Fayoum University Heat and Mass Transfer:

Faculty of Engineering
Fourth year Mechanical Engineering
MPE 411
Department 2018-2019 Sheet [1] Heat Conduction.

One-Dimensional Steady Heat Transfer

(1) Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide double-pane window
consisting of two 4-mm-thick layers of glass ( ⁄ )
separated by a 10-mm-wide stagnant air space ( ⁄ ).
Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane
window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which
the room is maintained at while the temperature of the outdoors
is . Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and
outer surfaces of the window to be ⁄ and
⁄ , which includes the effects of radiation.

(2) A composite wall of height H and unit length normal to the page is
insulated at its ends and is comprised of four different materials,
arranged as shown in the diagram.

a) Sketch the thermal circuit of the system.

b) Consider a wall for which

. ⁄ ⁄ ,
and , under conditions for which ,
⁄ , and ⁄ . What is the rate of
heat transfer through the wall? What are the interface temperatures,
and ?

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 (3) The roof of a house consists of a 3–cm-thick concrete slab (
⁄ ) that is 15 m wide and 20 m long. The convection heat
transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the roof are 5 and
12 ⁄ , respectively. On a clear winter night, the night sky
temperature is 250 K. The house and the interior surfaces of the wall are
maintained at a constant temperature of 20 while inner surface
temperature of the roof is 7.3 . The emissivity of both surfaces of the
concrete roof is 0.9. Considering both radiation and convection heat
transfers, determine the rate of heat transfer through the roof, the outer
surface temperature of the roof, and the ambient air temperature.

Two-Dimensional Steady Heat Conduction

(4) Calculate the temperature at points 1,2,3, and 4 using the numerical
method with equal grid in x and y directions as shown in the figure.
Initiate the values of T at the interior grid points using linear
interpolation between upper and lower wall temperatures.

700 oC

4 1

100 oC 300 oC
Ly

2 3

500 oC
Lx

(5) Consider the square as shown in figure. The left face is maintained at
100°C and the top face at 500°C, while the other two faces are exposed to
an environment at 100 °C . (h=10 W/m² °C) , (K=10 W/m°C) . The block
is 1m square.

Compute the temperature of the various nodes as indicated in the figure

and the heat flows at the boundaries. Initiate the values of T with 300°C
at all nodes.

Page 2 of 22
 500 oC

1 2 3

T  100 oC

Ly  1 m
100 oC
4 5 6

7 8 9
T  100 oC
Lx  1 m

(6) A long bar of rectangular cross section is by on a side

and has thermal conductivity of . One surface is exposed to a
convection process with air at and a convection coefficient
of , while the remaining surfaces are maintained at .
Using a grid spacing of 30 mm, determine the nodal temperatures and the
heat rate per unit length normal to the page into the bar from the air.

(7) Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in an L-shaped solid

body whose cross section is given in the figure. The thermal conductivity
of the body is k=45 W/m°C. The right surface of the body is insulated,
and the bottom surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of
120°C. The entire top surface is subjected to convection with ambient
air at T∞= 30oC with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 550 W/m2oC, and
the left surface is subjected to heat flux at a uniform rate of q· L = 8000
W/m2. The nodal network of the problem consists of 13 equally spaced
nodes with Δx = Δy =1.5 cm. Five of the nodes are at the bottom surface

Page 3 of 22
and thus their temperatures are known. Determine the nodal
temperatures by solving those equations.

(8) A hot surface at 100°C is to be cooled by attaching 3-cm-long, 0.25-

cm-diameter aluminum pin fins (k = 237 W/m°C) with a center-to-
center distance of 0.6 cm. The temperature of the surrounding medium is
30°C, and the combined heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces is 35
W/m2 °C. Assuming steady one-dimensional heat transfer along the fin
and taking the nodal spacing to be 0.5 cm, determine (a) the finite
difference formulation of this problem, (b) the nodal temperatures along
the fin by solving these equations, (c) the rate of heat transfer from a
single fin, and (d) the rate of heat transfer from a 1-m × 1-m section of
the plate.

Page 4 of 22
Unsteady (Transient) Heat Conduction
(9) A one dimentional plate of aluminum (1-cm) thick and initially at
is suddenly exposed to air environment at and
convection heat transfer coefficient of . Calculate the plate
temperature after the plate has been exposed to the environment.
How much energy has been removed per unit area from the plate at this
time? ⁄ ⁄

(10) Consider an iron whose base plate is made of 0.5 cm-thick aluminum
alloy 2024-T6 ( ⁄ ⁄
). The base plate has a surface area of 0.03 . Initially, the iron is at
140 in thermal equilibrium with the ambient air at 22 . Taking the
heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the base plate to be 12
, determine how long it will take for the plate temperature to reach
80 after turning it off. Is it realistic to assume the plate temperature to
be uniform at all times?

(11) Stainless steel ball bearings ( ⁄

, and ) having a
diameter of 1.2 cm are to be quenched in water. The balls leave the oven
at a uniform temperature of 900 and are exposed to air at 30 for a
while before they are dropped into the water. If the temperature of the
balls is not to fall below 850 prior to quenching and the heat transfer
coefficient in the air is 125 , determine how long they can stand
in the air before being dropped into the water. If 2500 balls are to be
quenched per hour, determine the total rate of heat transfer from the
balls to the air.

Page 5 of 22
(12) A thermocouple junction ( ⁄ ⁄ and
⁄ )which may be approximated as a sphere is to be used
for temperature measurement in a gas stream. The convection coefficient
between the junction and the gas is known to be h .
Determine the junction diameter needed for the thermocouple to have a
time constant of . If the junction is at 25 and is placed in a gas
stream that is 200 , how long will it take for the junction to
reach ? Calculate total capacity heat.

(13) A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room whose temperature is

20 . The temperature of the body is measured to be 25 when found,
and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be h .
Modeling the body as a 30 cm-diameter, 1.7 m-long cylinder (
⁄ ). If The person was
healthy before death with a body temperature of 37 , estimate the time
of death of that person.

(14) In a production facility, 4-cm-thick large brass plates (

⁄ , ⁄ , ⁄ and
) that are initially at a uniform temperature of 20 are
heated by passing them through an oven maintained at 500 . The plates
remain in the oven for a period of 7 min. Taking the convection heat
transfer coefficient to be h , determine the surface
temperature of the plates when they come out of the oven.

(15) A large plate of aluminum

( ⁄ ⁄ ) 5-cm thick and
initially at is suddenly exposed to air environment at
and convection heat transfer coefficient of . Calculate the
temperature at a depth of 0 from one of the faces 1 after the
plate has been exposed to the environment. How much energy has been
removed per unit area from the plate at this time?

Page 6 of 22
(16) A large aluminum (2024-alloy) plate () of thickness , initially
at a uniform temperature of , is placed in a furnace having an
ambient temperature of for which the convection heat transfer
coefficient is estimated to be . (a) Determine the time
required for the plate mid plane to reach 700 K. (b) What is the surface
temperature of the plate for this condition? ⁄
⁄

(17) A long 20-cm-diameter cylindrical shaft comes out of an oven at a

uniform temperature of 600 . The shaft is then allowed to cool slowly in
an environment chamber at 200 with an average heat transfer
coefficient of h . Determine the temperature at the center
of the shaft 45 min after the start of the cooling process. Also, determine
the heat transfer per unit length of the shaft during this time period.
⁄ ⁄ ⁄

(18) A large aluminum rod in diameter and thermo-physical

properties ⁄ ⁄ is
initially at a uniform temperature of . It is suddenly exposed to air
environment at and convection heat transfer coefficient
of . Calculate the temperature at a radius of and
the heat lost per unit length after the cylinder is exposed to the
environment.

(19) A spherical hailstone ( ⁄ ⁄

⁄ ) that is 8 mm in diameter is formed in a high altitude
cloud at . If the stone begins to fall through warmer air at ,
how long it takes before the outer surface begins to melt? What is the
temperature of stone’s center at this time, and how much energy has
been transferred to the stone? A convection heat transfer coefficient
of .

Dr. Ahmed M. Elsayed

Page 7 of 22
Fayoum University Heat and Mass Transfer:
Faculty of Engineering
Fourth year Mechanical Engineering
MPE 411
Department 2018-2019 Sheet [2] Radiation.

View Factor Algebra

1. Determine the geometric view factor for a very small disk A1 and a
large parallel disk A2 having a diameter D and located a distance L
directly above the smaller one.
Ans. F1-2 = D² / [ 4 L²+ D² ]
2. Determine the view factors F1-2 and F2-1 for the following geometries:
a- Sphere of diameter D inside a cubical box of length L= D.
b- Diagonal parition within a long square duct.
c- End and side of a circular tube of equal length and diameter.
Ans. a) 1 & π/6; b) 0.5 & 0.71; c) 0.83 & 0.21
3. Consider a vertical circular cylinder having a diameter of 20 cm and a
length of 20 cm. Calculate the shape factor between the side and itself.
Ans. 0.585
4. Two parallel cocentric disks have d1 = 10 cm, d2 = 5 cm and are
spaced 10 cm apart. Use appropriate view factor relations to determine
F1-2 and F2-1.
Ans. 0.048 & 0.192
5. A thin metal hemispherical shell of diameter D= 0.8 m is suspended
inside a 1.5 m cubical enclosure (A3). If A1 and A2 refer, respectively, to
the inner and outer surfaces of the shell, determine the view factors of F 1-
1, F2-2, and F3-3

Ans. 0.5 ; 0 & 0.888

6. Determine the shape factors F1-2 & F1-4 for the rectangles shown.
Ans. 0.09 & 0.01
7. Determine the shape factor F1-2 for the rectangles shown.
Ans. a) 0.0375 ; b) 0.23

Page 8 of 22
Blackbody Radiation Exchange
8. For an ideal radiator at 560 °C with a 10-cm-diameter opening,
located in black surroundings at 15 °C, calculate:
a) The net radiant heat transfer rate.
b) The wavelength at which the emission is a maximum.

c) The monochromatic emission at  max.

Ans. a) 211.35 W; b) 3.48 m ; c)5156.9 W/m2 m
9. Considering the sun as a blackbody radiating at 5780 K and having a
radius of 0.695 × 106 km, calculate the earth irradiation if the distance
between the earth and the sun is 1.5×108 km.
Ans. 1358.5 W/m2
10. Two parallel black plates 0.5 by 1.0 m are spaced 0.5m apart. One
plate is maintained at 1000°C and the other at 500°C. What is the net
radiant heat exchange between the two plates?
Ans. 18.33 kW
11. A furnace cavity, which is in the form of a cylinder of 75mm diameter
and 150mm length, is open at one end to large surroundings that are at
27°C. The sides and the bottom may be approximated as blackbodies, are
heated electrically, are well insulated, and are maintained at
temperatures of 1350 and 1650°C, respectively. How much power is
required to maintain the furnace conditions?
Ans. 1837.3 W
Enclosures of Two Diffuse & Gray Surfaces
12. A metal rod having 1.5cm diameter extends along the axis of a
cylindrical furnace aving 25cm inner diameter. The inner surface of the
furnace is kept at 900°C. The absorptivity of the rod surface is 0.6, its
density is 8000 kg/m3, and its specific heat is 0.59 kJ/kg °C. How long
would the rod take to heat up from 350 to 370°C?
Ans. 6 s
13. Two large parallel planes having emissivities of 0.3 and 0.5 are
maintained at temperatures of 800 and 370°C, respectively. A radiation
shield having an emissivity of 0.05 on both sides is placed between the
two planes. Calculate:

Page 9 of 22
a) The heat transfer rate per unit area if the shield is not present.
b) The heat transfer rate per unit area with the shield present.
c) The temperature of the shield.
Ans. a) 15.108 kW/m2 ; b) 1.51 kW/m2 ; c) 651.5°C
14. Consider two large (infinite) parallel planes that are diffuse and gray
with temperatures and emissivities T1,  1 and T2,  2. Show that the
ratio of the radiation transfer rate with multiple shields, N, of emissivity
 s to that with no shields, N = 0, is given by: q1-2 / q1-2,0 =  1-2 / [ 
1-2 + N (2/  s - 1)], where  1-2 = 1/  1 + 1/  2 -1.
15. Determine the steady-state temperatures of two radiation shields
placed in the evacuated space between two infinite planes at
temperatures of 600 and 325 K. All the surfaces are diffuse and gray with
emissivities of 0.7.
Ans. 547.9 K; 474.4 K
16. A cryogenic fluid flows through a long tube of 20mm diameter, the
outer surface of which is diffuse and gray with  1= 0.02 and T1 = 77 K.
This tube is concentric with a larger tube of 50 mm diameter, the inner
surface of which is diffuse and gray with  2= 0.05 and T2 = 300K. The
space between the surfaces is evacuated. Calculate the heat gain by the
cryogenic fluid per unit length of tubes. If a thin radiation shield of 35mm
diameter and  3=0.02 (on both sides) is inserted midway between the
inner and outer surfaces, calculate the percentage change in heat gain.
Ans. 0.5 W/m ; - 50 %
17. Three long tubes in coaxial arrangement exchange heat by radiation
only. Their inner and outer surfaces are gray with equal absorptivities of
0.2. Their wall thicknesses are negligibly small. The effect of the tube
ends on the radiation may be considered negligible. The radius of the
inner tube is 24 mm, that of the intermediate tube is 48 mm, and that of
the outer tube is 96 mm. The surface temperature of the inner tube is
280°C and that of the outer tube is 5 °C. Calculate the rate of the heat
exchange between the inner and the outer tubes per unit length.
Ans. 71.3 W/m
l8. Two concentric spheres 0.2 and 0.3 m in diameter with the space
between them evacuated are used to store liquid air at 133K. The
emissivity of the spheres is 0.11 and the latent heat of vaporization of air
is 209 kJ/kg. At equilibrium the net rate of radiation heat transfer
Page 10 of 22
between the spheres equal the net rate of radiation gained by the exterior
sphere from the surroundings at 30°C. Calculate the exterior sphere
temperature, the net rate of radiation heat exchange and the rate of
vaporization of liquid air per hour.
Ans. 283.6K; 3.457 W; 0.0595 kg/h
Three-Surface Enclosures
19. A room 3×3×3m has one side maintained at 260°C and its floor is
kept at 90Co The other surfaces are perfectly insulated. Calculate the net
heat transfer between the hot and the cold walls and the temperature of
the insulated surfaces for the following two cases:
a) All surfaces are black.
b) All surfaces are diffuse and gray and have equal emissivities of 0.8.
Ans. a) 19.396 kW; 197.6 °C & b) 14.919 kW; 197.6 °C
20. Tow parallel plates 0.5 by 1.0 m are spaced 0.5 m apart. One plate is
maintained at °C and the other at 500°C. The emissivitives of the plates
are 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. The plates are located in a very large room,
the walls of which are maintained at 27°C. The plates exchange heat with
each other and with the room, but only the plate surfaces facing each
other are to be considered in the analysis. Find the net transfer to each
plate and to the room.
Ans. 14.425 kW; 2.594 kW; 17.02 kW
21. Two rectangles 50 by 50 cm are placed perpendiculary with a
common edge. One surface has T1= 1000 K,  1= 0.6 while the other
surface is insulated and in radiant balance with a large surrounding
room at 300 K. Determine the temperature of the insulated surface and
the heat lost by the surface at 1000 K.
Ans. 599.4 K; 8.229 kW
22. Two parallel, aligned disks, 0.4-m in diameter and separated by 0.1
m, are located in a large room whose walls are maintained at 300 K. One
of the disks is maintained at a uniform temperature of 500 K with an
emissivity of 0.6, while the back side of the second disk is well insulated.
If the disks are diffuse, gray surfaces, determine the temperature of the
insulated disk.
Ans. 423 K

Page 11 of 22
23. A paint baking oven consists of a long, triangular duct in which a
heated surface is aintained at 1200 K and another surface is insulated.
Painted panels, which are maintained at 500 K, occupy the third surface.
The triangle is of width W = I 'm on a side, and the heated and insulated
surfaces have an emissivity of 0.8. The emissivity of the panels is 0.4.
During steady-state operation, at what rate must energy be supplied to
the heated side per unit length of the duct to maintain its temperature at
1200 K? What is the temperature of the insulated surface?
Ans. 37 kW/m ; 1102 K
24. Consider a circular furnace that is 0.3 m long and 0.3 m in diameter.
The two ends ave diffuse, gray surfaces that are maintained at 400 and
500 K with emissivities of 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. The lateral surface is
also diffuse and gray with an emissivity of 0.8 and a temperature of 800
K. Determine the net radiative heat transfer from each of the surfaces.
Ans. - 541.3 W; - 607.3 W& 1148.6

Dr. Ahmed M. Elsayed

Page 12 of 22
Fayoum University Heat and Mass Transfer: MPE 411
Faculty of Engineering Sheet [3] Boiling and
Fourth year Mechanical Engineering
Department 2018-2019 Condensation.

Boiling:
(1) A scored copper heated vertical plate, at a temperature of 107°C, is
immersed in a tank of water at atmospheric pressure. The temperature of
water is 100°C and boiling takes place at the surface of the plate. The
area of the plate is 0.3 m . What is the heat loss rate from the plate in
Watts?
Ans. 98.445 kW
(2) A heated 30 x 30 cm copper plate serves as a bottom for a pan of
water at 1 atm pressure. The temperature of the plate is maintained at
117°C. Estimate the heat transferred per hour from the plate surface.
Ans. 217.955 MJ/h
(3) The bottom of a polished copper pan 150 mm in diameter, is
maintained at 115°C by the heating element of an electric range. The pan
is filled with water and is open to atmosphere. Determine:
a) The power required to boil the water in the pan.
b) The evaporation rate.
c) The ratio of the surface heat flux to the critical heat flux.
d) The pan temperature required to achieve the critical heat flux.
Ans. a) 8166.2 W; b) 13.025 kg/h ; c) 0.3672 ; d) 121 °C
(4) A platinum wire is submerged in saturated water liquid kept at 5.3
MPa. Calculate the heat flux for a temperature excess of 11°C.
Ans. 2.78 MW/m2
(5) A metal-clad heating element of 6 mm diameter and emissivity  = 1
is horizontally immersed in a water bath open to atmosphere. The surface
temperature of the metal is 255°C under steady-state boiling conditions.
Estimate the power dissipation per unit length for the heater.
Ans. 734.3 W/m

Page 13 of 22
(6) A horizontal polished copper tube 3 mm in diameter and 7.5 cm long
is submerged jMn water at 1.6 atm. Find the surface temperature
necessary to generate a heat flux of f 0.2 MW/m2. Find also the rate of
evaporation in kg/h.
Ans. 123.7 °C & 0.229 kg/h
(7) Estimate the current at which a 1-mm diameter nickel wire will burn
out "when submerged in water at atmospheric pressure. The electrical
resistance of the wire is 0.129  /m.
Ans. 192.2 A
(8) A heater element of 5-mm diameter is maintained at a surface
temperature of 350°C when immersed horizontally in water under
atmospheric pressure. The element sheath is stainless steel with a
mechanically polished finish having an emissivity of 0.25.
a) Calculate the electrical power dissipation and the rate of vapor
production per unit heater length.
b) If the heater were operated at the same power dissipation rate in the
nucleate boiling regime, what temperature would the surface achieve?
Calculate the rate of vapor production per unit length for this operating
condition.
c) Sketch the boiling curve and represent the two operating conditions of
(a) & (b).
Ans. a) 941.9 W/m & 1.502 kg/h m ; b) 107.6°C & 1.502 kg/h m
(9) A heating element [stainless steel AISI 347, stably oxidized] of
diameter 8 mm is horizontally immersed in a water bath at a pressure of
500 kPa. The surface temperature of the element is 327 °C under steady
boiling conditions.
a) Draw a schematic of the pool boiling curve showing the location of the
operating point.
b) Calculate the boiling heat transfer coefficient.
c) Calculate the rate of evaporation of water per unit length of the
heating element.
Ans. b) 365 W/m2 K; c) 2.745 kg/km

Page 14 of 22
(10) Copper tubes 25-mm in diameter and 0.75 m long are placed in a
pool of saturated water at 20 bar and are to be used for boiling water.
The tubes are to be operated at 70% of the critical heat flux.
a) How many tubes are required to produce 696 kg/h of steam?
b) What is the surface temperature of the tubes for this condition?
c) What is the value of DNBR?
d) Sketch the operating point on the pool boiling curve as well as the two
other possible points that will give the same heat flux.
Ans. a) 3 ; b)224.7°C; c) 1.429
(11) Boiling of water under a pressure of 20 bar occurs. If the heat
transfer surface is /fne outer surface of a platinum cylinder having a
diameter of 4 cm, and the surface temperature is maintained at 498.3 K.,
estimate:
a) The heat transfer rate per unit length required to boil the water.
b) The evaporation rate.
c) The DNBR ratio.
Take the water and vapor properties as follows.
Pressure Tsat 1 v  1 hfg Pr1 Cp1
(bar)
(K) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (N/m) (N.s/m2) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K)

20 485.3 850.3 10 0.035 126×10-6 1890 0.879 4.56

Ans. a) 295.507 kW/m ; b) 562.87 kg/h.m ; c) 1.257

(12) A platinum wire of 1 mm diameter and 400 mm long is submerged in
a water bath which is open to atmospheric pressure.
a) Calculate the voltage at the burnout point if the wire carries a current
of 190 A.
b) Calculate the wire surface temperature if the wire operates at a design
point corresponding to DNBR = 1.35.
c) Draw a sketch of the boiling curve showing other operating points that
would yield the same total heat transfer at the mentioned design point but
at different surface temperatures.

Page 15 of 22
d) If the Leiden frost heat flux occurs at a surface temperature Ts=
210°C, estimate one other wire surface temperature as shown in the
drawn sketch in (C) above that would yield the same total heat transfer.
Ans a) 10.03 V; b) 120.2 °C; d) 145.1 °C

Condensation:
(13) A vertical plate, 30 cm wide and 1.2 m high, is maintained at 70°C
and exposed to saturated steam at 1 atm. Calculate the heat transfer rate
and the total mass of steam condensed per hour. If this plate is tilted by
30° with the vertical, calculate the new heat transfer and the condensate
mass flow rates.
Ans. 49314.3 W; 75.78 kg/h & 47572.5 W; 73.1 kg/h
(14) A vertical plate 100 cm high and 35 cm wide is to be used to
condense saturated steam at 200°C. At what surface temperature must
the plate be maintained to achieve a condensation rate of 60 kg/h from
both sides of the plate?
Ans. 194.2 oC
(15) A vertical plate 2.5m high is used to condense saturated steam at
atmospheric pressure. The Reynolds number associated with the
condensate flow equals 2000. Determine:
a) The plate surface temperature.
b) The rate of steam condensation per unit width of the plate; considering
both sides.
c) The average coefficient of film condensation heat transfer.
Ans. a) 67°C ; b) 0.3327 kg/s.m ; c) 4726 W/m2.K
(16) The outer surface of a vertical tube, which is 1 m long and has an
outer diameter of / 80 mm, is exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric
pressure and is maintained at 50°C by the flow of cold water through the
tube. Calculate:
a) The rate of heat transfer to the coolant.
b) The rate at which steam is condensed at the surface.
c) The thickness of the liquid film at the bottom of the tube.
Ans a) 51464.8 W; b) 77.04 kg/h & c) 0.22 mm

Page 16 of 22
(17) Steam at a pressure of 0.27 bar absolute condenses at the rate of 66
kg/h on the outside surface of a vertical tube which is 0.9 m long and has
an outer diameter of 80 mm.
a- What is the tube surface temperature?
b- Calculate the average coefficient of film condensation heat transfer.
c- Determine if the film condensation is laminar or turbulen.
Ans. a) 5 °C; 3299 W/m2.K; Laminar film condensation
(18) Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on the outer
surface of a bundle of five vertical tubes; each has a diameter of 100 mm
and a length of 2.4 m. The tube surface is maintained at 50°C by the flow
of cold water inside the tubes. Calculate:
a- The condensation heat transfer coefficient.
b- The rate of heat transfer to water.
c- The rate at which the steam is condensed in kg/h.
Ans. a)3290.4 W/m.K; b) 620,226 W; c) 930.5 kg/h
(19) A horizontal tube 1 m long with a surface temperature of 70°C is
used to condense saturated steam at 1 atm. What diameter is required to
achieve a condensation rate of 125 kg/h?
Ans. 143.9 mm
(20) An uninsulated, 25 mm diameter copper pipe with a surface
temperature of 15°C passes through a room having an air temperature of
37°C and relative humidity of 75%. Estimate the condensation rate per
unit length of the pipe assuming film condensation. For this estimate,
assume that the pipe is exposed to saturated vapor at the partial pressure
of the water vapor in the air. Estimate also the condensation rate if
dropwise, rather than film, condensation occurs. For dropwise
condensation you may use the following correlation: hcond = 51,104 +
2044 Tsat W/ m2 K, for 22°C < Tsat <100°C.
Ans. 4.22 kg/s.m & 6.31 xia2 kg/s.m
(21) A steam condenser consists of a square array of 400 tubes, each 6
mm in diameter. If the tubes are exposed to saturated steam at a pressure
of 0.15 bar and the tube surface temperature is maintained at 25°C, what
is the rate at which steam is condense^ef unit length of the tubes?
Ans. 0.463 kg/s.m
Page 17 of 22
(22) A condenser is to be designed to condense 1.3 kg/s of steam at
atmospheric pressure. A square array of 1.25cm outer diameter tubes is
to be used with the outside wall maintained at 93 °C. The spacing of the
tubes is to be 1.9cm between centers and their lengths are three times the
square dimension. How many tubes are required for the condenser and
what are the outside dimensions?
Ans. 900 & 0.57m x 0.57m x 1.71m
(23) Saturated steam at 1.5 bar condenses inside a horizontal, 75 mm
diameter pipe whose surface is maintained at 100 °C. Assuming low
vapor velocities and film condensation, estimate the heat transfer
coefficient and the condensation rate per unit length of the pipe.
Ans. 7180.6 W/m2 K ; 8.668 x 10-3 kg/s.m
(24) Saturated Refrigerant-12 vapor at 37°C enters a horizontal tube
having 25mm diameter and 2 m length at a rate of 0.02 kg/s. The surface
of the tube is maintained at 17°C. For saturated R-12 vapor at 37 °C, the
following data is available:  v= 6 kg/m3 and hfg= 160 kJ/kg. Calculate
the flow rate of vapor leaving the tube.
Ans. 0.00237 kg/s

Dr. Ahmed M. Elsayed

Page 18 of 22
Fayoum University Heat and Mass Transfer: MPE 411
Faculty of Engineering Sheet [4] Mass Transfer.
Fourth year Mechanical Engineering
Department 2018-2019

1. Calculate the total rate of diffusion of water vapor per hour from a
pool of water at the bottom of a well 6 m in height to dry air flowing over
the top of the well. Assume the entire system at 1 atm and 25 °C. The pool
diameter is 3 m.
Ans. 2.576 × 10-3 kg/h
2. An open pan 15 cm in diameter and 7.5 cm deep contains water at
25°C and is exposed to atmospheric air at 25°C and 50% relative
humidity. Calculate the evaporation rate of water in grams per hour.
Ans. 0.26 gm/h
3. A test tube 1.25 cm in diameter and 15 cm deep contains benzene
(C6H6) at 26°C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air at 26°C. The
vapor pressure of benzene is 13.3 kN/m2. Calculate the evaporation rate
of benzene in grams per hour.
Ans. 1.165 × 10-2 gm/h
4. Water has been spilled out through an accidental valve opening of a
pipeline on the floor in a plant. The water layer is 1 mm thick at 25°C
and the surrounding air is at 25°C. The humidity ratio of the air is 2
gmv/kgd3a. Determine the time required to evaporate the total water if
the evaporation takes place by diffusion through an air film 5 mm thick.
Ans. 2.537 h
5. Dry air at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure flows inside a pipe having a
diameter of 50 mm and 3 m long at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the wall of the
tube is coated with a thin film of water and the wall temperature is 25 °C,
calculate:
a- The convective mass transfer coefficient.
b- The rate of water mass transfer.
c- The relative humidity of air at tube exit.
Ans. a) 0.0193 m/s; b) 0.4244 kg/h ; c) 87%
6. The final step of a manufacturing process in which a protective coating
is applied to the inner surface of a circular tube involves passage of dry

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atmospheric air through the tube to remove a residual liquid associated
with the process. Consider a coated 5 m long tube with an inner diameter
of 50 mm. The tube is maintained at a temperature of 300 k, and the
residual liquid exists as a thin film whose corresponding vapor pressure
is 15mm Hg. The molecular weight and diffusion coefficient of the vapor
are Mv = 70 kg/kmol and D =10 m /s, respectively. Air enters the tube at
a mean velocity of 0.65 m/s and a temperature of 300 k.
(a) Estimate the concentration of vapor in the air exiting the tube.
(b) What is the rate of liquid removal from the tube in kg/s?
Ans. a) 0.0553 kg/m3 b) 7.055× 10-5 kg/s
7. Dry air at 300 K and atmospheric pressure flows inside a tube having
an internal diameter of 1.25 cm where the interior surface is coated with
water. The mean flow velocity is 3 m/s, and the tube wall is maintained at
300 K. Calculate:
a) The convective mass transfer coefficient.
b) The water vapor concentration of the air at the exit of the tube, if the
tube length is 1 m and 3 m.
c) The rate of water mass transfer for each length.
Take D = 0.26 × 10-4 m2/s, and the properties of air and saturated water
vapor at 300 K as follows.
Properties of air Properties of saturated water vapour
 air  air Psat vg

(kg/m3) (N.s/m2) (bar) (m3/kg)

1.1614 184.6*10-7 0.03531 36.13

Ans. a) 0.02428 m/s ; b) 0.02556 & 0.02556 kg/m3; c) 9.41 xlO 0 & 9.41
*10 ~6 kg/s
8. Dry atmospheric air at 25°C and 10-3 kg/s flows through a 20-mm-
diameter circular tube whose inner surface is wetted with a water film
Determine the tube length required for the air to be saturated at exit.
What is the rate at which energy must be supplied to the tube to maintain
its temperature at 25 °C.
Ans. 1.308 m & 47.97 W

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9. It is required to estimate the daily water evaporation from a swimming
pool, having a surface area of 6 x 12 m. The water and ambient air are at
25 °C. Ambient air relative humidity is 50 % and the wind speed is 2
m/sec in the direction of the long side of the pool. Assume that the water
surface is smooth and at a level of the pool deck.
Ans.315.2 kg/day
10. Consider mass loss from a smooth wet flat plate due to forced
convection at atmospheric pressure. The plate is 0.5 m long and 3 m
wide. Dry air at 27°C and a free stream velocity of 10m/s flows over the
surface which is also at a temperature of 27°C.
a) Estimate the average mass transfer coefficient over the plate,
b) Determine the water vapor mass loss from the plate.
Ans. a) 0.01644 m/s b) 6.2818 × 10-4 kg/s
11. The rain left a thin film on a roof tile. A 10 km/h wind sweeps the tile
along its 10- cm exposed length. The atmospheric air and the tile surface
have the same temperature of 25°C. The relative humidity of atmospheric
air is 40%. Calculate:
a) The average mass tranfer coefficient between the surface and the
humid air flow.
b) The mass transfer rate of water that leaves the surface per unit width
of the tile surface.
Ans. a) 0.0194 m/s ; b) 2.677 × 10-5 kg/s.m
12. Benzene has been spilled on the laboratory floor and has spread to a
length of 2 m. If a film of 1 mm deep is formed, how long will it take for
the benzene to completely evaporate? Ventilation in the laboratory
provides for airflow parallel to the surface at 1 m/s, and the benzene and
air are both at 25°C. The mass densities of benzene, at 25°C, in the
saturated vapor and liquid states are known to be 0.417 and 900 kg/m3,
respectively.
Ans. 0.474 h
13. Dry air at atmospheric pressure blows across a thermometer which is
enclosed in a dampened cover. This is the classical wet-bulb
thermometer. Its reading is 18.3°C. What is the temperature of the dry
air.
Ans. 56.4 °C
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14. If the air stream in the above Problem is at 32.2°C while the wet-bulb
teperature remains at 18.3°C, calculate the relative humidity of the air
stream.
Ans. 28.33 %
15. The temperature of an air stream is to be measured, but the
thermometer available does not have a suffciently high range.
Accordingly, a water-dampened cover is placed around the thermometer
before it is placed in the air stream. The thermometer reads 32°C.
Estimate the true air temperature, assuming that it is dry at atmospheric
pressure.
Ans. 105.7°C
16. The cover on a wet-bulb thermometer is soaked in benzene, and the
thermometer is exposed to a stream of dry air. The thermometer indicates
a temperature of 26°C. Calculate the free-stream air temperature. The
vapor pressure of benzene is 13.3 kPa, and the enthalpy of vaporization is
377 kJ/kg at 26°C.
Ans. 95.5 °C

Dr. Ahmed M. Elsayed

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