MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

MOTIVATION PRIMARY DRIVES SECONDARY DRIVES

Hunger Academic
the factors that direct and energize the Thirst achievement
behavior of humans and other organisms Sleep Professional
Motivation has BIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE, Sex achievement
and SOCIAL aspects which led to the Temperature Good sales of a
development of the different theories and Homeostasis store
approaches on motivation. Job Security

BIOLOGICAL: INSTINCT APPROACHES HOMEOSTASIS

INSTINCT APPROACH TO MOTIVATION
People and animals are born
preprogrammed with sets of behaviors that are
essential to survival.
INSTINCTS
Inborn patterns of behavior that are
biologically determined rather than
learned
Essential to survival
Provide energy that channels behavior
in appropriate directions.
Sexual Behavior: Instinct to reproduce
Exploratory Behavior: Instinct to
inspect  one’s  territory
Hunting Behavior: Instinct to look for
food
DRIVE-REDUCTION APPROACHES
DRIVE-REDUCTION APPROACH TO
MOTIVATION
Suggests that a lack of a basic biological
requirement (such as water) produces a drive
(such as thirst) to obtain that requirement.
underlies primary drives
the   body’s   tendency   to   maintain   a  
steady internal state
Using feedback loops, homeostasis
brings body functioning into the normal
state.
AROUSAL APPROACHES
Arousal approaches to motivation suggests
that we try to maintain certain levels of
stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing
them as necessary. It explains that behavior is
caused by the goal to maintain or increase
excitement.
An example is with Thrill-seeking behaviors
such as mountain climbing, high-stakes
gambling, robberies, etc.
INCENTIVE APPROACHES
Motivation stems from the desire to obtain
valued external goals or incentives.
The reward, in motivational terms, is an
incentive.

DRIVE COGNITIVE APPROACHES

motivational tension, or arousal, that
energizes behavior to fulfill a need
Primary drives – biological needs
Secondary drives – prior experience
and learning brings about a need
Cognitive approaches focus on the role of
thoughts, expectations, and understanding
of the world in producing motivation.
Suggests that motivation is a product of
cognitions (thoughts and expectations).
 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS /PRIMARY
Motivated by your own enjoyment DRIVES
rather than by any concrete reward needs for water, food, sleep, sex, etc.
Intrinsic = internal to you 2. SAFETY NEEDS
the need for a safe, secure
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION environment
Doing something for a concrete reward 3. LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS
Extrinsic = external to you the need to obtain and give affection
& to be a contributing member of a
INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC group or society
MOTIVATION MOTIVATION 4. ESTEEM
You join basketball You join basketball the need to develop a sense of self-
to improve your for the cash reward worth from others knowing and
skills and abilities in for winning. valuing your competence
the game. 5. SELF-ACTUALIZATION
a state of self-fulfillment in which
You recite in class You recite in class people realize their highest potential,
because you enjoy for a high grade. each in his or her own unique way
doing it.
HUMAN NEEDS AND MOTIVATION
Becoming an Becoming an
architect because architect because of EATING AND HUNGER
you like to draw. the good salary. OBESITY
Body weight that is more than 20
MASLOW’S  HIERARCHY  OF  NEEDS percent above the average weight for a
person of a particular height
Abraham Maslow proposed a model of Body mass index (BMI)
motivation wherein motivational needs are based on a ratio of weight to height
arranged in a hierarchy. He posits that primary BMI > 30 considered obese
needs must be met first before higher-order BMI between 25 and 30 are overweight
needs can be satisfied.

THE HIERARCHY OF NEEDS BIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF

HUNGER
HYPOTHALAMUS
Regulates food intake
Hunger and saturation
Injury to the hypothalamus affects the
WEIGHT SET POINT: particular level of
weight that the body strives to maintain

METABOLISM
the rate at which food is converted to
energy and expended by the body
Through heredity
High metabolic rate: eat a lot/no
weight gain
Low metabolic rate: eat little/gain
weight readily
 ANDROGEN
SOCIAL FACTORS IN EATING primary and most well-known:
Cultural Influences TESTOSTERONE
Eating schedule male sex hormones secreted by the
Amount of food intake testes
Type of food eaten produce secondary sex
Along with biology, play an important characteristics
role in eating and hunger. growth of body hair, deepening of
Based on societal rules and on what we voice
have learned about appropriate eating Increase sex drive
habits. level produced is fairly constant
men are capable of sexual activities
EATING DISORDERS w/o regard to biological cycles
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
a severe eating disorder Female
people may refuse to eat while denying ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
that their behavior and appearance female sex hormones produced by
(which can become skeleton-like) are the ovaries
unusual greatest production during
ovulation (when an egg is released
BULIMIA NERVOSA from the ovaries)
disorder in which people binge on large not produced consistently; follows a
quantities of food, followed by efforts cyclical pattern
to purge the food by vomiting or other Though   biological   factors   “prime”   people  
means, such as taking laxatives for sex, it takes more than hormones to
motivate and produce sexual behavior.
CAUSES OF EATING DISORDERS Not only do people have fantasies of a
BIOLOGICAL sexual nature during their everyday
chemical imbalance in activities, about 60% of people have
hypothalamus or pituitary gland fantasies during sexual intercourse.
differences in how the brain Social factors affect sexual behavior among
processes information about food humans
SOCIAL Cultural practices
society values slenderness and
Religious practices
obesity is undesirable
Taboos
overly demanding parents or other
family problems
PREMARITAL SEX
Sex before marriage
SEXUAL MOTIVATION
Considered a taboo in the society
Both biological and social/environmental
Double standard
factors motivate sexual behavior.
Human sexual behavior is more
EXTRAMARITAL SEX
complicated than that of other animals
Sexual activity between a married
although the underlying biology is not all
person and someone who is not his/her
that different from related species.
spouse
BIOLOGICAL
Sexual Orientation
Hormones
HETEROSEXUALITY
Male
 Sexual attraction and behavior EMOTION
directed to the opposite sex.
HOMOSEXUALITY Emotions are feelings that generally have
Sexual attraction to the members of both physiological and cognitive elements and
the same sex that influence behavior.
BISEXUALITY
Sexual attraction to both members RANGE OF EMOTION
of the opposite sex and same sex One approach to organizing emotions is to
use a hierarchy, which divides emotions into
Determinants of Sexual Orientation: increasingly narrow subcategories.
Biological:
Genetics, Hormones BASIC EMOTIONS
Brain structures Happiness
Parenting Sadness
-research does not support the idea Anger
that sexual orientation is brought Fear
about by child-rearing practices or Disgust
family dynamics Surprise
Contempt
MCCLELLAND’S  THEORY  OF  MOTIVATION Guilt
David McClelland Joy
States that human motivation is dominated
by three needs: THE ROOTS OF EMOTION
The Need for Achievement (N-Ach) JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF EMOTION
The Need for Power (N-Pow) Emotions are experienced as a reaction
The Need for Affiliation (N-Affil) to bodily events occurring as a result of
an external situation (bodily changes
NEED FOR POWER cause feeling of emotion).
A drive to control, lead, dominate, or
influence others. The presence of these CANNON-BARD THEORY OF EMOTION
motives or drives in an individual indicates a both physiological arousal and
predisposition to behave in certain ways. emotional experience are produced at
the same time by the same nerve
NEED FOR AFFILIATION stimulus
People are motivated because of their need
for friendly relationships, desire to belong SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY OF EMOTION
or be accepted, an enjoyment of teamwork, Emotions are determined jointly by a
or a supportive environment. nonspecific kind of physiological arousal
and its interpretation, which is based on
environmental cues.
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT
The needs to achieve, excel, and succeed.
People who are motivated by this need
derive satisfaction from their achievement
and are motivated to excel in everything
they do.

REFERENCES

Feldman, R. S. (2011) Essentials of Understanding Psychology (9th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill
Feldman, R. S. (2010) Psychology and Your Life. Philippines: McGraw-Hill