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Prandtl's boundary layer equations
Blasius equation - First-order boundary layer
Uniqueness of Blasius solution
Second-order boundary layer
Third-order boundary layer
Continuity:
-Momentum:
Here the coordinate system is chosen with pointing parallel to the plate in the direction of the flow and the coordinate pointing
towards the free stream, and are the and velocity components, is the pressure, is the density and is the kinematic
viscosity.
The -momentum equation implies that the pressure in the boundary layer must be equal to that of the free stream for any given
coordinate. Because the velocity profile is uniform in the free stream, there is no vorticity involved, therefore a simple Bernoulli's
equation can be applied in this high Reynolds number limit constant or, after differentiation: Here
is the velocity of the fluid outside the boundary layer and is solution of Euler equations (fluid dynamics).
Von Kármán Momentum integral and the energy integral for Blasius profile reduce to
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where is the wall shear stress, is the wall injection/suction velocity, is the energy dissipation rate, is the momentum
thickness and is the energy thickness.
A number of similarity solutions to this equation have been found for various types of flow, including flat plate boundary layers.
The term similarity refers to the property that the velocity profiles at different positions in the flow are the same apart from a
scaling factor. These solutions are often presented in the form of non-linear ordinary differential equations.
which the newly introduced normalized stream function, , is only a function of the
similarity variable. This leads directly to the velocity components
Where the prime denotes derivation with respect to . Substitution into the momentum equation gives the Blasius equation
The boundary conditions are the no-slip condition, the impermeability of the wall and the free stream velocity outside the
boundary layer
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This is a third order non-linear ordinary differential equation which can be solved numerically, e.g. with the shooting method.
The appropriate parameters to compare with the experimental observations are displacement thickness , momentum thickness
wall shear stress and drag force acting on a length of the plate, which are given for the Blasius profile
The factor in the drag force formula is to account both sides of the plate.
The solution for second order boundary layer is zero. The solution for outer inviscid and inner boundary layer are[3]:134
Again as in the first order boundary problem, any one of the infinite set of eigensolution can be added to this solution. In all the
solution can be considered as a Reynolds number.
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Since the second order inner problem is zero, the corresponding corrections to third order problem is null i.e., the third order outer
problem is same as second order outer problem.[3]:139 The solution for third-order correction don't have an exact expression, but
inner boundary layer expansion have the form,
where is the first eigensolution of the first order boundary layer solution (which is derivative of the first order Blasius
solution) and solution for is nonunique and the problem is left with an undetermined constant.
This parabolic partial differential equation can be marched starting from numerically.
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where is the Prandtl number with suffix representing properties evaluated at infinity. The boundary
conditions become
,
.
Unlike the incompressible boundary layer, similarity solution exists only if the transformation
Howarth transformation
Introducing the self-similar variables using Howarth–Dorodnitsyn transformation
where is the specific heat ratio and is the Mach number, where is the speed of sound. The equation can be solved
once are specified. The boundary conditions are
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See also
Falkner–Skan boundary layer
Emmons problem
External links
[1] (http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1950/naca-tm-1256.pdf) - English translation of Blasius' original paper - NACA
Technical Memorandum 1256.
References
1. Prandtl, L. (1904). "Über Flüssigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung". Verhandlinger 3. Int. Math. Kongr. Heidelberg: 484–
491.
2. Blasius, H. (1908). "Grenzschichten in Flüssigkeiten mit kleiner Reibung". Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 56: 1–37.
3. Van Dyke, Milton (1975). Perturbation methods in fluid mechanics. Parabolic Press. ISBN 9780915760015.
4. Libby, Paul A., and Herbert Fox. "Some perturbation solutions in laminar boundary-layer theory." Journal of Fluid Mechanics
17.3 (1963): 433-449.
5. Rosenhead, Louis, ed. Laminar boundary layers. Clarendon Press, 1963.
6. Thwaites, Bryan. On certain types of boundary-layer flow with continuous surface suction. HM Stationery Office, 1946.
7. Iglisch, Rudolf. Exakte Berechnung der laminaren Grenzschicht an der längsangeströmten ebenen Platte mit homogener
Absaugung. Oldenbourg, 1944.
8. Von Mises, Richard. "Bemerkungen zur hydrodynamik." Z. Angew. Math. Mech 7 (1927): 425-429.
9. Griffith, A. A., and F. W. Meredith. "The possible improvement in aircraft performance due to the use of boundary layer
suction." Royal Aircraft Establishment Report No. E 3501 (1936): 12.
10. Stewartson, K. "On asymptotic expansions in the theory of boundary layers." Studies in Applied Mathematics 36.1-4 (1957):
173-191.
Parlange, J. Y.; Braddock, R. D.; Sander, G. (1981). "Analytical approximations to the solution of the Blasius equation". Acta
Mech. 38: 119–125. doi:10.1007/BF01351467 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01351467).
Pozrikidis, C. (1998). Introduction to Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-509320-9.
Schlichting, H. (2004). Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-66270-9.
Wilcox, David C. Basic Fluid Mechanics. DCW Industries Inc. 2007
Boyd, John P. (1999), "The Blasius function in the complex plane" (http://projecteuclid.org/getRecord?id=euclid.em/104726235
9), Experimental Mathematics, 8 (4): 381–394, doi:10.1080/10586458.1999.10504626 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10586458.
1999.10504626), ISSN 1058-6458 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6458), MR 1737233 (https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-
getitem?mr=1737233)
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