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DELGADO-LINARES J.G., BULLON J., SALAGER J.L.

,
Aplicaciones de las Micro y Nanotecnologías en la Exploración y
Producción del Petróleo y del Gas.
Chap. 6 in Nanopartículas: Fundamentos y Aplicaciones. C.L. Larez-
Velasquez, S. Koteich, F. Lopez, Eds. Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida,
Venezuela 2015. pp 155-182

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NANOPARTÍCULAS:
FUNDAMENTOS Y APLICACIONES

EDITORES
Cristóbal Lárez Velásquez
Sonia Koteich Khatib
Floralba López González

Comisión de Publicaciones
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad de Los Andes
Mérida, Venezuela
Octubre 2015

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Se prohíbe la reproducción total o parcial de este libro así como su tratamiento o distri-
bución informática de alguna forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrónico, magnético,
mecánico, fotocopia, registro u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito del
Departamento de Química de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Los Andes,
Mérida, Venezuela.

DEPOSITO LEGAL: lf07420156003472


ISBN: 978-980-12-8382-9 (versión digital)
EDITORES: Cristóbal Lárez Velásquez, Floralba López González, Sonia Koteich Kathib
DISEÑO Y DIAGRAMACIÓN: Cristóbal Lárez Velásquez
FOTOGRAFÍA DE PORTADA: tomada del artículo “Reducción catalítica selectiva de
NOx usando nanopartículas de ferritas Cu1-XCoXFe2O4 como catalizador”, de los autores S
Briceño, V Sagredo y H Del Castillo, publicado en Avances en Química, 4(1), 107-112
(2009).
IMPRESIÓN: Encuadernación Don Tulio
TIRAJE: se imprimieron 200 copias en formato pdf en discos compactos (CDs) numera-
dos. Cada copia consta de un CD impreso con la portada del material a full color, el cual se
presenta en un porta-CD de dimensiones 12 x 12,5 cm, con portada a full color. En la
contraportada se presenta el contenido de la obra y los datos editoriales.

DIRECCIÓN: Comisión de Publicaciones del Departamento de Química, Facultad de


Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida 5101, Venezuela.

Teléfono: 0058 0274 2401220


Fax: 058 0274 2401236
e-mail: clarez@ula.ve; floralba@ula.ve; sonia@ula.ve

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CONTENIDO
Agradecimientos v
Prólogo vii
Capítulo 1 Conceptos en Nanoquímica 1
Ricardo R. Contreras y Eduardo Cardozo
Capítulo 2 Nanotecnología en Química Analítica 29
Pablo Carrero y Maribel Valero
Capítulo 3 Inmunosensonsores Electroquímicos y Nanotecnología 75
Enrique Millán Barrios
Capítulo 4 Nanotecnología y Electroquímica 105
Jairo Márquez P y Olga P Márquez
Capítulo 5 Nanotecnología en Catálisis 135
Freddy Imbert, Eleida Sosa y Lynda Nayeli Belandría
Capítulo 6 Aplicaciones de las Micro- y Nanotecnologías en la 155
exploración y producción de Petróleo y Gas
José G. Delgado-Linares, Johnny Bullón, Jean-Louis Salager

Capítulo 7 La Nanotecnología en Aplicaciones Farmacéuticas 183


Sonia Koteich Khatib, Edith Goncálves y Johnny Bullón
Capítulo 8 Quitosano y Nanopartículas 203
Cristóbal Lärez Velásquez

Capítulo 9 Nanobiotecnología y sus potenciales aplicaciones en 223


Agricultura
Pedro Rocha Salavarrieta
Capítulo 10 Nanotecnología aplicada en el campo de Ciencias de la Salud 245
Sabino Menolasina
Capítulo 11 Nanoemulsiones – Formación con baja energía 273
Ana Forgiarini, Laura Márquez, María Teresa Celis y
Jean Louis Salager
Capítulo 12 Nanotecnología en el control de Microorganismos Patógenos 295
e Insectos
María E Sotelo Boyás, Silvia Bautista Baños, Lucila Aldana Llanos,
Javier Solorza Feria, Antonio Jiménez Aparicio, Laura L Barrera
Necha, Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar, Maribel Plascencia Jatomea

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