Chhatrapati Shivaji

Name: Shivaji Bhonsle

Date of Birth: February 19, 1630

Birthplace: Shivneri Fort, Pune district, Maharashtra

Parents: Shahaji Bhonsle (Father) and Jijabai (Mother)

Reign: 1674–1680

Spouse: Saibai, Soyarabai, Putalabai, Sakvarbai, Laxmibai, Kashibai

Children: Sambhaji, Rajaram, Sakhubai Nimbalkar, Ranubai Jadhav, Ambikabai Mahadik,

Rajkumaribai Shirke

Religion: Hinduism

Death: April 3, 1680

Seat of Power: Raigad Fort, Maharashtra

Successor: Sambhaji Bhonsle

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Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. He is
considered to be one of the greatest warriors of his time and even today, stories of his
exploits are narrated as a part of the folklore. With his valor and great administrative skills,
Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur. It eventually
became the genesis of the Maratha Empire. After establishing his rule, Shivaji implemented
a competent and progressive administration with the help of a disciplined military and well-
established administrative set-up. Shivaji is well-known for his innovative military tactics that
centered around non-conventional methods leveraging strategic factors like geography,
speed, and surprise to defeat his more powerful enemies.

Childhood & Early Life

Shivaji Bhosle was born on February 19, 1630 to Shahaji Bhosle and Jijabai in the fort of
Shivneri, near the city of Junnar of the Pune district. Shivaji’s father Shahaji was in service
of the Bijapuri Sultanate - a tripartite association between Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and
Golconda, as a general. He also owned a Jaigirdari near Pune. Shivaji’s mother Jijabai was
the daughter of Sindkhed leader Lakhujirao Jadhav and a deeply religious woman. Shivaji
was especially close to his mother who instilled in him a strict sense of right and wrong.
Since Shahaji spent most of his time outside of Pune, the responsibility of overseeing
Shivaji’s education rested on the shoulders of a small council of ministers which included a
Peshwa (Shamrao Nilkanth),a Mazumdar (Balkrishna Pant), a Sabnis (Raghunath Ballal), a
Dabir (Sonopant) and a chief teacher (Dadoji Konddeo). Kanhoji Jedhe and Baji Pasalkar
were appointed to train Shivaji in military and martial arts. Shivaji was married to Saibai
Nimbalkar in 1640.

Shivaji turned out to be a born leader from a very young age. An active outdoorsman, he
explored the Sahayadri Mountains surrounding the Shivneri forts and came to know the area
like the back of his hands. By the time he was 15, he had accumulated a band of faithful
soldiers from the Maval region who later aided in his early conquests.

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Struggles with Bijapur

By 1645, Shivaji acquired control of several strategic from under the Bijapur Sultanate
around Pune – Torna from Inayat Khan, Chakan from FirangojiNarsala, Kondana from Adil
Shahi Governor, along with Singhagarh and Purandar. Following his success, he had
emerged as a threat for Mohammed Adil Shah who gave the order to imprison Shahaji in
1648. Shahaji was released on condition that Shivaji kept a low profile and kept from further
conquests. Shivaji resumed his conquests after Shahaji’s death in 1665 by acquiring the
valley of Javali from Chandrarao More, a Bijapuri jaigirdaar. Mohammed Adil Shah sent
Afzal Khan, a powerful general in his employ to subdue Shivaji.

The two met in a private rendezvous on November 10, 1659 to discuss terms of negotiation.
Shivaji anticipated it to be a trap and he arrived prepared wearing armor and concealing a
metal tiger claw. When Afzal Khan attacked Shivaji with a dagger, he was saved by his
armour and Shivaji retaliated by attacking Afzal Khan with the tiger’s claw, mortally injuring
him. He ordered his forces to launch an assault on the leaderless Bijapuri contingents.
Victory was easy for Shivaji in the Battle of Pratapgarh, where around 3000 Bijapuri soldiers
were killed by the Maratha forces. Mohammed Adil Shah next sent a larger army under the
command of General Rustam Zaman who faced Shivaji in the Battle of Kolhapur. Shivaji
secured victory in a strategic battle causing the general to flee for his life. Mohammed Adil
Shah finally saw victory when his general Siddi Jauhar successfully sieged the fort of
Panhala on September 22, 1660. Shivaji recaptured the Fort of Panhal later in 1673.
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Conflicts with the Mughals

Shivaji’s conflicts with the Bijapuri Sultanate and his continuous victories brought him under
the radar of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb saw him as a threat to expansion of
his imperial intent and concentrated his efforts on eradicating the Maratha threat.
Confrontations began in 1957, when Shivaji’s generals raided and looted Mughal territories
near Ahmednagar and Junnar. However, Aurangzeb’s retaliation was thwarted by arrival of
rainy season and battle for succession back in Delhi. Aurangzeb directed Shaista Khan,
Governor of Deccan and his maternal uncle, to subdue Shivaji. Shaista Khan launched a
massive attack against Shivaji, capturing several forts under his control and even his capital
Poona. Shivaji retaliated back by launching a stealth attack on Shaista Khan, eventually
injuring him and evicting him from Poona. Shaista Khan later arranged multiple attacks on
Shivaji, severely reducing his holds of forts in the Konkan region. To replenish his depleted
treasury, Shivaji attacked Surat, an important Mughal trading center and looted the Mughal
wealth. An infuriated Aurangzeb sent his chief general Jai Singh I with an army of 150,000.
The Mughal forces made considerable dent, sieging forts under Shivaji’s control, extracting
money and slaughtering soldiers in their wake. Shivaji agreed to come to an agreement with
Aurangzeb to prevent further loss of life and the Treaty of Purandar was signed between
Shivaji and Jai Singh on June 11, 1665. Shivaji agreed to surrender 23 forts and pay a sum
of 400000 as compensation to the Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb invited Shivaji to Agra with
an aim to use his military prowess to consolidate Mughal empires in Afghanistan. Shivaji
travelled to Agra with his eight year old son Sambhaji and was offended by Aurangzeb’s
treatment of him. He stormed out of the court and an offended Aurangzeb placed him under
house arrest. But Shivaji once again used his wit and cunning to escape the imprisonment.
He feigned severe illness and arranged for baskets of sweets to be sent to temple as
offerings for prayer. He disguised as one of the carriers and hid his son in one of the baskets,
and escaped on August 17, 1666. In subsequent times, Mughal and Maratha hostilities were
pacified to a large extent by constant mediation through Mughal Sardar Jaswant Singh.
Peace lasted till 1670, after which Shivaji launched an all-out offense against the Mughals.
He recovered most of his territories sieged by the Mughals within four months.

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Relationship with The English

Initial days of his reign, Shivaji maintained cordial relationships with the English till they
supported the Bijapuri Sultanate in a confrontation against him in the capture of Fort of
Panhala in 1660. So in 1670, Shivaji moved against the English in Bombay for them not
selling him war material. This conflict continued in 1971, when again the English refused
their support in his attack of Danda-Rajpuri, and he looted the English factories in Rajapur.
Numerous negotiations between the two parties to come to term failed and the English did
not lend their support to his endeavors.

Coronation and Conquests

After having consolidated a considerable control over territories adjoining Poona and
Konkan, Shivaji decided to adopt a Kingly title and establish the first Hindu Sovereignty in
South, that was till now dominated by Muslims. He was crowned the King of Marathas on
June 6, 1674, at Raigadh in an elaborate coronation ceremony. The Coronation was
officiated by Pandit Gaga Bhatt in front of a gathering of around 50,000 people. He took
upon several titles like Chhtrapati (paramount sovereign), Shakakarta (founder of an era),
Kshatriya Kulavantas (head of Kshatriyas) and Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (one who uplifts
the sanctity of Hinduism).

Post-coronation, the Marathas under Shivaji’s directives launched aggressive conquest

efforts to consolidate most of the Deccan states under the Hindu Sovereignty. He conquered
Khandesh, Bijapur, Karwar, Kolkapur, Janjira, Ramnagar and Belgaum. He captured forts
at Vellore and Gingee, controlled by the Adil Shahi rulers. He also came to an understanding
with his step-brother Venkoji over his holdings over Tanjavur and Mysore. What he aimed
at was to unify the Deccan states under the rule of a native Hindu ruler and protect it from
outsiders like the Muslims and Mughals.

Administration

Under his reign, the Maratha administration was established where Chhatrapati was the
supreme sovereign and a team of eight ministers were appointed to oversee the proper
enforcement of various policies. These eight ministers reported directly to Shivaji and were
given a lot of power in terms of execution of policies formulated by the King. These eight
ministers were –

(1) The Peshwa or Prime Minister, who was head of general administration and represented
the king in his absence.

(2) The Majumder or the Auditor was responsible for maintain the financial health of the
kingdom

(3) The PanditRao or Chief Spiritual Head was responsible for overseeing the spiritual well-
being of the kindom, fix dates for religious ceremonies and oversee charitable programs
undertaken by the king.
(4) The Dabir or Foreign Secretary was entrusted with the responsibility of advising the king
on matters of foreign policies.

(5) The Senapati or Military General was in charge of overseeing every aspect of the military
including organization, recruitment and training of soldiers. He also was the strategic advisor
of the king in the time of a war.

(6) The Nyayadhish or Chief Justice saw formulations of law and their subsequent
enforcement, civil, judicial as well as military.

(7) The Mantri or Chronicler was responsible for keeping elaborate records of everything the
king did in his daily life.

(8) The Sachiv or Superintendant was in charge of royal correspondence.

Shivaji vigorously promoted the use of Marathi and Sanskrit in his court instead of Persian,
the existing Royal language. He even changed the names of the forts under his control to
Sanskrit names to accent his Hindu rule. Although Shivaji himself was a devout Hindu, he
promoted tolerance for all religion under his rule. His administrative policies were subject-
friendly and humane, and he encouraged liberty of women in his rule.He was strictly against
caste discrimination and employed people from all caste in his court. He introduced the
Ryotwari system eliminating the need for middlemen between farmers and the state and
collecting revenues directly from the manufacturers and producers. Shivaji introduced the
collection of two taxes called the Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. He divided his kingdom into
four provinces, each headed by a Mamlatdar. Village was the smallest unit of administration
and the head was titled as Deshpande, who headed the Village Panchayat. Shivaji
maintained a strong military force, built several strategic forts to secure his borders and
developed a strong naval presence along the Konkan and Goan coasts.

Demise and Legacy

Shivaji died at the age of 52 on April 3, 1680, at the Raigad Fort, after suffering from a bout
of dysentery. A conflict of succession arose after his death between his eldest son Sambhaji
and his third wife Soyrabai on behalf of her 10-year old son Rajaram. Sambhaji dethroned
the young Rajaram and ascended the throne himself on June 20, 1680.the Mughal-Maratha
conflicts continued after Shivaji’s death and the Maratha glory declined greatly. However it
was reclaimed by young Madhavrao Peshwa who reclaimed Maratha glory and established
his authority over North India.