES USING SAP2000 & ETAB


PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10,
& SBC301 CODE

Prepared by: Dr. Ramy Shahin


Version: 1
DATE: Dec. 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Codes Requirements................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 ASCE7-05 vs. ASCE7-10 ....................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Serviceability Requirements for Wind Load ............................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Serviceability Requirements for Wind Drift ......................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Serviceability Combination for Drift of Walls and Frames.................................................................... 7
3. Defining Automatic Wind Load Patterns................................................................................................... 8
3.1 General roles ................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 2006 IBC / ASCE7-05 Automatic Wind Lateral Static Load ............................................................ 9
3.2.1 SAP2000 v.17.3.0 ......................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.2 ETAB2015 V15.2.0 ...................................................................................................................... 13
4. Define Wind Load Manually .................................................................................................................. 15

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ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE

Issue Date : Dec.. 2018


1. INTRODUCTION
This guideline is intended to provide an introduction to add wind loads to structures.
Each designer is expected to be thoroughly familiar with the requirements of ASCE7-05,
ASCE7-10 standards “Specification Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures” as
well as the Saudi Building Code for loading and forces (SBC301). The manual is considered
“a design guide for typical structures” and does not cover all issues relate to estimating wind
loads.
Many of the rules presented may not be specific code requirements, but could be one of the
following:
1. Simplification rules which lead to simpler and clearer design and analysis.
2. Rules of practice which lead to more practical solutions, like rules of SAP and ETAB
modeling.
3. Standardization approaches that makes a product with a standard acceptable quality,
i.e. rules for calculation sheets.
Any of the above guidelines shall apply as general rules except for special client
requirement, or time limitation. However, any violation must be carefully studied and
reported to the supervisor.

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2. Codes Requirements

2.1 ASCE7-05 vs. ASCE7-10

This chapter answer simple question. Which code shall we


follow?
According to SBC301-2008 edition, basic wind speed
given in Saudi code follows AISC 7-05 provisions.
ASCE 7-10 departs from ASCE 7-05 by providing wind maps that are directly applicable
for determining pressures for strength design approaches. Rather than using a single map
with importance factors and a load factor for each building risk category,
It is also important to note that load combinations for ASCE7-05 wind load differ than
corresponding ASCE7-10 standards as follow:

As a result, for buildings in Saudi Arabia, it is recommended to set auto wind load in
analysis programs to ASCE 7-05 code.
This could be changed in the future where Saudi wind map and
standards adapted to recent ASCE standard.

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But in case of using ASCE7-10 auto wind load for SAP and ETAB program, please
remember the followings:
1- You need to convert wind speed from SBC301 map “3-second gust, km/hr” to
ASCE7-10 “3 second gust, mph”. see Figure 1

W
i
n
d

s
p
e
e
Figure 1 Source: ASCE7-10 Table C26.5-6
d
ASCE7-10 (mph) =SBC301 wind speed (km/hr) ×√1.6 ×0. 621 ×1.072.

2- Wind load combinations shall follow ASCE7-10 requirements, but multiply the wind
factor × Wind importance factor as per SBC301 building category see Figure 2.

Figure 2 Source: SBC301 Table 1.6-1

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2.2 Serviceability Requirements for Wind Load

For metal building systems, the calculation of the lateral drift of a building frame
(sidesway) is normally based on a bare frame with no walls or roof. The wind load is
applied as a static force and the calculated drift is often unexpectedly large.
Use of the nominal (700-year mean recurrence interval (MRI) or 1,700-year MRI) wind
load in checking serviceability is excessively conservative. [AISC7-10 – Section CC.1.2]
This difference refers to the following factors
(1) Drift calculations are traditionally based on full design loads.
(2) Moment-rotation stiffnesses of the “pinned” bases are taken as zero.
(3) The usual analytical procedures are based on “bare” frames (skin action of the roof
diaphragms and end walls is neglected) thus load sharing has not been taken into account.
(4) The static analysis used does not take into account the dynamic effects of the applied
load and the mass effects of the structure.
Anyone who wishes to make use of the methodology must first know or assume the
stiffness of the building frames, the roof diaphragm, and the end wall. [MBMA 2006 –
section 1.3.4.8)
The stiffening effect of nonstructural walls and partitions may be taken into account in the
analysis of drift if substantiating information regarding their effect is available. [AISC7-
10 – Section CC.1.2]

This mythology needs some researches; we will


try to develop next stage!

For now, it is possible to calculate the actual drift under wind load from another point of
view; deflection is a serviceability criterion rather than a strength consideration and as
such, poses less hazard and risk to life and property.
In fact, the IBC 2006 recognizes this as specified by the 0.70 reduction factor of Note (f)
in Table 1604.3

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2.2.1 Serviceability Requirements for Wind Drift

1- Glass (IBC 2006 – Section 2403)

To be considered firmly supported, the framing members for each individual pane of glass
shall be designed so the deflection of the edge of the glass perpendicular to the glass pane
shall not exceed 1/175 of the glass edge length or 3/4 inch (19.1 mm), whichever is less,
when subjected to the larger of the positive or negative load.
2- Building design (ASCE 7-5 – Commentary Appendix C)

Drift limits in common usage for building design are on the order of 1/600 to 1/400 of the
building or story height These limits generally are sufficient to minimize damage to
cladding and nonstructural walls and partitions. Smaller drift limits may be appropriate if
the cladding is brittle.
An absolute limit on story drift may also need to be imposed in light of evidence that
damage to nonstructural partitions, cladding, and glazing may occur if the story drift
exceeds about 10 mm (3/8 in.) unless special detailing practices are made to tolerate
movement

2.2.2 Serviceability Combination for Drift of Walls and Frames

The following load combination can be used to check short-term effects “wind load need
not be considered in analyzing the effects of creep or other long-term actions”:
 [AISC7-05 – Section CC.1.2]
D + 0.5L + 0.7 W7-05
“W7-05 is wind load based on Saudi Building Code 301 and ASCE7-05”
 [AISC7-10 – Section CC.1.2]
D + 0.5L + Wa
Wa is wind load based on serviceability wind speeds. Until serviceability wind speed map
become available in Saudi building code, it is possible to consider:
Wa = 0.7 W7-10 / 1.6 W7-10: Wind load based on ASCE7-10

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ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE

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3. Defining Automatic Wind Load Patterns

3.1 General roles

1- When the code is ASCE 7-05, or ASCE 7-10, automatic wind load patterns may become multi-
stepped. For example, a wind load may be specified as occurring at multiple angles around the
structure. These will be treated as a single load pattern and will be analyzed in a single load
case, producing multiple output steps of response, one for each separate step of the load.
2- Exposure can be summarized as follow:

•separate lateral load iscreated


for each diaphragm present
at a story level.
•The wind loads calculated at
any story level are based on
the story level elevation, the
Extents of story height above and below
diaphragms that level.
•By default, the wind exposure
width for a diaphragm is
equal to the calculated width
of the diaphragm in a
direction perpendicular to the
direction of the wind load.

•wind loads will be generated


on each area object that has
•wind loads will be generated been assigned a wind
area pressure coefficient, Cp.
Frame on each line object that has objects
object been assigned wind •generate wind loads normal
parameters. to any area object, regardless
of its orientation.

The wind load pattern must be defined before assigning wind parameters
to frame and area objects.
Source: SAP2000 Lateral Loads Manual

3- The top story/maximum global Z indicates the highest story level to be assumed exposed to

wind loading for the purposes of calculating the automatic wind load. In most instances the top
story should be the uppermost story level/elevation in the building and this is the default value.

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3.2 2006 IBC / ASCE7-05 Automatic Wind Lateral Static Load

Automatic wind loads for the ASCE 7-05 are based on Section 6.5 of ASCE 7- 05 (Method 2 –
Analytical Procedure). Windward and leeward horizontal wind loads are applied on the vertical
projected area of the building as determined from the story heights and the input diaphragm
exposure widths. The case types are described in ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-9. The case type can be 1, 2,
3, or 4. The eccentricity factors are described in ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-9. A typical value for e1 and
e2 is 0.15.

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3.2.1 SAP2000 v.17.3.0

ASCE 7-05 Wind load parameters for SAP2000 program as shown in Figure 3

Figure 3
The following notes refer to SAP2000 V17.3.0 only; these notes are not applicable for ETAB2015
V15.2.0 program. These notes may be updated or enhanced for new SAP2000 versions.
1- When specifying the wind direction, indicate the direction of the wind by an angle measured in
degrees. An angle of 0 degrees means the wind is blowing in the positive global X-direction.
An angle of 90 degrees means the wind is blowing in the positive global Y-direction. Any
angle for the wind direction can be input.

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For SAP2000 V17.3.0, a separate automatic static load pattern
must be defined for each direction of wind load. Refer to note
1 Figure 3
Source: SAP2000 Lateral Loads Manual

2- Pressure coefficients, Cp are taken from ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-6, Table for “Wall Pressure
Coefficients” in the windward and leeward directions. Please note that L/B ratio may varies
over the building height

B: Horizontal dimension of building, in metre, measured normal


to wind direction.
L: Horizontal dimension of building, in metre, measured parallel
to wind direction.

3- Adjust the exposure height manually in case of


considering parapet.
4- The following notes regard to wind coefficients. It shall be taken from design criteria
or estimated otherwise:
A. Wind speed (mph) = Wind speed (km/h)/1.61

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B. Exposure type. The exposure categories are described in ASCE 7-05 Section
6.5.6.3. The exposure category can be B, C, or D. No other values, including
exposure A, are allowed.
C. The wind importance factor, I, is described in ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1. Note that
the building and structure classification categories are defined in ASCE 7-05
Table 1-1. A typical range of values for I is 0.77 to 1.15.
D. The topographic factor, Kzt is discussed in ASCE 7-05 Section 6.5.7.2. The
default value for Kzt is 1.0. Kzt cannot be less than 1.0.
E. The gust effect factor G is discussed in ASCE 7-05 Section 6.5.8. A typical
value for G is 0.85.
F. The directionality factor, Kd is discussed in ASCE 7-05 Section 6.5.4.4. A
typical range of values for Kd is 0.85 to 0.95.
G. The ratio of solid area to gross area, ∈, is used in the determination of the net
force coefficient, Cf, as discussed in ASCE 7-05 Section 6.5.15. This ratio
applies only to open structures, and thus is available for user input only when
exposure to frame objects has been selected.

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3.2.2 ETAB2015 V15.2.0

ASCE 7-05 Wind load parameters for ETAB2015 program as shown in Figure 4

Figure 4
The following notes refer to ETAB2015 V15.2.0 only; these notes are not applicable for SAP2000
program. These notes may be updated or enhanced for new ETAB versions.
1- When the Input Pressure Coefficients option is Program Determined, Pressure coefficients, Cp
are taken from ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-6, Table for “Wall Pressure Coefficients” in the windward
and leeward directions. The determination of leeward pressure automatically accounts for the
building aspect ratio i.e., L/B ratio based on diaphragm extents.

The program uses the smallest L/B ratio for producing a maximum
leeward pressure coefficient, but if this effect is not desirable, the User
specified option can be used as stated in previous chapter.
Source: ETAB2015 Lateral Loads Manual

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2- When Create All Sets is chosen, automatic wind load patterns may become multi-stepped. For
example, a wind load may be specified as occurring at multiple angles around the structure.
These will be treated as a single load pattern and will be analyzed in a single load case,
producing multiple output steps of response, one for each separate step of the load.
3- Wind coefficients parameters can be reviewed from previous chapter.
4- The exposure height can be modified manually. Add parapet height in case of considering
parapet.

3.3 2006 IBC / ASCE7-10 Automatic Wind Lateral Static Load

NOTE:
In some cases, it is required to check wind in another angle
For example, it is required to study wind in 45o for the following building:

In such case, it is possible to change wind direction from [Wind direction and exposure] tab and
modify direction Angle as shown below:

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ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE

Issue Date : Dec.. 2018


4. Define Wind Load Manually
For steel structures, it is important to include vertical wind load on the roof surface. Unfortunately,
the programs do not apply vertical wind loads automatically over the projected horizontal area of
roof surfaces. To include those vertical wind loads in the same load pattern, the user must include
them manually.

Take Care:
1- In case of Define wind load manually, choose "None" for
auto lateral load pattern

If auto lateral load is required, you can make two load cases
for each direction.

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Next, combine each pairs in one design combinations.

2- Remove or modify combinations with negative wind load


sign

It is possible to calculate wind load using excel sheet [ASCE702W.xls] on the internet.

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ETAB PROGRAMS AS PER AISC7-05, AISC7-10, & SBC301 CODE

Issue Date : Dec.. 2018


For convenience, SIMPLIFIED METHOD for calculating wind load according to Saudi SBC301
is presented.
SIMPLIFIED METHOD PROCEDURE is used where the
building meet all the conditions of SBC301 code, section
7.1.1.1 for Main Wind Force-Resisting Systems and/or
7.1.1.2 for Components and Cladding

1- The basic wind speed V shall be determined in accordance with Section 6.4.1.
The wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction.

2- An exposure category shall be determined in accordance with Section 6.4.2 and


shall be taken from design criteria or site map as follow:
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain
with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family
dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights
generally less than 10 m.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces.

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3- An importance factor I shall be determined in accordance with Section 6.5.

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4- A height and exposure adjustment coefficient, λ , shall be determined from
Figure 7.1-1.

Main Wind Force-Resisting System


Simplified design wind pressures, ps represent the net pressures (sum of internal
and external) to be applied to the horizontal and vertical projections of building
surfaces
ps = λ I ps10

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a: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not
less than either 4% of least horizontal dimension or 0.9 m.

The total horizontal load shall not be less than that determined by assuming ps= 0 in
zones B & D. (TAKE B & D = 0 IF THEY DECREASE TOTAL HORIZONTAL
LOAD)

IN THE END
This is not the end!
 This guideline is always under progress.
 Various sources aide the engineer in determining strength. No one of them is more
important than another.
 Analyses, tests, experience and such intuitive common sense as may be personally
developed about structural stability; these are all helpful, but they can also be
dangerously misleading.

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 Evidence from the four sources rarely agrees completely. Great engineers are those
who can weigh this evidence and arrive at a reasonable answer through judgment as
to its dependability.

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