This part reviews the following :

Bernoulli Equation
1. Single Phase Pressure Drop Calculations :
- Horizontal, Straight, Constant cross section segment
- Inclined, straight, constant cross section segment
- fitting and valves
- Equivalent length in actual terms
- equivalent length in diameter terms

2. Two Phase Pressure Drop calculations

- Flow regimes and their indentifications (Baker Parameter)
- Pressure drop calculation (Loackhart Matinelli, Baker)
- Confidence levels in calculated pressure drops
- effect on incination
- Scientific Approach

3. Multi Calculation Phase Flow pressure drop

- A Possible approach

4. Pipe Sizing
- Velocity considerations
- Pressure drop considerations
- Economic Considerations

Bernoulli Equation
in its original form, Bernoulli's equation is merely statement of conservation of energy for flowing medium.
consider a segment of an inclined conuit of variable cross section as show in this picture.

and fluid flowing through it. The energy of the fluid at any location may be expressed in terms of a vertical column o

�_1/�+
(�_1^2)/2�+�_1=�_2/�+
(�_2^2)/2�+�_2

When the pipe is horizontal (Z1 = Z2) and the conduit cross-section in uniform (V, = V 2), should be equal, thi is not th
because the flow is confined by the pipe and there is a resistance to flow caused be friction between the fuild and th
diffenrent layers of fluid flowing at different velocities and the small or big swirls created in the liquid due to flow tu
there resistance causes generation of heat raising the temperature of the fluid as it flows. This temperature rise is no
an this energy transformed into thermal energy is good as lost energy. This expressed in pressure unit or expressed i
column of the flowing fluid is called fectional pressure drop or head loss.
 Incorporating this fact into the Bernoulli's equation yields the following form which is generally used in calculating fi

1. Single Phase Pressure Drop Calculations :

Single phase flow is classified as LAMINAR / TURBULENT. The deciding factor is the REYNOLD'S NUMBER (Rn) Define

it is Dimensionless number if the quantities are in consistent units. For Reynold's number values up to 2000, the flow
for values above 4000, it is tubulent flow. The Range 2000-4000 is termed as the transition region. D in the deficition
actual diameter if the flow cross section is circular suc as in commonly used pipes.

However, for other cross-section (Rectangular, square, annular, etc.) D is defined in terms of the Hydraulic Radius (R
D = 4 x Hydraulic radius

the HYDRAULIC Radius is defined as ratio of flow cross-sectional area to the wetted permeter. For Example, in the ca
cross section with sides a and b, the flow cross section is ab while the wetted perimeter is 2a + 2b. Similarly, for ana
this picture :
the hydraulic radius is as shown :

with D defined is this general sense in the definition of Reynold's number, the limiting va
transient and turbulent flows remain the same as given earlier. The linear velocity used i
is obtained by dividing the volumetric flow rate by cross sectional area for flow.
owing medium.

ms of a vertical column of the flowing fluid it self.

ld be equal, thi is not the case

between the fuild and the wall, friction between
he liquid due to flow tubulance. Flow againt
his temperature rise is not enough to do any works
ssure unit or expressed in terms of an equivalent
ally used in calculating fictional pressure drop in flow :

D'S NUMBER (Rn) Defined as follows :

lues up to 2000, the flow is termed laminar and

egion. D in the deficition of Reynold's number is the

the Hydraulic Radius (R H) as follows :

er. For Example, in the case of arectanuglar

a + 2b. Similarly, for ana annular region as shown

s number, the limiting values of the number for laminar,

The linear velocity used in the definition of Reynold's number
al area for flow.