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• Momentum Equation
τ x
r0 p+(dp/dx)dx
r
p
θ dx
z1 z2
Datum
dp
pA − p + dx A − γAdx sin θ − τ2πrdx = 0 (Constant velocity thus a=0)
dx
dp dz τ x
− dxA − γdx A − τ2πrdx = 0 0 r
rp
dx dx p+(dp/dx)dx
2 d
(Divide both sides by A = πr ) θ x
d ( p + γz ) 2 τ z z
− = 1 2
dx r
dh d ( p + γz ) 2τ p
− =− =+ since h = + z
dx γdx γr γ
Boundary Conditions
dh d( p + γz) 2τ
− =− =+
dx γdx γr
when r = 0 , τ = 0 dh 2τ 2τ w
− = =
r = ro , τ = τw dx γr γro
τ = τw (1- r / r0)
du du
τ = +µ = −µ (1)
dy dr
d(p + γz ) r
τ=− (2)
dx 2
du d(p + γz ) r
= +
dr dx 2µ
Boundary Conditions
du d(p + γz ) r
=+
dr dx 2µ
d (p + γz ) r 2 r
2
u=− o
1 − Parabolic profile
dx 4µ ro Poiseuille Flow
r 2 d(p + γz ) ro2 r
2
• Velocity: u = umax 1 − = − 1 −
r
o dx 4 µ ro
y
This region is called
δs
Viscous sub-layer
x
V i s c o u s s ub l ay e r
δs ε ε δs
ε
Smooth wall
Rough wall
Laminar and Turbulent
Laminar Turbulent
slope
slope
τw τw
L
1
CV 2
V1 Wsinθ
θ
p1A1 p2A2 V2
x R
Ff
Wcosθ
θsθ
θ θ
W
z1 z2
Relation between wall shear stress and head loss
Q = V1A 2 = V2 A 2 = VA = Constant
p1A1 − p2 A 2 + W sin θ − Ff = ρ0Q(β2 V2 − β1V1)
p1A1 − p 2 A 2 + γA (z1 − z 2 ) − τ w PL = 0
A = A 2 = A1 1 /(Aγ )
p1 p 2 τ w LP
z1 + − z 2 − =
γ γ γA
Relation between wall shear stress and head loss
p p τ LP π A D
A = D2 P = πD Rh = =
z1 + 1 − z 2 − 2 = w P 4
γ γ γA 4
τ w LP τ w L Hydraulic Radius
=
γA γR H
p1 p2 τw L
z1 + − z 2 − =
γ γ γR H
Relation between wall Energy equation
shear stress and head loss between section 1 and 2
p1 p τ L p1 p
z1 + − z2 − 2 = w z1 + − z 2 − 2 = hf
γ γ γR H γ γ
τ w L 2 τ w L 4τ w L
hf = = =
γR H γR γD
4τ w L
hf =
γD
Darcy – Weisbach Friction Factor
Laminar Flow: Re ≤ 2000
u(r)
2
hf =
8LµVav
=
32LµV
=
2V 32LµV
=
64 L V 64
γro
2
γD2 2V γD2 Re D 2g f=
Re
Friction factor for Turbulent Flows
For hydraulically smooth pipe,
f=f(Re) only
1.325
f= 2
ε 5 . 74
ln + 0.9
3.7D R e
for the range of 10 −6 < ε / D < 10 −2 and 5000 < Re < 108
Moody’s Diagram
Moody diagram. (From L.F. Moody, Trans. ASME, Vol.66,1944.) (Note: If e/D = 0.01
and Re = 104, the dot locates ƒ = 0.043.)
Determination of Friction Loss (hf):
L V2 L 16 Q2
hf = f =f 5 2 = KQ2
D 2g D π 2g
• Hazen-Williams Equation
6 .8 L 1.85 10.6 L
hf = 1.85 1.165 V = 1.85 4.87 Q1.85 = KQ1.85
C D C D
Roughness Coefficients
Material Hazen- Manning’s Darcy-Weisbach
Williams Coefficient Roughness
C n Height
ε (mm)
Asbestos cement 140 0.011 0.0015
Brass 135 0.011 0.0015
Brick 100 0.015 0.6
Cast-iron, new 130 0.012 0.26
Concrete: 140 0.011 0.18
Steel forms 120 0.015 0.6
Wooden forms 135 0.013 0.36
Centrifugally spun 135 0.011 0.0015
Copper --- 0.022 45
Corrugated metal 120 0.016 0.15
Galvanized iron 140 0.011 0.0015
Glass 135 0.011 0.0015
Lead 150 0.009 0.0015
Plastic 148 0.010 0.0048
Steel: 145 0.011 0.045
Coal-tar enamel 110 0.019 0.9
New unlined 120 0.012 0.18
Riverted
Wood stave
6. 8 L
hf = 1.85 1.165 V1.85 L V2
hf = f
, C D D 2g
Total Head Loss
h= hf + hm
G- Given D- to be determined
Type of the problem
Variable Type I Type II Type III
Fluid Density G G G
Viscosity G G G
Pipe Diameter G G D or G
Length G G G
Roughness G G G or D
hf = H1 − H2
p V2 L V2 8fL
H=z+ + hf = f sin ce V = Q / A then hf = 2 5 Q2
γ 2g D 2g gπ D
π - 3.141592
EXAMPLE g m/s2 9.81
for water ρ kg/m3 1000
for water µ kg/m.s 0.001
for water ν m2 /s 0.000001
V= (H1 − H2 ) 2gD = hf
2gD
Given: hf, L, D, υ, ε
fL fL
Find : V
VD 4 Q
ε/D Re = =
ν πD ν
f (i) V Re f (i+1)*
f(0) Assumed calculated calculated f (1)-determined
f (1) calculated calculated f (2) -determined
f (2) calculated calculated f (3) -determined
. . . .
. iteration is . stopped . when . f(i)=f(i+1)
. . . .
f (i) f (i+1)
EXAMPLE
e - 2.718282
π - 3.141592
g m/s2 9.81
for water ρ kg/m3 1000
for water µ kg/m.s 0.001
for water ν m2 /s 0.000001
Moody diagram. (From L.F. Moody, Trans. ASME, Vol.66,1944.) (Note: If e/D = 0.01
and Re = 104, the dot locates ƒ = 0.043.)
3) Determination of Diameter (Type III)
• Given: hf, L, Q, ν, ε. Find : D
VD 4Q
3. Calculate Reynolds number Re = =
ν πDν
ε
4. Calculate relative roughness
D
5. Determine friction factor, f(i+1) use Moody Chart or Equations
6. Check if f(I+1) = f(i) ; ?
7. if no, go to step 2 with f(i+1)
8. if yes, stop. Diameter Calculated at Step 2 is the result.
9. Select the next larger commercially available pipe diameter size
Iteration Table
1/ 5
8LQ 8LQ 1/ 5
2 2
VD 4Q ε
D=5 f 2
= f
2
Re = =
h λπ g h λπ g ν πDν D
.. . . . .
. . iteration is . stopped . when . f(i)=f(i+1)
. . . .
EXAMPLE
e - 2.71828
π - 3.14159
g m/s2 9.81
ρ kg/m3 1000
µ kg/m.s 0.001
ν m2 /s 1E-06