Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HIGH SCHOOL
A Research
In Partial Fulfilment of
March 2018
1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
More than 23 years ago, March 29, 1994, the free and open World Wide Web was
launched in the Philippines. Various soft wares had emerged that allowed users to connect
and exchange information through terminal programs. As the world evolved into a highly
technological world which allowed internet access for every age, the styles of teaching also
tried to catch up. From the use of traditional materials such as visual aids, photocopies and
lectures in the blackboard transformed into the use of online lectures, educational online
blogs, etc.
increasingly important in both private and academic life. In the past, there was the
traditional way of teaching in class, which used visual aids and textbooks, but nowadays
teaching is delivered through social media like Facebook and Quipper and implemented
technology such as laptop and projectors. It is claimed that some students learned more on
using visual aids and book materials while some students learned better with social media
and technology.
In the past few years, there has been rapid growth in the availability and uptake by
many colleges and universities of teaching their sources of their student-online. In addition,
effectiveness of learning by using different social networking tools has emerged due to
increase in the provision of these electronic sources for students. With the increasing
popularization of computer technology, the way of classroom teaching has also changed
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from plain lectures to multimedia presentations. Also, with the technological advancement
and the internet, the world has become a vast storehouse of information (Tham & Werner,
2015). It is clarified that there is a lot of colleges and universities that teach their courses
by using social media tools. Because of the increasing population of computers, the way
they teach is different from the old tradition that teachers and professors do. Both public
and private schools in the Philippines have turned to information technology (IT) as a tool
to improve teaching and learning. Filipino educators and government officials hope that
the use of IT in schools engages learners and individualizes instruction (Angara, 1997, p.8).
The researchers chose the topic base on their experiences in school. Instead of using
visual materials, social media was used in projects and outputs submission. According to
Fourdoun et.al (2012), a study by (Cheung et.al 2012) demonstrates the reason for using
social media network and technologies especially Facebook because it is the most effective
way of communication between teachers and students. On the other hand, some teachers
teaching. It could be beneficial for teachers to understand what teaching materials they
should use for the learners to learn more clearly. In addition, discovery of which teaching
material do students prefer could help in understanding why they achieve god academic
performance.
material. The researchers’ purpose is to know whether utilizing technology made teaching
between technology and traditional materials do Grade 9 students of school year 2017-
2018 prefer, to help teachers cope up with the demands of this modernizing world to
a. Age
b. Gender
c. Socio-economic status
d. Learning styles
Attaining proper education plays a vital role in having a comfortable and successful
life. Due to this, numerous researches about effective teaching materials have been studied
globally that aims to know which teaching materials could make teaching better. The
following is the list of people that may benefit from this quantitative study.
Government. The role of the government is to sustain the needs of its people. One
of the people’s needs is to have proper education. Through this research, the government
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may surface a better idea on how to teach the students excellently. They could aid the
teachers on their needs on teaching materials that could build globally competitive citizens
School Administrators. They are the people who implement and create policies in
school. This undertaking could be an instrument that could help the administrators be aware
of the effectiveness of technology and traditional materials in teaching. They could make
Teachers. The role of teachers is to be the second parents of the students. As their
second parents, they are responsible of giving proper education to their students. They may
find which is more effective in class between use of technology or traditional materials. It
could help them improve their teaching to let the students understand the lessons deeper.
Parents. The first people who teach their children are the parents. Through this
study, they may be motivated to use or apply technology or traditional materials to teach
their children at home for their more efficient learning and comprehension.
Students are the people who go to a school, college or university. This research
traditional materials as instructional tool can help them understood their lessons more
clearly and could improve their test scores, grades and overall performance.
Future Researchers. The people who may conduct the study hereafter are the
future researchers. They may use this quantitative study as their reference on which they
can base their study. This could serve as guide to them on the process of making their
research.
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The major variables were determined through age, sex, socio-economic status and
learning styles. Meanwhile, their interest and preference to the material was measured with
the use of survey. Furthermore, the other sub- variables such as age, sex, social status and
learning styles was assessed with the use of their demographic profile.
San Pedro National High School is the school where the study was conducted. The
Grade 9 students of the school year 2017-2018, of the said school were the respondents of
this undertaking.
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CHAPTER II
Theoretical Framework
materials against traditional ones. Numerous researches demonstrate that the use of
technology like computers can help improve students’ score in standardized tests (Bain &
Ross,1999), improve students’ inventive thinking (e.g., problem solving) (CEO Forum on
Education Technology, 2001) and improve students’ self-concept and motivation (Sivin-
Kachala & Bialo,2000). However, regardless of how far technology can take education,
there is no disputing the value of good old-fashioned educational resources especially when
every student has their own learning style. And, despite the inclusion of virtual interaction,
Critically analyzing similarities and differences of these literatures which concerns the
efficiency of traditional tools in teaching. The assimilation of these works to the present
study was focused on the situation in San Pedro National High School.
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Literature Review
The current method of teaching has succumbed to some tremendous change in the
past hundred years (Campo, et.al.,2012) which led to reconsidering the model of teaching
are some trends and gaps on how the materials affect students’ performance. According to
Singh (2011), the blackboard, which is one of the visual traditional teaching aids, has been
the most handy, practical and useful tool of a teacher in the classroom. These materials can
really help introduce new concepts to the students (Janovsky, 2003) and are used for easy
However, this kind of teaching, chalkboard and master class, did not allow to show
the students the reality of professional life. The class almost entirely depend on the teacher
who could get very close to the audience or full bore (Campo, et.al.,2012). Traditional
With this study, the efficiency of the use of traditional resources versus technology
was measured with Grade 9 students of San Pedro National High School.
From the birth of the motion picture in 1922, to the advent of the computer in the
mid-1970s, educators have been intrigued with the potential of technology to help improve
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student learning (Hew & Brush, 2006). This research aims to understand the efficiency of
technology in education versus traditional tools. Blazer (2012) stated that the use of
technology like computer, projector and cellphones nowadays help to make the way of
(Lenhart, Parcell, Smith & Zickuler, 2016). In the present day, college students are exposed
to existing new and emerging technologies in many aspects of their lives. (Rideout, Pai &
Saphir, 2015) but on the other hand, use of social media during homework or class time
caused distractions. Sometimes, the use of such media has been in detriment of the
communication between the teacher and the student; as some teachers are limited to "read"
and rely too much on the projected material, forgetting one of the major function of
teaching which is motivation. Moreover, the teacher is totally reliant and at the mercy of
the electronic resources, so that in the event of failure, the teacher hardly teach their class.
Academic Performance
materials in learning: in what materials, the student capable to learn; if it is on still using
visual aids or the modern materials which is technology; for them to improve or to have a
better academic performance. Via quantitative method and large sampling of 26,000 heavy
users of internet, it was identified to have lower grades and lower academic learning
produce materials and devices that could minimize the teacher talking, to make the class
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students to learn through memorization and recitation techniques there by not improving
their critical thinking problem solving decision-making skills (Sunat et.al, 1999). It was
believed that use of instructional materials or visual aids will immensely help in picture
interaction in mind of those that are slow to learn. (Akinson,1999). It is clearly explained
that some of the students improved their academic performance in technology and some
students receive lower grades. While in traditional materials, students’ memory became
more active.
The pieces of literature mentioned above have given the researchers a more vivid
view of the pertinent issue regarding the efficiency of instructional materials in school. It
is clear to say that studies concerning this topic varies and differs from each other. Some
studies assessed that technology used in teaching have great academic performance
outcome while others stated that its use only resulted to lower learning outcome.
To come up with developments as it was given light by the previous studies, the
the data. The findings of this research shall fill the gaps from the former studies.
Meanwhile, two theories relevant to the present study were expounded afterwards
Based on the study of Dr. Ellen Helsper and Dr. Alexander Van Deursen, educated
people on high income derive more benefits from using the internet and other related
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technological materials. On the other hand, low income people from socially deprived
backgrounds do not receive the same benefits, regardless of access and internet skills. This
study discussed how socio-economic status could affect the students’ preference on
Learning Styles
Brown (2000) defines learning style as the manner in which individual process
information or knowledge in a learning environment. There are three main learning styles:
visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning, also known as VAK model. Visual learners are
people that learn through seeing graphs, pictures charts, maps, etc. to understand new
information while auditory learners are those that learn through listening and speaking in
situations such as lectures and discussions. Furthermore, bodily- kinesthetic learners best
Relevant Theories
Learning theory which posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation,
and modeling. This theory explains that most of the human behavior is learned
conditions for modeling such as attention, retention, reproduction of image and motivation.
attention of a learner paid therefore less attention results to lower learning. For classroom
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cases, the use of inappropriate instructional tools like visual aids might led the students’
attention away from the class, hence, producing bad academic performance. Also, when a
lively or funny video is played in class which drives the class attention towards it, it could
remembering what have been paid attention. Therefore, more attention focused on certain
materials, the more effective it can be. So, if student has paid most of their attention to the
lesson being discussed, their retention may also be affected and become greater. With more
Social Development theory. The study is related to the social development theory
that was developed by Lev Vygotsky (1994). The theory explained how socialization
affects the social learning process of individual. This means that when an individual talk
with their peers or with the people around them, they talk to them for the sake of
communication. Vygotsky’s theory poses the cognitive development of Jean Piaget. Piaget
says that a person undergoes development first before learning, Vygotsky argues that social
This theory is all about the social interaction. When a teacher only uses the chalk-
and-board method, there could be less interaction between the students and teacher that
tools were used like a PowerPoint presentation, the teacher and the student might have a
longer span of time interacting with each other thus, increasing the level of learning.
traditional. Both materials involve and create an interaction between student and teacher.
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The increase of ability to communicate with experts enhances student learning process
participate with other people who are more knowledgeable to enhance their social learning
Conclusion
These theories had helped the researchers understand more how students learn and
how they make meaning when they are in class. In Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, the
factors affecting student learning like attention and retention were mentioned, while in
Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory, social interaction between the teacher and
students is what causes learning to occur. The said theories served as the strength of this
Conceptual framework
EFFECIENCY OF
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
USED BY TEACHERS STUDENTS' PREFERENCE ON
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
-technology related materials
-traditional instructional materials
The conceptual framework shows the variables associated with the study. The
independent variables consist of two types of instructional tool such as technology and
traditional ones. One the other have are the dependent variables which cannot manipulated
by the researcher and one that is being measured in the study are the level of performance
of grade 9 student of San Pedro National High School indicated through their test scores
Ho: There is no significant difference between the use of technology-aided materials and
Definition of Terms
Behavior- the way something moves, function or reacts (Merriam Webster Dictionary).
As used in this research, the behavior of each student helped the teachers to know which
research, student learning in acquiring knowledge about certain topics either through the
Technology- the use of science to invent useful things or to solve problems (Merriam
Visual Aids- something you can see such as chart that is used to make something easier to
understand (Merriam Webster Dictionary). As used in this research, visual aids are
traditional materials used by teachers so that the lesson taught would be easily understood
by students. Examples of visual aids are chalk-and-board, books, manila papers and
photocopies.
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CHAPTER III
Research Methodology
secondary education. The main objective of this research is to assess what material could
help improve a student’s academic performance. This chapter addresses the research
statistical treatment.
Research Design
This quantitative study utilized the descriptive and comparative method as the
research design. The principal objective of this undertaking is to discover which medium
is more efficient and effective in teaching secondary education. Descriptive method was
Furthermore, with the objective to find out which instructional material is better,
According to Calmorin and Calmorin (1995), for a population more than 100,
sampling is a must. Thus, given the current population of Grade 9 students of San Pedro
National High School which is 556 in total, the researchers used Calmorin’s formula in
Ss = NV + [Se (1 - p)]____
0.99 reliability
Se = Sampling error
Utilizing this formula, the researchers got 209 as the sample size. With regards to
the sampling technique, the researchers used stratified random sampling where population
was divided into sections or strata. Random samples are then selected from each stratum.
St. Francis 49 21
St. Augustine 52 21
St. Jude 52 21
St. Paul 47 21
St. John 51 21
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St. Peter 54 21
St. James 50 21
St. Dominic 44 20
St. Michael 50 21
St. Benedict 48 21
TOTAL 497 209
Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Samples from Each Stratum
Research Instrument
The instrument employed in the study was the survey questionnaire for the students.
The researchers chose to compose their own survey questionnaire due to lack of
available resources. Moreover, constructing the questionnaire helped the researchers gain
Before the actual data collection, the survey questionnaire was read and validated
by the research adviser, and the Head Teacher in English of San Pedro National High
School. Furthermore, the researchers conducted a pilot-testing to some senior high school
The survey questionnaire contains thirty (30) items and was divided into two (2)
sections. The survey aims to know the opinion of selected grade 9 students regarding the
type of question. It is the common type of question where students are asked to rate how
First, the researchers asked permission to the principal to conduct this research.
After that, the researchers asked for the permission of the teachers in Grade 9 to allow the
students to answer the survey. Then, the respondents were asked to answer the survey
questionnaire.
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The researchers spent money to pay for the time in computer shop while typing, for
the printed material and for the photocopy of survey questionnaire. The researchers wore
Statistical Treatment
During the statistical treatment, the researchers used the following statistical tools:
rate that is expressed as parts of something divided into 100 parts. This specific formula
was applied to some questions with regards to the demographic profile of the respondents.
P= F/N ×100
where:
P – percentage
F – frequency
N – population
Weighted Mean. With numerous Likert scale type of question in the survey questionnaire,
N – number of responses
T-square Formula. T-square formula is used to compare two different data. In this
compared based on the preference of learners which was measured through a Likert scale.
𝑥2 = 𝑥̅ − 𝑦̅
Where :
X2 - T-comp
CHAPTER IV
This chapter includes the statement of the problem and its corresponding
presentation, analyzation and interpretation of data. Tables, charts and graphs were utilized
a. Age
100
80
60
40
20
0
14 yrs. old
15 yrs. old
16 yrs. old
17 yrs. old
18 yrs. old
22 yrs. old
The column graph shows the age of the respondents from the Grade 9 level of San
Pedro National High School. As illustrated, 95 of the respondents are 14 years old, 91 are
15 years old, 16 are 16 years old, 3 are 17 and 18 years old while 1 is 22 years old. Thus,
the most common ages of Grade 9 students are 14 and 15 years old while the least common
b. Sex
39.23%
60.77% (82 Respondents)
(127 Respondents)
Male Female
The pie graph displays the number of male and female respondents and their
equivalent percentages. There are a total of 127 female students from the 209 respondents
surveyed which is equivalent to 60.77 % of the total sample. Meanwhile, there are 82 male
respondents or 39.23%. Therefore, there are more female students surveyed than male.
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c. Monthly Income
53
43 45
41
27
The graph reveals the monthly income of the families of the respondents which
mirrors their socio-economic status. Based on the table, 43 of the respondents (20.57%)
had a family monthly income above ₱20,000, 41 had ₱15,001 to ₱20,000 (19.62%), 27 had
₱10,001 to ₱15,000 (12.92%), 45 had ₱5,001 to ₱10,000 (21.53%) and 53 has a family
income below ₱ 5,000 (25.36%) . The monthly income that has the most number of
frequencies is below ₱ 5,000 while ₱10,001 to ₱15,000 has the least number of frequency.
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d. Learning styles
9%
Visual
53% Auditory
38%
Bodily- Kinethetic
As revealed in the graph above, the 53% of the students surveyed are visual
learners, 38% are auditory learners while only 9% are bodily-kinesthetic. As shown, most
of the respondents are visual learners and only few of them are bodily- kinesthetic.
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materials.
to find information.
materials.
in class discussion.
Materials of Students
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etc. to learn.
my learning materials.
When the teacher uses books, visual aids and 3.13 High
used in class.
Legend:
Tables 1 and 2 shows the weighted mean of each questions as well as the
average weighted mean. These are data used in computing the t comp using the T-
square formula. The computed t comp is 6.5 and the equivalent t critical 2.576.
Since t comp is greater than t critical, the decision for the null hypothesis is rejected
with the probability level less than 0.1. These numbers therefore resulted to the
interpretation that the relationship between the said materials based on the
entering into this world are different than they have been in the past. It states that
if technology were integrated into the classroom, the learning environment would
Cognition, learning occurs only when situated within a specific context. It states
that learning takes place in a learning community, where the learners take an active
learners, the tools available within the specific situation and the physical world. It
In the light of the study, this was being true with the T-test formula result.
Using the formula, the researchers come up with the answers 6.5 as the t-comp and
2.576 as the t critical. With this, the decision for the null hypothesis was rejected
with the probability level less than 0.1. These numbers therefore resulted to the
significant.
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CHAPTER V
This chapter contains the summary of the entire undertaking as well as the
The general purpose of this study was to assess what medium of instruction between
traditional materials and technology- related materials does grade 9 students of San Pedro
Coherent with the statement of the problem and the research paradigm of this
undertaking, the research hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the use
Year 2017-2018. The respondents surveyed includes 209 learners from 10 different
sections in Grade 9.
The demographic profile of said students was gathered such as their age, sex, family
Meanwhile, their preference on the material was measured through a Likert Scale
which contains statements regarding their interest on either technology- related materials
A validated survey questionnaire was used as the main instrument of this study.
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Descriptive statistics such as percentage and weighted means were used to interpret
the respondents’ profile while T-test, inferential statistics, was utilized to find if the
Based on the results of the statistical analysis of the data, the findings are
summarized as follows:
Age. The most common ages of grade 9 students are 14 and 15 years old with
Learning Styles. Majority of the respondents are visual learners which covers
T-test was used to assess the difference between the two types of teaching
materials based on the preference of learners. The results revealed that the
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, the conclusion was drawn as:
materials and traditional instructional tool based on the preference of learners is highly
significant.
Recommendations
are proposed:
2. Applying the results of this undertaking, parents could use said materials to catch
3. The researchers recommend that the government could supply, or release teaching
materials preferred by students. This action could pave a way in building more
4. The research study may be used as the related literature and could be a big help for
the future researcher for the findings of the study give them more idea and
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and readiness report: key building blocks for student achievement in the 21st century.
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resources
http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=sjsres.2011.68.76
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