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Absorption is the process of a substance entering the body. Distribution is the dispersion
or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolism
is the irreversible transformation of substances and its daughter metabolites. Excretion is
the elimination of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly
accumulate in a tissue in the body.
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Drug transporters are transmembrane proteins on the surface of cells and are responsible
for facilitating or hindering the intracellular and paracellular transport of nutrients and
other substances. Some known drug transporters include Breast Cancer Resistance
Protein (BCRP, also known as ABCG2) and human intestinal peptide transporter
(hPepT1). BCRP is a type of ATP-binding cassette transporter that can decrease the
efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer by exporting agents out of the tumor
cells, thus making them resistant to chemotherapy. Valacyclovir uses the hPepT1
transporter to increase the intestinal absorption of valacyclovir compared to acyclovir.
Drug transporters can increase or decrease the absorption of drugs into the body as well
as limit or facilitate the exposure of certain organs.
[edit] Perfusion
[edit] Analysis
Pharmacokinetic analysis is performed by noncompartmental (model independent) or
compartmental methods. Noncompartmental methods estimate the exposure to a drug by
estimating the area under the curve of a concentration-time graph. Compartmental
methods estimate the concentration-time graph using kinetic models.
There is currently considerable interest in the use of very high sensitivity mass
spectrometry for microdosing studies, which are seen as a promising alternative to animal
experimentation.[citation needed]
[edit] References
1. ^ Leo A, Hansch C, and Elkins D (1971). "Partition coefficients and their uses". Chem Rev 71 (6):
525-616. doi:10.1021/cr60274a001.
2. ^ Kubinyi H (1979). "Nonlinear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character: the
bilinear model". Farmaco [Sci] 34 (3): 248-76. PMID 43264.
3. ^ Increasing Speed and Throughput When Using HPLC-MS/MS Systems for Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetic Screening, Y. Hsieh and W.A. Korfmacher, Current Drug Metabolism
Volume 7, Number 5, 2006, Pp. 479-489
4. ^ Covey TR, Lee ED, Henion JD. 1986. High-speed liquid chromatography/tandem mass
spectrometry for the determination of drugs in biological samples. Anal Chem 58:2453-2460.
5. ^ Thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of drugs and their
metabolites in biological fluids. Covey TR et al. Anal Chem. 1985 Feb;57(2):474-81