Handover Process

Motorola Jordan Team

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

1
 MS MEASUREMENT CYCLE

Serving Cell A Mobile receives Neighbour Cell

C Mobile Transmits D Mobile retunes and

listens to Neighbour
cell and retunes to
B Mobile retunes severing

TDMA Frame

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Downlink A B C D
Sample Period
1mS 2mS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Uplink
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
2
 MS MEASUREMENT REPORT

Power
Number of
level DTX
Neighbours
(layer 2 Used
reported
header)

28 2 0 0 17 0 17 0 6 34 23 66 …...28 26 56

Timing
BA Rxlev & Rxlev & Rxlev BSIC Rxlev BSIC
Advance
List Rxqual Rxqual Freq Freq
(layer 2
Used (FULL) (SUB)
header)
Ncell Ncell
1 6

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

3
 BSS ROLLING AVERAGES

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
480ms
Measurement
Reports A
B
C
D
E
F A
G B Averages passed for
H HREQAVE=4
C comparison with
I D HREQT=2
thresholds
E
A average of sacch measurements 1-4 E average of sacch measurements 5-8
B average of sacch measurements 2-5 F average of sacch measurements 6-9
C average of sacch measurements 3-6 G average of sacch measurements 7-10
D average of sacch measurements 4-7 H average of sacch measurements 8-11
I average of sacch measurements 9-12
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
4
 N AND P VOTING MECHANISM

33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
480ms
A
Measurement B F
Reports C G
S H K
T L
U M P
V Q
W R
X

 A
Vote 3 out of 4 must
 F
exceed l_dl_rxlev_h
 K HREQAVE=5
before action taken HREQT=4
 P
P5=3
N5=4
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
5
 HREQAVE/HREQT AND N/P RELATIONSHIP
Hreqave =4
Hreqt =3
L_RXLEV_DL_H = 20 (-90dBm)

-98 -97 -97 -96 -95 -94 -94 -92 -91 -91 -91 -91 -89 -88 -88 -88 -87 -86 -85

    
-91 -89 -86

    
-92 -89 -87

    
-92 -90 -87

   IF N=3
-93 -91 -89 P=2
RXLEV HO TRIGGERED
  
-94 -91 -88

  
-95 -92 -89

  
-96 -92 -90
IF N=3
   P=3
-97 -93 -91 RXLEV HO TRIGGERED
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
6
 HREQAVE/HREQT AND N/P RELATIONSHIP
Hreqave =3
Hreqt =3
L_RXLEV_DL_H = 20 (-90dBm)

-98 -97 -97 -96 -95 -94 -94 -92 -91 -91 -91 -91 -89 -88 -88 -88

    
-91 -90 88

     IF N=3
-92 -91 -88 P=2
RXLEV HO TRIGGERED
  
-93 -90 -89

   IF N=3
-90 -91 -94 P=3
RXLEV HO TRIGGERED
-91 -92 -95

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

7
 Hreqave and hreqt
chg_cell_element <alg name>,<bin_num><alg_num><cell id>
<alg_data>
<alg_data>
<alg_data>

<bin_num> 0 – 1
<alg_name> Function
<alg_num>
surround_cell neighbour rxlev
0 – unweighted
rel_tim_adv timing advance
1 – weighted
rxlev_dl_ho rxlev downlink handover
255 – bin not used or no DRIor RTF
rxlev_ul_ho rxlev uplink handover
associated with cell
rxlev_dl_pc rxlev downlink power control
rxlev_ul_pc rxlev uplink power control Parameter  <alg_data>   Averaging Mechanisms
Hreqave 1‐31  ALL 
rxqual_dl_ho rxqual downlink handover
Hreqt 1‐31  ALL 
rxqual_ul_ho rxqual uplink handover
Only rxqual_pc/ho Note: 
rxqual_dl_pc rxqual downlink power control only required if alg_num
qual_weight 0‐255  = 1 
rxqual_ul_pc rxqual uplink power control

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

8
 Voting N & P

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

9
 Hreqave and hreqt

use_neighbor_pbgt_hreqave <*>

<*> 0‐ the hreqave in surround_cell algorithm for all 

neighbors
1‐ per neighbor hreqave is used instead of 
surround_cell algorithm

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

10
 Sporadic Neighbour Reporting
Neighbour _journal = 0
hreqave = 4
R R R R NR NR R R R NR R
Disuse
0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
Counter Q Q Q Q NQ NQ Q Q Q NQ Q
RXLEV -80 -82 -82 -81 -81 -81 -79 -82 -83 -83 -79

Neighbour _journal = 1
HREQT
hreqave = 4

R R R R NR NR R R R NR R
Disuse
0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
Counter Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
RXLEV -80 -82 -82 -81 -110 -110 -79 -82 -83 -110 -79

KEY
NR- not reported Q - Qualified HREQT
R - reported NQ - Not Qualified
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
11
 Neighbour Cell Processing*
Chg_cell_element neighbour _journal <*> <location> < cell_desc>
* 0 ‐ (Default) Warm‐up period allowed
Last received RXLEV for unreported neighbour is used
ONLY neighbors of disuse_cnt = 0 are qualified*
1 ‐ No warm‐up period allowed
Value of ‐110 dBm used for  unreported neighbour
Qualified neighbors are of disuse_cnt < hreqave (SC)*

Chg_cell_element disuse_cnt_hreqave <*> <location> < cell_desc>

* 0 ‐ (Default) Max Disuse  count = 8
1 ‐ Max Disuse count = surrounding cell hreqave

*When neighbor is not reported in the MR.

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

12
 Missing Measurement Report

Missing_rpt = 1
hreqave = 4
hreqt = 2 Missing Report
No downlink voting
No P_bgt calculated

Missing Report
Voting continues
P_bgt calculated

Missing_rpt = 0
hreqave = 4
hreqt = 2

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

13
 Missing Report

missing_rpt = 0/1
1 ‐ measurement not repeated
0 ‐ measurement repeated

rpt_bad_quality_no_mr = 0, 1 or 2
0 – quality measurement report not repeated
1 ‐ worst quality value of 7 used
2 ‐ quality value from previous measurement used

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

14
 Power Budget Assessment

Serving
PBGT (n) = [ Min ( max_tx_ms , P ) -Rxlev_DL - PWR_C_D]

Neighbour
- [ Min ( ms_txpwr_max , P) - Rxlev_DL]
P = power class of the mobile

All Values in dBm

The aim of the formula is to afford the mobile the lowest uplink pathloss

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

15
 Consider DL RXLEV Only

PBGT (n) > 0 High

Power

Serving Neighbour

Reported Base Base Reported

server Station Station Neighbour
level level

Distance
Mobile
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
16
 Adaptive Power Correction Factor

PBGT (n) > 0 High

Power

Serving Neighbour

Power Reported
Window Level

Reported A Direct level comparison Reported

server would suggest PBGT (n) > 0 Neighbour
BCCH in this area BCCH
level level

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

17
 Uplink (Consideration 1)

PBGT (n) > 0

Serving Neighbour

BCCH BCCH
• Equally sized cells
• MS able to Support Server and Neighbour
• max_tx_ms (server) = ms_txpwr_max (neighbour)

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

18
 Uplink (Consideration 2)

PBGT (n) > 0

Serving

Neighbour

PBGT (n) = [ Higher server ] - [ Lower Neighbour ]

• Large Server, Small Neighbour

• MS able to Support Server and Neighbour
• max_tx_ms (server) > ms_txpwr_max (neighbour)

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

19
 Uplink (Consideration 3)

PBGT (n) > 0

Neighbour

Serving

PBGT (n) = [ Lower server ] - [ Higher Neighbour ]

• Small Server, Large Neighbour

• MS able to Support Server and Neighbour
• max_tx_ms (server) < ms_txpwr_max (neighbour)

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

20
 Handover Decision Procedure
hd1

HO Counter =0 No Decrement MEAS_REP_WT

(ho_rec_period(8)) ho_rec_period (await meas rep)

Yes

ul_rxqual_ho_allowed
flag set?
No

No Yes
At least At least
decision_1_p6 out of Yes Yes decision_1_p7 out of No
interfer_ho_allowed decision_1_n7 rxlev_ul averages > Set cause = ul_rxqual
decision_1_n6 rxqual_ul averages >
l_rxqual_ul_h flag set? u_rxlev_ul_ih

Yes
No
Set ho_cause = Interference ho
dl_rxqual_ho_allowed
flag set?
No
Yes
No
At least At least No
decision_1_p6 out of Yes Yes decision_1_p7 out of
decision_1_n6 rxqual_dl averages > interfer_ho_allowed decision_1_n7 rxlev_dl averages > Set cause = dl_rxqual
flag set? u_rxlev_dl_ih
l_rxqual_dl_h

Yes
No
Set ho_cause = Interference ho
hd1

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

21
 Handover Decision Procedure
hd1

ul_rxlev_ho_allowed
flag set?

No Yes
At least Yes
decision_1_p5 out of
decision_1_n5 rxlev_ul averages > Set ho_cause = ul_rxlev ho
l_rxlev_ul_h

No
dl_rxlev_ho_allowed
flag set?

Yes
No
At least Yes
decision_1_p5 out of
decision_1_n5 rxlev_dl averages > Set ho_cause = dl_rxlev ho
l_rxlev_dl_h

No

Ms_distance_allowed
flag set?

Yes
No
At least
decision_1_p8 out of Yes
decision_1_n8 ms_bts averages > Set ho_cause = distance ho
ms_range_max

No
hd2

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

22
 Handover Decision Procedure

hd2

No Pwr_handover_allowed
flag set?

Yes

PBGT > ho_Margin_cell Yes

for any Set ho_cause = PBGT ho
neighbour cell?

No

MEAS_REP_WT
(await meas rep)

Note: If no handover causes have triggered return to

HD earlier in the procedure and start again on receipt
of the next measurement report
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
23
 Handover Decision Procedure

HO

Evaluate Criterion 1 for all Neighbours

Num_ho_cand = number of Neighbours

passing

Evaluate Criterion 2 for all Neighbours

passing Criterion 1

Execute the Appropriate Motorola

handover procedure

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

24
 First Criterion

RXLEV(n) > RXLEV_MIN_CELL(n) + Max[0, Pa]

Where:
Pa = ms_txpwr_max(n) ‐ P
P = max power of  MS

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

25
 Second Criterion

PBGT(n) ‐HO_MARGIN(n) > 0

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

26
 Per cause , Per Neighbour Handover Margins

chg_Cell_element ho_margin_usage_flag <*> <cell_desc>

<*> = 0 = Disable
1 = Enable

modify_neighbor <source> <neighbor> ho_margin_rxqual <*>

modify_neighbor <source> <neighbor> ho_margin_rxlev  <*>

<*>  = ‐63 to +63 

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

27
 Per cause , Per Neighbour Handover Margins

First: Exclusion by
RxQual HOs:  Pbgt(n) ‐ ho_margin_rxqual(n) < 0
RxLev HOs:  Pbgt(n) ‐ ho_margin_rxlev(n) < 0
All other HO causes:  Pbgt(n) ‐ ho_margin_cell(n) < 0

Second:
In case ho_margin_usage_flag =0, sorting by
Pbgt(n) ‐ ho_margin_cell(n)
In case ho_margin_usage_flag =1, sorting by
RxQual HOs:  Pbgt(n) ‐ ho_margin_rxqual(n)
RxLev HOs:  Pbgt(n) ‐ ho_margin_rxlev(n)
Better Cell HOs:  Pbgt(n) ‐ ho_margin_cell(n)

Using these handover margins it is possible to exclude particular types of handover from 
particular cells by setting the relevant margin to 63, the highest value, for that neighbour.
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
28
 Handover Processing
Chg_Cell_element worse_neighbor <*> <location> <cell_desc>
<*> = 0 = Disable handover due to DL Rxlevto a neighbour with lower RXLEV than   
the serving cell (Default)
1 = Enable handover due to DL Rxlev to a neighbour with lower RXLEV than 
the serving cell

***********************************************

Chg_Cell_element ho_only_max_pwr <*> <location> <cell_desc>

<*> = 0 = Disable handover at full power (default)
1 = Enable Handover at full power
Note: This attribute can only be enabled if decision_alg_num = 1 (Power Control alg
type 2)

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

29
 Uplink / Downlink Quality Handover Processing

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

30
 Bounce Protection

Server QUAL HO Neighbour

PBGT HO

Good Level Bad Level

• Chg_element bounce_protect_margin  <*> <cell_desc>
<*> = 0 to 127 dB

• Chg_element bounce_protect_qual_tmr <*> <cell_desc>

• Chg_element bounce_protect_cong_tmr <*> <cell_desc>
<*> = 0 to 255 SACCH Multiframes (0 = Disabled)

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

31
 Uplink / Downlink Interference Handover Procedure

Uplink / Downlink Interference

ho_process

Yes
Num_ho_cand = 0

No

Set num_ho_cand =0

IntraCell Handover

This is always the case unless the intra-cell hop count has
been reached in which case the cause is changed to quality

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

32
 Intra‐cell Handovers

Chg_element hop_count <*> <cell_desc>

<*> 0 to 255 Where 0 effectively disables intra‐cell  
interference handover

Chg_element hop_count _timer <*> <cell_desc>

<*> 0 to 255 SACCH multiframes 0 disables the feature

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

33
 Intra‐cell Handovers

• Different carriers have priority as targets
– BCCH Carrier ( non hopping )
– non ‐ BCCH carrier ( hopping )

• Better channel not guaranteed, but more chance than intra‐ carrier 
HO

No parameters to control this functionality

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

34
 Uplink Level Handover

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

35
 Downlink Level Handover

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

36
 Distance Handover Procedure

Distance Handover
ho_process
No

Yes Abort handover

Num_ho_cand = 0

No

Send ho_rec message with

num_ho_cand
cells ordered best to worst
by criterion 2 results

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

37
 Power Budget Handover Procedure

Handover Process For Training Purposes Only

38
 Calculated Handover Power Level
The power level used by the MS when accessing the target cell

Use_derived_ho_power = <*>
<*>  0 = use handover_power_level
1 = use calculated handover level

Handover level = Min [ C + (A‐B) , D, P )

Where :
A = max_tx_BTS_of target cell
B = rxlev_dl from target cell
C = (u_rxlev_ul_p + l_rxlev_ul_p ) /2 = centre of target cells uplink power window
D = max_tx_ms of target cell
P = Power Class of Mobile

This facility is only supported for internal inter cell handovers.
Handover Process For Training Purposes Only
39