Stud YCentre May1, 2018

www.jamaicaobserver.
com
THE DAILY OBSERVER
Tuesday,
ERIES
LECT(3UrdREEditSion)
May 1,
2018
:
dy guides Page 01
CSEC stu anguage
s h L
Engli nology
on Tech
Informati
ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY!
NOW Online
Online:
► English Language 3–8
► Mathematics 9 – 16
► Social Studies 17 – 20
► Human and Social Biology 21 – 26
► Principles of Accounts 27 – 30
► Integrated Science 31 – 34
► English Literature
13
35 – 37
WORTH EVERY BITE &

12 UDE
D
NATIONAL STADIUM, KINGSTON: Victorious athletes of E S L
Windward Road Primary and Junior High School at the R A D INC
INSPORTS All-Age and Junior Athletics Championships on
G L SO
A
April 26, 2018. (PHOTO: GARFIELD ROBINSON)
LECTURE SERIES (3 rd
Edition)
The most comprehensive collection of CSEC study guides: NOW
English Language and Information Technology AVAILABLE
Available at JAMAICA OBSERVER LIMITED: • Kingston – 926-7655
• Ocho Rios – 795-3632 • Montego Bay – 979-2401 • Mandeville – 963-0515
Also available at bookstores islandwide.
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, May 1, 2018 Page 2
PRODUCTION TEAM
EDITOR: Debra-Gail Williamson • ASSOCIATE EDITOR – DESIGN: Rorie Atkinson • GRAPHIC ARTIST / PAGINATOR: Roy France
CONT RI BUTORS
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Kamau Karenga Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely Heart Trust NTA
WE WELCOME COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS ► CALL: 936-9458 OR 384-2810 ► EMAIL: BOOKPUBS@JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

ENGLISH
LANGUAGE Lesson 28
with
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
PAPER 1 ITEMS
Hello readers. In today’s lesson we will focus on

answering multiple choice questions. We will begin with
general tips on approaching a multiple choice test and
then we will look specifically at one of the items that may
be found on this paper.
TAKING MULTIPLE CHOICE EXAMS
Preparing for a multiple choice examination in English A will You are not required to produce a correct answer entirely
be different from preparing for other more content based from your own mind. For this reason many of you may think
subjects. Usually multiple choice tests are used to test a that multiple choice exams are easy. Other reasons include:
broad range of information so it can be difficult to predict
what will come. Though the passages will change each year • The correct answer is definitely among the options
the student of English A knows that his/her comprehension so you could score points by guessing.
skills will be tested through a variety of written and visual • Questions require mostly lower order
stimuli. Questions 1 -25 will test knowledge of grammar, comprehension skills instead of asking you to
usage, sentence structure and vocabulary while questions analyze new information.
26-60 will test comprehension skills
• Since each item has a low point value there is less
A multiple choice exam asks you to choose the correct risk when you get an incorrect answer.
answer from a set of four options, three of which are
incorrect. These are called distracters. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
Despite these factors, however, multiple choice exams can • Take time to read through the paper including the
actually be very difficult and are more challenging in given answers. Some passages will have to be read
English A because: more than once depending on the level of difficulty.
• You must have a broad vocabulary as you cannot • If you see the response that you anticipated, circle
predict the vocabulary items that will come. it and then check to be sure that none of the other
responses is better.
• Most of the paper requires comprehension skills and
many of the answers must be inferred from what is
• If you do not see a response that you expected, then
read.
try to eliminate responses that are probably wrong.
• Comprehension items require understanding of • Responses that use absolute words, such as
various discourses. “always” or “never” are less likely to be correct than
ones that use conditional words like “usually” or
• Answers are either right or wrong. Since these are “probably.”
close ended questions students cannot bluff their
way to an answer as they could with an essay. • Silly sounding responses are usually wrong.
• At least one of the distracters is often very close to • “All of the above” is often a correct response. If you
the correct answer. can verify that more than one of the other responses
is probably correct, then choose “all of the above.”
• “None of the above” is usually an incorrect response,

but this is less reliable than the “all of the above”
rule. Be very careful not to be trapped by double
negatives.
• Look for grammatical clues. If the stem ends with

the indefinite article “an,” for example, then the
correct response probably begins with a vowel.
• Look for verbal associations. A response that repeats

It is entirely possible to score maximum points on your key words that are in the stem is likely to be correct.
multiple choice exam. The best way to ensure success is of
course to improve your knowledge and skills through • If you cannot answer a question within a minute or
practice. Even if you are well prepared in this regard you less, skip it and plan to come back later. Transfer all
need some additional knowledge and test taking responses to the answer sheet at the same time,
strategies to boost your chances of success. Here are some once you have marked all questions on your exam.
tips to help you do your best:
• Never leave a bubble blank even if you are not able
• Before you begin taking the exam, enter all pieces to select the right answer. You have a four to one
of required information on your answer sheet using
chance of being right.
your number 2B pencil. If you forget to enter your
name and identification number then your paper
will never be scored. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
• Be sure that you have filled the appropriate bubbles

If you think about it many of the words that you know are
carefully IN PENCIL. If you make stray marks, only the
really not ones that you picked up in class. Often it is
computer will notice, and you will be penalized. through reading novels, watching movies, talking to
Erase any accidental marks completely. people, listening to talk shows and music and other
activities that occur as part of your daily lives. But if this
• Take the time to check your work before you hand were all that it took then most people would have an
in the answer sheet. extensive vocabulary. For many, a wide vocabulary is
developed through deliberate activities. These may be
• Unlike an essay exam a multiple choice exam offers used in addition to those that you will do in class.
you no opportunity to score marks for a partially
correct response. If you filled the wrong bubble,
your answer is 100% wrong. HOW TO DEVELOP YOUR VOCABULARY
These tips are not just applicable to English A. They may

• Read
be applied to other subjects that you are taking. Multiple
Readers tend to have good vocabularies and
choice tests are given at all levels of education therefore
greater ease expressing themselves orally and in
these tips will also be helpful when pursuing higher
writing. This is so because when one sees writing
courses of study.
in various genres, one can mimic the ways those
writers express themselves and learn new words.
Vocabulary Items:
The material that you read is not limited to classic
Synonyms and Antonyms literature that you have to read for school.
Popular novels, comics, magazines, newspapers,
Having a wide vocabulary is an advantage not just for the blogs can be quite useful so start with those that
student of English but for all speakers of a language
give you pleasure and gradually include genres
because it helps you to comprehend a variety of written
that are unfamiliar.
and oral discourses and you are able to express yourself in
many different ways. A good vocabulary therefore, aids
• Improve context skills
your understanding and your expression which are the
Meaning is determined by the context in which
two areas tested by all the topics on the syllabus for
English A. Vocabulary building is usually taught in a school words are used. When you are accessing both
setting through exercises related to the following topics written and spoken communication you must pay
among others: attention to how the word is used. This will help you
to figure out the meaning of the words but also
• Synonyms show you how you could use that word in your own
discourses.
• Antonyms
• Sentence completion • Practice vocabulary

There is an expression that says” if you don’t use it
• Homophones, homonyms, homographs you will lose it”. This is true of your vocabulary.
Whenever you learn a new word you should try to
• Parts of speech
use it in communication. This reinforces your
• Connotation and denotation knowledge and cements it as part of your
vocabulary.
• Prefixes, suffixes and root words
• Foreign words JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

• Use word associations • Learn a word a day

Whenever you learn a new word you are encouraged Many teachers employ this strategy with their
to find related words whether synonyms, antonyms students but you may also create a word a day
or different parts of speech. challenge for yourself.
• Use your dictionary Depending on your need or situation you may select any
A dictionary is a necessary tool for all students and of these activities which best suits you. We will now look
others who have an interest in building their at two of the vocabulary items on paper one.
vocabulary. Fortunately, digital dictionaries and
search engines such as Google make it very easy to
find meanings of words and have the added
advantage of being immediate. Many e-readers also
have dictionaries where you can access the meaning
of words with a touch of your finger.
• Play word games

Crossword puzzles, words search and board games
such as Scrabble have been used in the past by word
lovers. These are good ways to test your vocabulary
as well as to facilitate vocabulary development. In offspring
the age of smart phones and tablets there are many
more games which challenge players to use and
build vocabulary. Many of these may be play
singularly or with other players. However, you
choose to play it is a good idea to download some A synonym is a word or phrase that means nearly or
of these apps and play them whenever you find exactly the same thing as another word or phrase in the
yourself waiting in line, while commuting to school same language. This item on the exam requires you to
or in any leisure time that you have. select a synonym of the word underlined in the sentence
from the four options given. These options can be tricky
• Make vocabulary lists as the distracters are usually:
Making vocabulary lists is a good way of ensuring
that you note, research and learn the new words • An antonym
that you encounter. By doing this you can also keep
track of your progress. • A possible synonym
• Test your vocabulary • The synonym

Most, if not all, exams in English language test
vocabulary. If you are building your vocabulary in the
• A random word
context of an English course, then it is in your best
interest to do some vocabulary test. For students of
Deciding between the synonym and the possible synonym
English A you may consult any of your textbooks but
can be difficult as there may be just a shade of meaning
there are also online tests which give you feedback
separating them.
on your performance. Some of these sites offer
explanations as to why an answer may be incorrect
so you are encouraged to keep testing yourself. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
To make the right selection you must understand this

difference in meaning and choose the appropriate word
that fits the context of the sentence. Look at the following
example.
Example 1
The superintendent’s remarks at the meeting were

misconstrued by the sensitive workers.
a) Appreciated
b) Meant
c) Conveyed
d) Misinterpreted
Misconstrued means the words or actions of someone

were wrongly interpreted. If you did not know the
meaning of the word then the fact that the word is used
in relation to remarks and that the audience of these
remarks are referred to as sensitive then you could infer An antonym is a word or phrase that is opposite in
that the word construed mean how the workers received meaning to another word or phrase in the same language.
or responded to the message. In that case “meant” and The distracters for these items follow the same pattern as
“conveyed” would be eliminated. The sentence seems to those of the synonyms.
suggest that the message was not well received so it could
not be “appreciated”. This leaves “misinterpreted” which Example 1
has the same prefix as misconstrued which makes it likely
to be the synonym. You gave us no indication that you were about to demolish
this building.
Example 2
a) Improve
Because of the divergent views of the members of the club, b) Erect
the president decided to adjourn the meeting. c) Salvage
a) Opposite d) Abandon
b) Unreasonable
c) Differing Demolish in this context means to pull or knock down
a building. Any word that you select must communicate
d) Radical
the opposite of this idea. Keep in mind however, that
usually it is derelict buildings that are knocked down
Taken at face value any of the words could fit into the
so this adds a context in which shades of meaning may
sentence. However, divergent means tending to be
be separated. In looking at the options, the words
different from what is expected or from the standard. The
“erect” and “salvage” are possible. To erect a building
two words that could be the synonym are “opposite” or
is to build one while to salvage something is to save it
“differing”. Opposite suggests that there are only two
from damage or destruction. In this case the opposite
sides contrary to each other while differing suggests that
of demolish is salvage.
there are several sides different from each other. In this
case “differing” would be the synonym as the context of
the sentence supports that there were multiple views. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
Example 2 I hope that by now you would have seen the importance
of having broad knowledge as well as a wide vocabulary.
Many advertisements seek to influence the consumer by Success in answering vocabulary items are really
spurious claims made about the products they advertise. dependent on how much you know or are able to infer
a) Authentic based on the context in which a word is used. I urge you
b) Exaggerated to start actively working on your vocabulary and if you
have already started then you may want to apply
c) False
additional activities to help you.
d) Excellent
That’s it for the lessons in the series. I pray that you will
The word highlighted in this example means “not what do well on the upcoming examinations. I wish you all
it appears to be” or simply “false”. One might readily the best.
select false as the best choice but keep in mind the
context. Ethically and legally advertisers cannot make
outright false claims about a product. What they may do Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of
is to make it seem better than it actually is therefore they St. Hugh’s High School
may exaggerate. Option B would be the correct answer ! Email: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
in this case.
LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

The most comprehensive collection
of CSEC study guides:
English Language ♦ Information Technology ♦ Spanish
NOW
AVAILABLE
BU Y
YOUR
COPIES
Available at JAMAICA OBSERVER LIMITED:
• Kingston – 926-7655 • Ocho Rios – 795-3632 • Montego Bay – 979-2401 • Mandeville – 963-0515
T ODAY !
MATHEMATICS Lesson 28
with Kamau Karenga
TRIGONOMETRY – OPTIONAL 7 8 9
+
4 5 6 –
So far in this series, we have had several lessons in TRI-GON-OMETRY. This lesson
will place the focus on solving NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLES. To do so we will
use the COSINE RULE and the SINE RULE.
1 2 3 –:
(Do not confuse this with the COSINE RATIO or the SINE RATIO used in right 0 • = +
angled triangles)
COSINE RULE
The COSINE RULE is used for two specific conditions:
1. Where there are two known sides and the included angle to find the third side.
2. Where there are three known sides to find an angle.
For all other situations with non–right angled triangles, we use the SINE RULE. Let us look at the COSINE RULE, as it
appears in the CSEC formula sheet.
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc Cos A
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
EXAMPLE 1 – Two sides and the included angle are known, find the third side.
A NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE has side b = 12 cm, side c = 4 cm, and the included angle at A is 56°.
Find the length of side a (opposite to angle A), accurate to one decimal place.
SOLUTION 1

EXAMPLE 2 – Three sides are known, find one of the angles.
A NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE has side b = 12 cm, side c = 5 cm, and side a = 10.
Find the angle at C, accurate to one decimal place.
SOLUTION 2
Here we use a different version of the formula.
We are looking for angle C so we must start with c2 and end with Cos C.

There is an alternative method, for the student strong in algebraic manipulation:
Before substituting the values, one could use TRANSPOSITION to solve for the angle first.
SINE RULE
The SINE RULE is used for all other situations besides the two mentioned before. We will look at two other
possible scenarios:
1. Two angles are known, and one side is known.
2. Two sides are known and one angle that is not the included angle is known.

EXAMPLE 3 – Two angles and one side are known, to find another side.
A NON RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE has side b = 12 cm, angle A = 65°, angle B = 85°. Find side a, accurate to one
decimal place.
SOLUTION 3

EXAMPLE 4 – Two sides known and one angle that is not the included angle.
A NON-RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE has side a = 11 cm, side c = 5 cm, and angle C = 27°.
Find the measure of angle A, accurate to one decimal place.
SOLUTION 4
Side b can be found by using the SINE RULE a second time.

Let us now examine a situation where there may d) Calculate the measure of "BAC, to the nearest degree.
be a combination of SINE RULE, COSINE RULE and
other trigonometric ideas in a single problem. We e) Calculate, to the nearest degree, the bearing of C
may have to use concepts discussed in previous from A.
lessons (Lessons 14, 15, 16)
EVALUATION SOLUTION
A ship travels from Alton (A) on a bearing of 035° to a) The bearing is the angle with respect to North, in a
Bluefields (B), 80 km away. It then travels 120 km due clockwise direction, looking towards B.
south of B to Calvin (C) as shown on the diagram below. AB = 80 km.
BC = 120 km.
a) Indicate on the diagram the bearing 035° and the

distances 80 km and 120 km. b) Since B is north of C, we have two parallel “north” lines
and the ALTERNATE ANGLES (“Z” angles). "ABC = 35°
b) Calculate the measure of "ABC.
c) Calculate the length, to the nearest kilometre, of AC. JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
c) To find side AC, we see that there are two known sides e) The bearing of C from A is a sum of the two angles 35o
and a known included angle. and 76°.
Using bearing of C from A = 111°

COSINE RULE ! b 2 = a 2 = c 2 – 2ac Cos b
substituting ! b 2 = 1202 + 802 – 2 x (120) x (80) x Cos 35
calculating ! b 2 = 14,400 + 6,400 – 19,200 Cos 35
! b 2 = 5,072.3
! b = 71 km.
d) To find angle A we use SINE RULE with side a, angle B

and side b.
a b
Sine rule formula ! –––––– = ––––––
Sin A Sin B
The Trigonometry (optional) question is a good choice
among the 3 optional questions.
120 (71)
subtituting values ! –––––– = ––––––––– It is linked to Geometry (Circle Theorem) and can be
Sin A Sin (35) mastered with a little practice.
Enjoy your practice sessions.

(120) x Sin (35)
make Sin A the object ! Sin A = –––––––––––––––––
71
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of
Portmore Community College
! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm
calculate ! "BAC = 76°.

SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 28
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
REVISION
5. The two major bodies of the ACS are:

MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS
a) The Secretariat and the Trade
b) The Ministerial Council and the Development Council
Instruction: Read the questions below carefully and then c) The Ministerial Council and the Secretariat
d) The Secretariat and Development Council
select the BEST response.
6. Which of the following bodies is the major policy
1. Information that may be obtained from a census making body of the ACS?
includes all of the following EXCEPT: a) The Ministerial Council
a) Total population of a country b) The Secretariat
c) The Defence and Security Committee
b) Diet of the population
d) The Legal Affairs Committee
c) Age group and sex ratio, male: female ratio
d) Education and skills of the population 7. Integration within the Caribbean is hindered by all of
the following EXCEPT:
2. All of the following are means by which data related to a) Self-protectionism
b) Size and development
the population may be obtained EXCEPT:
c) Dependence on foreign enterprise
a) From the country’s newspaper d) Diversification of culture
b) Census
c) Registrar Generals Department, 8. All of the following are Associate Member States of the
d) Passport and Immigration Agency ACS EXCEPT:
a) Aruba
b) Netherland Antilles
3. Natural increase in the population is affected by: c) Guadeloupe
a) fertility rates d) Belize
b) infant mortality rate
c) life expectancy of the population 9. After Jamaica withdrew from the federation, a popular
political leader made this statement, “one from ten
d) migration
equals nought”. Who is this person?
a) Dr. Eric Williams
4. Factors affecting fertility rate: b) Norman Manley
a) The education levels of the population c) Alexander Bustamante
b) Migration levels d) Donald Sangster
c) The standard of living of the people
d) Religious beliefs of persons JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
10. The federation was established in 1956 by which of 16. All of the following are shareholders of the
the following act. Caribbean Development Bank EXCEPT:
a) Treaty of Chaguaramas a) Mexico
b) Dickenson Bay Agreement b) United Kingdom
c) The British Caribbean Federation Act c) Panama
d) Treaty of Basseterre d) CARICOM states
11. All of the following are challenges facing the

17. In a Common Market arrangement members agree
countries EXCEPT:
to do all of the following EXCEPT:
a) High costs imports
a) Agree on a common external tariff
b) Unequal distribution of resources
c) High debt burden b) Agree not to impose duties on goods
d) High value exports produced and traded within the region
c) Agree to restrict the amount of goods
12. All of the following are reasons for the produced by manufacturers with the region
establishment of CARIFTA EXCEPT: d) Agree not to restrict the amount of goods that
a) Political unification should be traded within the region.
b) Increasing free trade between members
c) Liberalization of trade 18. The structure of government is based on:
d) Diversification of products and services a) The Party system
b) The parliamentary System
13. Under which of the following integration c) The Principle of the Separation of Power
movements was the second campus of the
d) The People
University College of the West Indies built in
Trinidad and Tobago.
19. This is a group of Parliamentarians selected and led
a) CARIFTA
by the head of government to give the government
b) WIF
c) OECS advice and to make policies.
d) ACS a) Democracy
b) Cabinet
14. This integration movement was formed in 1965 c) Prime Minister
after the signing of the Dickenson Bay Agreement. d) The Legislature
a) CARIFTA
b) WIF 20. This is a system of government in which the country
c) OECS is ruled by a king or queen and whose powers are
d) ACS not limited by laws or constitutions.
a) Absolute Monarchy
15. The OECS came about as a result of this multilateral b) Constitutional monarchy
agreement.
c) Democracy
a) CARIFTA
d) Republicanism
b) OECS
c) ACS
d) WISA JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page
21. This is an electoral system in which a political party 23. This is where every citizen in a country may vote on
gains a seat in parliament for every constituency its a particular issue
candidate wins. a) Constituency
a) Constituency b) Government
b) Referendum c) Referendum
c) Proportional representation d) First-past-the-post
d) First-past-the-post
24. This is a group of officials elected by the citizens in
22. In this system, the number of seats a party gets is
in direct proportion to the percentage of votes a country to conduct the affairs of the country on
obtained in an election. their behalf.
a) Referendum a) Constituency
b) Political party b) Government
c) Proportional representation c) Referendum
d) First-past-the-post d) First-past-the-post
TRUE/FALSE ITEMS
Instruction: Answer True/False to the questions below. 32. __________ The absence of a common currency and the
absence of a common strategy for
25. __________ Primary Occupation is concerned with the development are two strategies that help to
production and extraction or retrieval of raw hinder regional integration.
materials.
26. __________ Secondary resources produce materials such 33. __________ Domestic savings is money that is available
as bauxite, gold and petroleum nationally as well as in commercial lending
institutions that could be used to invest
27. __________ Nuclear energy is obtained from nuclear
fusion and nuclear fission.
34. __________ Mass media such as newspapers, television
28. __________ The soil protects groundwater from and radios give airtime and spread news
contamination. about cultural events in Jamaica.
29. __________ The sun is the source of energy for the water
cycle. 35. __________ Timeshare is where an individual or family
owns a tourist accommodation with the
30. __________ Integration will assist countries in the right to use it any time they want to.
development of their human resources.
31. __________ Some countries in the Caribbean region are 36. __________ Tourism products are all the services and
developing countries and some are attractions which bring tourist to a
developed countries. Some of the particular destination.
developing countries are referred to as small
island developing states (SIDS). JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITIES
Multiple Choice Items
1. B 5. C 9. A 13. B 17. C 21. D

2. A 6. A 10. C 14. A 18. C 22. C
3. D 7. B 11. D 15. D 19. B 23. C
4. B 8. D 12. A 16. C 20. A 24. B
True/False Items
25. T 26. F 27. T 28. F 29. T 30. T 31. F 32. T 33. T 34. T 35. F 36. T
This is the final lesson for this year. I hope that you will do extremely well in your Exam! Have a great rest of week!
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

! Email: charmief2@yahoo.com
LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

The most comprehensive collection
English Language ♦ Information Technology ♦ Spanish
NOW
AVAILABLE
BUY
YOUR
COPIES
• Kingston – 926-7655 • Ocho Rios – 795-3632 • Montego Bay – 979-2401 • Mandeville – 963-0515
T ODAY !

HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 28
with
Leroy Munroe
POLLUTION
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

1. Define pollution and pollutants
2. State and identify the main types of pollutants
3. Identify the causes of land pollution
4. State what is air pollutants and the different
ways the air can be polluted
WHAT IS POLLUTION? Industrial pollution
Pollution is the contamination of land, water and air by Industrial pollution is directly linked to industries. One of the
discharging harmful substances known as pollutants most common forms of water pollution is industrial
produced as a result of human activities. A pollutant is a pollution, caused by the dumping of industrial waste into
substance that contaminates the air, water or soil. waterways. This waste water may contain acids, alkalis, salts
Pollutants can have adverse effects on the environment, poisons, oils and effluents. Industrial effluents are discharged
such an effect is climate change. Pollutants include carbon into the rivers. They include both organic and inorganic
matters like coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides and fertilizers,
monoxide, carbon dioxides, asbestos, lead, smoke, noise
plastic and rubber. These are the major pollutants of water.
and fumes just to name a few. Pollutants can be
Industries also cause pollution to the air and soil. Industrial
biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Biodegradables
pollution affects the air in the following ways; emission of
are the ones that can be broken down and non-
smoke that pollutes the air very badly, undesirable gases
biodegradables are those that cannot be broken down. such as carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide are released
Pollutants can be divided into three main types: domestic, into the environment. These affect human health.
industrial and agricultural.
Dumping of industrial wastes is one of the prime factors
Domestic pollution contributing to soil pollution. Industrial wastes contain
large amounts of various chemicals which get accumulated
Domestic pollutants are everyday household wastes on the top layer of the soil, resulting in loss of fertility of
comprising of garbage and rubbish such as bottles, cans, the soil. Such loss of fertility ultimately results in changes
clothing, sewage that includes faeces, detergents and in the ecological balances of the environment due to
water from bathroom and kitchen pipes, disposables, food reduction in plant growth.
packaging, food scraps, newspapers and magazines and
yard trimmings that persons produce in their homes. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
Global warming is one of the most common and serious Air pollution
consequences of industrial pollution. The emission of
various greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane (CH4), Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the
among others from various industries, increases the atmosphere. Air pollution comes from both natural and
overall temperature of the earth, resulting in global man- made sources. Industrial pollution has significantly
warming. Global warming has various serious hazards, impacted on the air we breathe in. Industries produce
both on the environment as well as on human health. It pollutants such as sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon
results in melting of glaciers and snow-capped mountains, monoxides and carbon dioxide. Domestic fires are another
causing an increase of the water levels in seas and rivers, cause of air pollutant, it contains soot, ash and dust that
thereby increasing the chances of flood. Apart from this, pollute the atmosphere. The main industries that
global warming also has numerous health risks on contribute to air pollution in Jamaica are: bauxite\alumina,
humans, such as increase in diseases such as malaria, electricity and steam generation, cement and lime
dengue and cholera. manufacturing, chemical processing and petroleum
refining. The rapid growth of motor vehicle has
Agricultural pollution contributed to the quality of air we breathe in. Motor
vehicle exhaust produced from the burning of fossil fuel
contains pollutants such as hydrocarbons, oxides of
Agricultural pollution comprises of waste arising from
nitrogen, and lead that causes serious damage to the
farming activities. The main causes of agricultural
atmosphere. Air pollution may lead to serious respiratory
pollution are insecticides/pesticides, manure and
health problems.
fertilizers. When the rain falls, water will runoff from the
soil into rivers, lakes, ponds and underground water
Smog
sources of drinking water. The insecticides, fertilizer,
manure and ammonia that are present in the runoff water
This is an air pollutant consisting of a mixture of fog and
will release nitrogen in the rivers reducing the amount of
smoke that reduces visibility. Smog is produced by the
oxygen present which will result in the death of fishes and photochemical reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons
other marine life. Insecticides also cause air pollution and nitrogen oxides that have been released into the
leading to respiratory problems. atmosphere, especially by motor vehicle emission. Smog
is usually common in urban areas such as Kingston,
Land pollution especially during the hot, sunny days where it appears
as a haze. The high level of nitrogen oxides released in
Land pollution is the degradation of the earth’s land the air by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at high
surface by disposing solid waste, chemical and rubbish temperatures and the exhaust of fossil fuels, burning of
into the land and soil. Humans produce vast quantities of engines and other vehicles is the leading factor in the
solid waste products that must be disposed of. Haphazard formation of photochemical Smog. Smog can cause
disposal of household and industrial wastes, exploitation irritation to the eyes and lungs. Apart from motor vehicle
of minerals, improper use of soil, overcrowded landfills and emission other sources include paints, hairspray, liquid
improper agricultural practices are some of the factors that chemicals and plastic packaging. Major smog occurrences
cause land pollution. Urbanization and industrialization are often linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, high
are the major causes of land pollution. Air pollution also temperatures, sunshine and calm winds. Ozone, a toxic
affects land pollution, acid rain caused by air pollution gas that is not normally produced at lower atmospheric
comes down and soaks into the soil and pollutes the levels, is one of the primary pollutants created in this
underground water sources. Because all water leads to the kind of smog.
ocean, the polluted underground water will get into the
ocean and pollute it. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
Temperature inversion There are several problems that are associated with global
warming. With more heat trapped on Earth, the planet will
Air near the ground is normally warmer than the air above become warmer, which means the weather all over the
it. During the day, the sun warms the air near the earth’s Earth will change. For example, summers will get hotter,
surface. This warm air then expands and rises spreading and winters too. This may seem like a good idea, but the
pollutants higher into the atmosphere. When warm air conditions we are living in are perfect for life, and a large
settles above cold air the air close to the ground cannot rise in temperature could be terrible for us and for any
rise. This forms temperature inversion, which traps the other living thing on Earth.
pollutants. Temperature inversions are barrier layers in the
atmosphere. They obstruct the development of air Other effects of global warming are that some countries
currents, and as a result water vapour and dust condense may become drier while others wetter.
beneath them. This leads to the formation of layers of
haze, fog and clouds. Although some areas may be warmer some may be cooler.
There may be more storms and hurricanes some of which
Green House effect–(carbon dioxide pollution) may be severe. Higher temperatures will make the water
of the seas and oceans expand. This is mainly due to the
melting of the polar ice caps which flows into the sea
The greenhouse effect is a natural process by which some
causing the sea level to rise. This will cause flooding, loss
of the radiant heat from the sun is captured in the lower
of land and other climate changes. There may also be a
atmosphere of the earth’s surface, thus maintaining the
reduction in agricultural productivity which will lead to
temperature of the earth’s surface. The gases that help
food shortage and increased water shortage throughout
capture the heat are called “greenhouse gases”, they
the world.
include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen
oxide, ozone and a variety of manufactured chemicals.
Water pollution
Think of the large amount of carbon dioxide that has been
produced as a result of all human activities such as the Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely
burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas - releases affected due to the addition of large amounts of harmful
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Cutting down and pollutants to the water in concentrations that affects the
burning trees and rubbish also produce a lot of carbon quality of water. When the water is polluted it kills the
dioxide. The carbon dioxide and other gases make a marine life that lives in it.
blanket over the surface of the earth, trapping the heat.
Approximately seventy percent (70%) of the earth’s surface
These gases in the atmosphere stop some of the heat from is covered with water. Water is an important natural
escaping into space. The radiant heat from the sun can resource for people and the environment. Water pollution
pass through the layer of gases. This radiant heat is affects drinking water, rivers, lakes, seas, and ocean across
converted to heat energy, which cannot pass back through the world. When water is polluted, it poses serious threats
the layer; hence the heat remains trapped over the earth’s to human health and the natural environment.
surface. The more heat trapped the warmer the earth’s
surface. This is known as global warming. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
Polluted water can affect the food chain. Small organisms Allowing livestock to feed near water sources often results
will feed on the pollutants in the water, they will in organic waste products being washed into the
eventually be eaten by larger organisms such as a fish or waterways. This sudden introduction of organic material
lobster, if humans should consume any of these organisms, increases the amount of nitrogen in the water, and can
then they will come in contact indirectly with the also lead to eutrophication.
pollutant. By eating the poisoned seafood, people can get
hepatitis B. Dumping of pollutants into water also affects Eutrophication
the marine plants. The pollutants may work as fertilizer
because of the nutrients they contain making the plants Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies, such as
grow, as they grow, they need more and more oxygen that rivers, lakes and slow-moving streams receive excess
they have to share with other organisms that live there. nutrients caused by runoff of nutrients from animal waste,
fertilizers, soil erosion containing nutrients; and sewage
The main causes of water pollutants include domestic from land that stimulate excessive plant growth such as
household waste such as sewage that contains faeces, floating algae forming a ‘bloom’ and other plants such as
urine and laundry waste. Industrial waste also produces a
water hyacinth may have increased growth. This reduces
pollutant called asbestos that is carcinogenic and can
dissolved oxygen in the water. Death of submerged plants
cause asbestosis, lungs and liver cancer if inhaled.
due to low light level causes massive increase in bacterial
action. Because the bacteria may respire anaerobically this
Lead is another pollutant produced by industries that is
condition may kill many organisms. The main damage is
harmful to the health of animals including humans. Lead can
caused at nights when photosynthesis stops. Respiration
stop the action of many body enzymes. Oil from industries
of the plants continues and a high concentration of carbon
is also harmful, it does not dissolve in water; instead it forms
dioxide made by all the plants makes the water acidic. The
a thick layer on the water surface. This can stop marine
pollutant that is responsible for the outgrowth of algae is
plants receiving enough light for photosynthesis. It is also
mineral salts, mainly nitrates and phosphorus.
harmful for fish and marine birds.
Eutrophication is caused by the following, when farmers

Agricultural activities also cause water pollution. Farmers
apply fertilizer to their crops; this is washed from the soil
often use large amounts of herbicides and pesticides, both
into streams. The fertilizer and manure is a rich source of
of which are toxic pollutants. These substances are
all the minerals but the main ones are nitrates, ammonia
particularly dangerous to life in rivers, streams and lakes,
and phosphorus. The discharge of treated or untreated
where toxic substances can build up over a period of
sewage is decomposed by bacteria releasing mineral salts
time. Farmers also frequently use large amounts of
of all types, including nitrates and phosphates. The
chemical fertilizers that are washed into the waterways
detergent from sewage and industrial waste is a rich
and damage the water supply and the life within it.
source of phosphate which provides nutrients for plant
growth.
Fertilizers can increase the amounts of nitrates and
phosphates in the water, which can lead to the process of
eutrophication. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
POLLUTANTS SOURCES EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMANS
Internal combustion (e.g) car

Particles – smoke Lung cancer, heart disease, lung disease such
and truck engines, bush fires,
e.g soot and grit, as bronchitis, asthma attack and other
industry (factories), burning
dust, asbestos respiratory problems
wood and cigarette smoke
Motor vehicle exhaust and

When inhaled carbon monoxide enters the
burning of materials such as
bloodstream and disrupts the supply of
coal, oil and wood. It is also
Carbon monoxide oxygen to the body’s tissues. Forms
released from industrial
carboxyhaemoglobin preventing oxygen
processes and waste
uptake by blood
incineration
All forms of burning e.g. burning

Greenhouse effects, cause increasing
Carbon dioxide of fossil fuels, coal natural gas,
temperature
trees etc.
Burning of fossil fuel (coal, oil, Respiratory problems, asthma, bronchitis,

Sulphur dioxide
petrol, smelting of metals) reducing smog, forms acid rain
Formed by various complex

chemical reactions involving the Affects lining of the lungs, lining of the
combination of nitrogen respiratory tract, causes eye irritation, ozone
Ozone
dioxides hydrocarbons. Ozone is also damages plants, buildings and other
the main ingredient of materials.
photochemical smog.
Burning of fossil fuels, coal, fuel, Photochemical smog, damages plants, rubber,
Hydrocarbons natural gas), car exhaust, clothing, headache or nausea, may cause
industrial waste cancer
Electricity generation, lightning,

bushfires, exhaust fumes from Causes damage to the roots and leaves of
Oxides of nitrogen
motor vehicle, fertilizers, crops, causes smog and acid rain
cigarette smoke.
Affects the nervous system, toxic to humans,

Motor car exhaust, burning coal,
Lead causes retardation and learning disabilities in
and industries making metal ore
children, reduces intelligence, cause anaemia
Tar and smoke Cigarette smoke Lung cancer, heart diseases, bronchitis
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

POLLUTANTS SOURCES EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMANS
Pathogens present in sewage water can spread

numerous diseases such as typhoid and
cholera, stagnant water promotes the growth
of mosquitoes that may lead to malaria,
Faeces, urine, detergents
caused eutrophication in water, Toxic wastes
containing mineral salts
released into rivers are consumed by the
(nitrates and phosphates),
Sewage aquatic organisms. This enters into the food
construction of pit latrine near
chain which can badly affect the human
water sources, poor sanitation
health. The growth of the corals is inhibited by
practices
the toxins contained in the polluted water.
Sewage is decomposed by bacteria, which use
up oxygen in the water, so fish and other
organisms suffocate and die.
Causes outgrowth of plants in water leading to

Rain washes fertilizer from
Fertilizer eutrophication, deplete the oxygen supply in
farmlands into rivers and lakes
plants
Kills both good and bad organisms, that may

Used to kill mosquitoes
cause extinction of some natural and wanted
and other insects in the air,
Pesticides species, poisonous chemical may pass from
wash from farmlands,
one trophic level to the next in the food chain,
drift from crop spray
this may affect humans
Solid waste Left on beaches, dumped from Some are non-biodegradable, usually
(bottles, paper, ships and boats, blown into unsightly, can cause harm to sea animals,
plastics, cans water by wind, and washes into especially if they get caught in plastics or
and other litter) water by storm swallowed solid waste mistaken for food.
Spill by tanker or offshore oil At sea, oil forms a thick layer or slick,
rigs, illegally dumped when which can travel vast distances and end
Oil spill
tanks are cleaned at sea, poured on the shores, where it ruins beaches
into sewer for various reasons and kills sea life.
Cause various diseases such as cholera,

Pathogens Human sewage
typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery and cholera
Leroy Munroe is on staff of the Trench Town Polytechnic College ! Email: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com

PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 28
with
Tedmore Clarke
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ
Instructions: Attempt the following questions then check 6. Why is a trial balance prepared?
the answers at the end of the lesson. a) To test the arithmetical accuracy of the
double-entry postings
1. Which of the following BEST describes ‘double-entry’? b) To list real and personal accounts only
a) Each account must have two sides c) To ensure that there are no errors in the books
b) Each transaction must have two debit entries d) To ensure that the control accounts are correct
c) Each transaction must have a debit entry and a
credit entry 7. The process by which closing stock is determined at the
d) Each transaction must have two credit entries. end of a period is called
a) double-entry
2. The statement that gives the financial position of a
b) contra-entry
business is a
c) stock-taking
a) trial balance
b) trading account d) reconciling
c) profit and loss account
d) balance sheet 8. In the trial balance, discounts received should be shown as
a) a debit item
3. Which of the following should NOT be entered in the b) a credit item
Purchases Account? c) either a debit or a credit
a) Credit purchases of goods d) neither a debit nor a credit
b) Cash purchases of goods
c) Purchases of fixed assets 9. The balance in the discount allowed account is
d) Items bought for resale transferred to the
a) trading account
4. Which of the following transactions should be credited b) profit and loss account
to the cash account of a business? c) balance sheet
a) Receipts from customers d) two-column cash book
b) Additional capital introduced in cash
c) Goods sold for cash 10. Items of long life which are not bought specifically
d) Cash drawings by proprietor for resale are called
a) intangible assets
5. A list of account balances taken from the ledger as at a
b) fixed assets
particular date is called a
c) current assets
a) trial balance
d) stock
b) trading account
c) profit and loss account
d) balance sheet JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
11. Which of the following is NOT a fixed asset? 18. John purchased goods worth $2,000, less 20% trade
a) Motor Vehicle discount and 5% cash discount. He pays
b) Machinery a) $1,500 b) $1,520 c) $1,600 d) $1,900
c) Trade Debtor
d) Furniture 19. Depreciation may be seen as
a) the amount spent on buying fixed assets
12. Which of the following items should be included in b) the disposal value of fixed assets
the Trading Account?
c) the used-up portion of the cost of fixed assets
a) Drawings
d) the amount spent on repairing fixed assets
b) Carriage on Sales
c) Carriage on Purchases
d) Transportation Outwards 20. The two main methods for calculating depreciation
are
13. Which of the following are nominal accounts? a) Machine Hour and Depletion Unit
I Machinery II Rent III Fixtures IV Wages b) Revaluation and Straight Line
a) I and II only c) Depletion Unit and Reducing Balance
b) I and III only d) Straight Line and Reducing Balance
c) II and III only
d) II and IV only Questions 21-23 are based on the following information.
14. Real accounts are A motor van which costs $5,000 is to be depreciated at the
a) accounts of debtors and creditors rate of 20%, using the reducing balance method.
b) those that relate to tangible assets
c) those relating to personal and nominal 21. The accumulated depreciation after two years would be
accounts
a) $800
d) those that are included in the final accounts
b) $1,000
c) $1,800
15. When Gray receives a cheque for $50 from Brown,
Gray is known as the d) $2,000
a) banker b) drawer c) drawee d) payee
22. What is the remaining book value on the motor van
16. Where the cash book records the complete after two years?
double-entry for a transaction, this is called a) $4,200
a) reconciliation b) $4,000
b) single entry c) $3,200
c) original entry d) $3,000
d) contra entry
23. If the motor van should be sold for $3,500 after two
17. The entries needed to reflect the discount totals in years, then there would be
the general ledger are: a) a profit of $300
a) Debit Discounts Received; credit Discounts b) a loss of $300
Allowed c) a loss of $1,500
b) Debit Discounts Allowed; credit Discounts
d) neither a profit nor a loss
Received
c) Debit Discounts Allowed; credit Sales
d) Debit Purchases; credit Discounts Received JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
24. Working Capital is calculated as: Questions 30-32 are based on the following:
a) total assets less total liabilities a) banker’s order
b) total assets less current liabilities b) credit transfer
c) current assets plus current liabilities c) dishonoured cheque
d) current assets less current liabilities d) late lodgement
25. Where a business finds it impossible to collect a Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all.
debt, that debt should be
a) included in debtors 30. A deposit made by the firm which does not appear
b) treated as a discount allowed on the bank statement is termed ___________________
c) set-off
31. Where the proprietor instructs his bank to make
d) written off as bad
payments on his behalf, this is called _______________
26. The entries needed to write off a debt as

32. A cheque returned by the bank marked ‘Refer to
irrecoverable are
Drawer’ is called _____________________________________
a) debit debtor and credit sales
b) debit bank and credit debtor
33. Accrued wages should appear on the books of the
c) debit debtor and credit bad debts
firm as a
d) debit bad debts and credit debtor a) fixed asset
b) current asset
27. The bad debts account is closed by a transfer to the c) long-term liability
a) trial balance d) current liability
b) trading account
c) profit and loss account 34. Prepaid rates will be shown in the books of the firm
d) balance sheet as a
a) current asset
28. A provision for bad debts account is created b) current liability
a) to write off bad debts c) fixed asset
b) to account for debts which are likely to go bad d) long-term liability
c) when debtors pay promptly
d) when goods are sold for cash 35. Where a trial balance totals fail to agree, the
difference should be placed in a
29. At the end of each period, the balance on the a) control account
provision for bad debts account is b) suspense account
a) transferred to the trading account c) discounts received account
b) added to fixed assets in the balance sheet d) bad debts recovered account
c) added to debtors in the balance sheet
d) deducted from debtors on the balance sheet JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
36. A reduction in the catalogue price of goods is called a

ANSWERS
a) cash discount
b) rebate
c) bad debt 1. c 11. c 21. c 31. a
d) trade discount
2. d 12. c 22. c 32. c
37. Which of the following accounts does NOT have a
credit balance? 3. c 13. d 23. a 33. d
a) L. Jones (supplier)
b) Rent Received 4. d 14 b 24. d 34. a
c) Carriage Outwards
d) Bad debts Recovered 5. a 15. d 25. d 35. b
38. Carriage outwards relates to transportation cost 6. a 16. d 26. d 36. d

paid
a) on goods purchased 7. c 17. b 27. c 37. c
b) on goods sold
c) on fixed assets bought 8. b 18. b 28. b 38. b
d) on fixed assets sold
9. b 19. c 29. d 39. d
39. When an entry is made in the wrong account, but
within the correct class, such an error is called
10. b 20. d 30. d 40. b
a) error of principle
b) error of original entry
c) complete reversal of entries This represents the final lesson in this series.
d) error of commission
Thank you for having followed these lessons and good luck
40. Where an entry is made in the wrong class of in your exams.
account, this error is called
a) error of commission
b) error of principle Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics
c) error of original entry ! Email: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com
d) complete reversal of entries
LECTURE SERIES NOW

The most comprehensive collection AVAILABLE
♦ English Language
♦ Information Technology BUY
♦ Spanish YOUR
COPIES
• Kingston – 926-7655 • Ocho Rios – 795-3632 • Montego Bay – 979-2401 • Mandeville – 963-0515 T ODAY!

INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 28
with
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
EXAMINATION TIPS
EXAM DATES
DAY OF THE EXAM
May 28 – Paper 02 @ 1 pm (2½ hours) • Have your timetable ready and double check the time
of examination!
May 30 – Paper 01 @ 1 pm (1¼ hours) • Get up early enough so that you are not rushing as this
can lead to anxiety.
• Get enough rest the night before and have a healthy
meal.
• Leave home with enough time to arrive at least one
BEFORE THE EXAM hour before the start of the exam.
• At the exam centre avoid others who are anxious,
nervous and cramming at the last minute.
• Have enough study time – do not ‘cram’ last minute or
• Go to the toilet before the exam starts. Exams can be
stay up all night before an exam. Set up a study
quite long and there is no time to waste.
timetable and allocate the subjects based on exam
• As soon as you get the paper, write your name on the
times. Allot more time to your ‘weaker’ subjects.
exam paper.
• Read all the questions carefully before starting and
• Have a set and organized study space.
quickly plan how much time to allocate to each.
• Start answering the questions that you feel most
• Review previous tests done and practise from past
confident about. There is no need to answer the
papers.
questions in order.
• Do not spend more time than you planned on a
• Study groups work for some people. Work with persons
particular section/question or you might run out of
who are serious and willing to work!
time to answer other questions and gain those extra
marks! Also, leave any questions that you are unsure
• Prepare for the examination day – get all tools needed
about for the end.
for each paper. Pay attention to pencil and pen type.
• Do not be afraid to ask the examiner if you are not clear
Ensure that your ID, timetable, and uniform are all
on a question.
ready! Carefully read the instructions on the timetable.
• Use every minute of the exam and if you have time left,
Remember NO PHONES!
review your answers before handing in the paper.
• Get enough rest, eat healthy and drink lots of water
each day! JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
REMINDERS INFORMATION FROM CXC
FORMAT OF THE EXAMINATION PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATIONS
• Paper 1 – Duration: 1 hour and 15 minutes 1. Candidates should:

Paper 1 consists of sixty (60) multiple-choice items (i) visit the FREE online interactive portal for
drawn from all areas of the syllabus. students, www.notesmaster.com, to access
additional content on subjects. The content on
the portal is presented under discrete
• Paper 2 – Duration: 2 hours and 30 minutes headings for CSEC and CAPE syllabuses.
Part A consists of four (4) compulsory structured
2. Candidates must not:
questions drawn from all areas of the syllabus.
(i) practice responding to past CXC Multiple
Question 1 will be a practical or investigative-type
Choice question papers (usually Paper 01s);
question.
(ii) come into contact with “live” CXC question
Part B consists of two (2) compulsory essay-type
papers (examinations not yet administered)
questions.
either wittingly (intentionally) or unwittingly
(unintentionally).
• Paper 3/1 – School-Based Assessment (SBA)

The School-Based Assessment will evaluate the
achievement of students in practical skills in the TIME OF EXAMINATIONS
laboratory and field work. Students are required to keep
a laboratory notebook. 1. Candidates should read their individual timetables
carefully so that they would present themselves at the
NOTE: Your teacher will guide you through the correct time on the day of the examination.
practical activities. Ensure that you complete
all practical activities. They play a vital role in 2. The starting time for examinations in the morning session
your external examination marks. is 9:00 am and in the afternoon session is 1:00 pm.
3. Candidates are advised to report for examinations in

• Paper 3/2 – Alternative to the SBA (for private the morning session between 8:30 am and 8:45 am,
candidates only) and for afternoon examinations between 12:30 pm and
This paper will examine the same skills as those tested 12:45 pm, unless otherwise advised by the relevant
in Paper 3/1. The focus, therefore, will be on local examinations authority.
Experimental Skills and Use of Knowledge (Analysis and
Interpretation). This paper is a practical paper. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
CANDIDATES WHO ARRIVE LATE FOR EXAMINATIONS 3. Candidates attending a private or part-time institution
must produce the relevant proof of identity such as a
passport, national identification card, or a certified
1. Candidates who arrive late (after the start of the photograph issued by a local examinations authority. A
examination) may be admitted during the first 30 candidate may not be allowed to write an examination
minutes of an examination session. Candidates who if he/she does not have proof of identity.
arrive after the first 30 minutes of an examination, WILL
NOT be admitted to the examination. The candidates 4. A female candidate wearing facial attire, whether for
will be marked “Absent”. religious belief or custom, will be required to reveal her
identity to a female member of the invigilating staff.
2. Candidates who arrive after the start of an examination
The candidate may request to be taken to a private area
will not be allowed extra time to make up for the time
or separate room before the attire is removed. Once the
lost. The examination must end at the time prescribed
candidate’s identity has been established, she will be
on the time table.
allowed to replace the attire before commencing the
3. A candidate who presents himself/herself for an examination.
examination paper which has already taken place will
not be allowed to write the examination. 5. A candidate must not impersonate another candidate
or allow any person to impersonate him/her in the
RESOLVING CLASHES ON CANDIDATES’ TIMETABLES examination room.
DRESS CODE
1. The Ministry of Education (OEC) in each territory has the
authority to resolve timetable clashes. Where two
subjects offered by the Council clash on a candidate’s 1. School candidates should wear their school uniform.
time table, the candidate should immediately consult Non-school candidates must report for examinations
the Principal or Head of the examination centre at dressed moderately and smartly.
which he/she has been registered to ascertain whether
the clash could be resolved. MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT NOT PERMITTED
If the clash involves a subject of another awarding IN THE EXAMINATION ROOM
body, no special provision exists in the Council’s
Regulations to resolve it. Candidates are advised to 1. MOBILE TELEPHONES, iPods, MP3/4 players and other
consult the master timetables on the website electronic devices, whether in the “off” or “on” position.
(www.cxc.org) to avoid, if possible, registering for
subjects that clash on the timetable. 2. Calculators and dictionaries, unless specifically stated
that they are permitted for the subject paper.
IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATES
3. Books, notes, plain paper, bags, boxes of instruments
bearing data or any other article bearing data, blotting
1. The invigilating staff must satisfy themselves as to the
paper, graph paper or tracing paper.
identity of EACH candidate.
2. Candidates attending a school or full-time institution must: 4. Paper for rough work. Rough work should be written in
(i) present themselves to the examination room the answer booklets or on single sheets provided by the
in the school’s uniform; invigilating staff. Rough work for Multiple Choice
(ii) produce, if requested, the relevant proof of examinations should be written in the question booklet.
identity such as one issued by a local
examinations authority. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
5. Unauthorised material and equipment brought into the

CONDUCT AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION
examination room, whether the candidate intended to
use it or not, is an offence and subject to the 1. Candidates must:
appropriate penalties. (i) number the questions attempted at the front
cover of the answer booklet;
6. Candidates will not be permitted to borrow calculators (ii) ensure that all questions attempted are
from one another. numbered in the answer booklet;
(iii) ensure that all relevant details are completed
on the answer booklet/answer sheet;
(iv) tie any loose sheets/rough work to the
CONDUCT DURING THE EXAMINATION answer booklet;
(v) complete the Candidate’s Receipt (normally
1. Candidates must: found at the back of the answer booklets) and
(i) read and follow the instructions on the ensure that it is signed and returned to them
question paper and those given by the (the candidates) by a member of the
invigilating staff; invigilating staff on the handover of the
answer booklet or answer sheet;
(ii) write on the front cover of the answer (vi) store the Candidate’s Receipt in a safe place
booklets for essay-type question papers, their until the results for each subject have been
name, date of birth, gender, candidate received and any issues relating to queries or
number, centre code, centre name, year of reviews resolved;
examination, test code and Proficiency/Unit. (vii) place the Multiple Choice answer sheet at the
Only the candidate number and question front (on the top) of the Multiple Choice
number should be written on supplementary question booklet.
sheets (single sheets, graph paper, et cetera); 2. Candidates must not:
(iii) sign the answer sheet provided for Multiple (i) insert the answer sheet into the Multiple
Choice examinations; Choice question booklet;
(ii) remove from the examination room any
(iv) write their names in CAPITAL letters in the Multiple Choice question booklets;
designated area on the cover page of the (iii) copy the Multiple Choice question booklet or
Multiple Choice question booklet; parts thereof, nor reveal the contents of the
question booklet to anyone;
(v) start each answer to a question on a new
(iv) move from the examination room any
page. Parts of a question, for example, 2(a),
examination materials including mathematical
2(b), 2(c), may be written on the same page.
tables, used or unused answer booklets, single
If a supplementary sheet is used to complete
sheets, graph paper, tracing paper, et cetera;
the answer, it must be fastened with string (v) leave the examination room unless instructed
next to the answer in the answer booklet; by the invigilating staff to do so.
(vi) indicate to the invigilating staff by raising their I hope these examination tips help, for more please visit
hand if the question paper or answer booklet the CXC website at http://www.cxc.org/. Study well and
is defective or if they need supplementary pass those papers!
answer booklets/single sheets;
(vii) indicate to the invigilating staff by raising Marlene Grey-Tomlinson is on the staff of
their hand if they are ill or need to go to the Excelsior High School
! Email: mgrey.xlcr@gmail.com
washroom.

ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 28
with
Simone Gibbs
FINAL PREPARATION
Wow! We have come to the final lesson for this year. That means that the
examination is just a few days away. I hope that you feel that you are
knowledgeable about the prescribed texts and that you are confident about
doing well in the examination. If you are unsure about any of the texts, please
feel free to revisit some of my former lessons in order to familiarise yourself
with the course content.
Instead of concentrating on any ONE text or any ONE of the genres or section
of the examination, I will focus on ALL aspects of the examination. As such this
week’s lesson will take the form of a quiz.
Read the following questions and record your responses. After you have
answered the questions, check to see if you have responded to them correctly.
QUESTIONS
1. Will there be multiple choice options on the

examination this year?
2. Do I have to do an S.B.A. for English Literature if I am

sitting the English Language examination as well?
3. How many questions do I have to do on the essay

paper?
4. (a) What are the names of Ti-Jean’s two brothers in

Derek Walcott’s play Ti-Jean and His Brothers.
(b) What was each brother known for?
5. Is it true that instead of four questions in Section A

(drama) of Paper 02 there will only be two questions.
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page

JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
6. (a) W h y i s To m R o b i n s o n
considered to be a
m o c k i n g b i rd i n H a r p e r
Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird?
(b) What other character would
you say is also a mockingbird?
Why?
7. Identify ONE theme in William

Shakespeare’s The Tempest and
give an example of it.
1. Yes. Paper 01 of the examination will no longer require that you write short
8. List three similarities and three responses. Instead you will be required to answer sixty (60) multiple choice
differences between Lorna questions – twenty (20) from each genre. Remember that the material that
Goodison’s The Woman Speaks to will be used on this paper will not be from any of the prescribed texts.
the Man Who has Employed Her
Son and A Stone’s Throw by Elma 2. No. If you are doing English Language and English Literature you only need
Mitchell, found in A World of Poetry to do ONE S.B.A. for both. The grade that you get for the S.B.A. will apply to
for CXC edited by Mark McWatt and both subjects.
Hazel Simmons-McDonald.
3. You are required to do ONLY THREE questions on the essay paper – one on
9. Give the names of two stories drama, one on poetry and one on prose.
from A World of Prose for CSEC
which focus on the relationship 4. (a) The names of Ti-Jean’s brothers are Mi-Jean and Gros Jean.
(b) Mi-Jean was known for his intellect, while Gros Jean was known for his
between a girl and her
grandmother. physical strength.
10. In which of the short stories will 5. Yes. In former years there would be two questions on each of the plays:
you find the theme of racism? one written by William Shakespeare and the other written by a modern
playwright. This year there will only be ONE on each of the plays.
11. In Edwidge Danticat’s Breath, Eyes,
Memory Martine has repeated 6. (a) Tom Robinson is considered to be a ‘mockingbird’, because he is helpful
nightmares, what is the source of and only does good to those with whom he comes into contact, just
these nightmares? like mockingbirds.
(b) Arthur (Boo) Radley can also be seen as a kind of mockingbird. Although
12. What is the significance of the in his youth he was involved with a group of young men who had
cane fields in Breath, Eyes, created disturbances in Maycomb, in later years he was kind to Scout
Memory? and Jem. In fact if he had not come to their rescue that night when Bob
Ewell attacked them, the children might have been seriously hurt, or
13. How important is Calpurnia to Jem worse, killed.
and Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird?
7. One theme in The Tempest is Magic. Prospero uses magic to command the
14. What are some of the poems from elements to do what he desires. The storm, or tempest, which opens the
the prescribed list which highlight play and sets the events in motion, was conjured up by him.
a situation in which the persona is
impacted by his surroundings? JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
8. Three similarities between the 11. Martine is haunted by the fact that 13. Calpurnia is extremely important
two poems are (i) They both she was dragged into the cane to Scout and Jem. Since their
comment on how women are mother had died, she had played
fields one day while on her way
treated in society. (ii) In both the integral role of cook and
home, and raped by a masked housekeeper. Since their father
poems women are seen to be at a
man. Although the incident had worked as an attorney, he was
disadvantage. (iii) Both poems
occurred years ago, the memory of away from the home more often
contain Biblical Allusion and Irony
it was still so painful that it not than not. As a result, Calpurnia’s
Three differences that can be
presence caused the Finch
found in the poems are (i) The only gave her nightmares, but it
household to be orderly. Secondly,
context of A Stone’s Throw is prevented her from enjoying Calpurnia taught the children
that of pre-modern times while intimacy with other men. social graces. Throughout the
The Woman Speaks to the Man novel there are instances when
Who has Employed Her Son is set she corrects the children,
in modern times. (ii) In The especially Scout, and gives them
12. The cane fields are symbolic of a instructions about how to behave
Woman Speaks… there is a third
number of things in Breath, Eyes, in certain situations. Thirdly,
person narrator while there is a
first person narrative voice in A Memory. Although it provides the Calpurnia is important because
main source of income for the she allows the children to
Stone’s Throw. (iii) The man at
experience the reality of the black
the centre of events in The villagers, it is also a reminder of
people in Maycomb. Consequently
Woman Speaks… is selfish and the hardships they have endured they are able to form their own
unkind while the ‘guru’ in A because of it – via slavery and opinions of black people and are
Stone’s Throw goes out of his now back-breaking labour. not forced into accepting the
way to help and advise the prejudices that the society holds
Additionally, it is a painful
woman who has been caught in about them.
reminder to Martine of the time
the act of adultery.
and place where she was robbed 14. This list includes God’s Grandeur,
of her most precious asset – her South, Sonnet Composed Upon
9. The two stories which feature a virginity. It also represented pain Westminster Bridge, An African
girl’s relationship with her Thunderstorm, Birdshooting
and uncertainty for Sophie as her
Season, Test Match Sabina Park,
grandmother are To Da-duh, grandfather had died in the cane Dulce et Decorum Est and
in Memoriam and The Two fields and it was there that her Dreaming Black Boy.
Grandmothers.
mother was raped. This traumatic
experience had resulted in Sophie Those are my responses. How did you
do on the quiz? I hope you did well.
10. Racism can be found in Berry, being conceived. Sadly, however,
I pray also that you will do well on the
Blackout, To Da-duh, in Memoriam she never discovered who her upcoming examinations. I wish you all
and The Two Grandmothers. father was. the best.
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School

! Email: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
ERIES
LECT(3UrdREEditSion)
:
dy guides
CSEC stu anguage
s h L
Engli nology
on Tech
Informati
ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY!
NOW Online
THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, May 1, 2018 Page 38 www.jamaicaobserver.com
Online:
► Communication
Studies 39 – 43
► Caribbean
Studies 44 – 47
A 'FAIR' DAY
CLARENDON COLLEGE, CLARENDON: These young ladies flashed bright smiles
while at the school's annual Fair Day on April 27, 2018.
(PHOTO: GARFIELD ROBINSON)
LECTURE SERIES (3 rd
Edition)
The most comprehensive collection of CSEC study guides: NOW
English Language and Information Technology AVAILABLE
Available at JAMAICA OBSERVER LIMITED: • Kingston – 926-7655
• Ocho Rios – 795-3632 • Montego Bay – 979-2401 • Mandeville – 963-0515

COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 28
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan
EXAMINATION TIPS
Hi everyone. It is our final week of lessons for CAPE

Communication Studies and I hope you have benefited
greatly with supplementing your notes from your
teachers and concretizing concepts taught in class. For
this week’s lesson I will be giving you some tips for the
exam room to ensure that you use your time wisely as
well as maximize marks for your essay questions.
For today’s lesson I am going to look at a few multiple
Before we get into today’s lesson, let us take a look at choice questions on module 1 and then go into the
the answers for the questions I left with you last week. recommendations for the strategies you will employ in the
exam room.
Instructions: Read the scenario below and answer the

questions that follow for Items 1 – 5.
Items 1-3
Naomi, a Nursing student at the university, is researching
the increase in the use of bleaching creams by teens. She
1. D 2. A 3. A/B has prepared a questionnaire and is ready to begin
collecting her data. She decided to limit the distribution
I know you are thinking, why are there two answers for of questionnaires to her community.
item 3? Well, both these island are predominantly
English speaking islands but some of the natives speak 1. Select the BEST way in which the questionnaires
a Creole that has been influenced by French. In St. Croix, might be administered
however, you will also find a bit of Dutch influence and A. Face to face
so even speakers from islands in column 4 would not B. Community meeting
have much difficulty with natives of St. Croix. Please C. Emails
note that there will be no two answers in your exams D. Post Office
but this question was deliberate to get you to do a bit
of research. Did it work? JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
2. Which secondary source might prove MOST useful to 4. Select the MOST appropriate disadvantage of using
help Naomi with her research? questionnaires that would HINDER Naomi’s research
A. Diary A. Results will be based on type of questions
B. Encyclopeadia B. Questions cannot be explained
C. Journal article C. Large number of respondents possible
D. Newspaper article D. Low response rate
3. Which other method of data collection could Naomi 5. Which method of sampling would be MOST
use to conduct her research? appropriate for Naomi to use?
A. Experiments A. Simple random sampling
B. Observation B. Convenient sampling
C. Content Analysis C. Snowball sampling
D. Interviews D. Purposive sampling
KEEP CALM – IT’S ALL ABOUT STRATEGY
At this stage of preparation there are some things you • Record yourself. For those of you who are auditory
must understand. Do not panic. Easy for me to say, yes, learners use the voice recorder on your phones and
but try to relax. record your notes. You can listen to them on the go or
you can listen while you do something around the house.
• It is not too late to make a study time table. Use the
• Study with someone. I do not mean a clique of
date of your exams and give the time for the earliest
classmates who will chat and waste the time away.
exam a bit more time and then you can switch it
I am talking about a set of students who are like you
around as you get comfortable. and want to pass these exams.
• Buy some cue cards. Write summaries or points on • Use the syllabus and work with your friends to
cue cards so that as you travel you can have them ensure you cover all the topics. You are going to be
to read. They are small and so the cumbersome focusing on the specific objectives in the syllabus as
notebook should not be a bother if you are waiting you try to review all the topics.
on your parents, on a bus or at the barber or
hairdresser. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
The characteristics of Creole is another section to note as

there are going to be pointed questions in this regard. You
want to know that we use double negatives like saying,
“none a dem don’t want study wid me” or reduplication
such as saying, “dem beggy begyy” or “you just chatty
chatty suh”.
Remember there is also the different factors that influence

how we speak. Take for example the fact that some people
will speak more Standard English either because of
MODULE 3 - SPEAKING AND WRITING socio-economic background or education.
Did you forget about the language continuum? Good, I

When you are doing the listening do not forget to read the knew you would not. You cannot forget that aspect of the
questions before the invigilator begins to read. You are module.
doing this so as to know what you will be listening for and
prepare yourselves for the passage.
MODULE 1 – GATHERING AND PROCESSING INFORMATION
Do remember to review the literary devices and their
effectiveness as this forms a part of the questions for the
listening comprehension. This is where you did a lot of classes on research. If I am
not mistaken some of you even undertook your own
research. Well, as you are au fait with what is involved in
Try to ensure you know the process of communication and
research you will know how to respond to questions on
how it can be represented in a picture.
types of research and data collection methods right? That
is whether the research can be classified as quantitative,
After the process you need to review the context, types of qualitative or a combination of both. The data collection
communication as well as technology in communication. methods range from experiments to interviews but it does
Do not forget to pay attention to the audience you will be not stop there as you need to look at the advantages and
asked to prepare your response for as it will determine the disadvantages.
register you use and even the language variety.
You must also review writing summaries or how to use
the skill to write a main idea in 30 words or less.
MODULE 2 – LANGUAGE AND COMMUNITY You must also review the different types of discourse and
the different strategies and language techniques to be
used in each of the four types of discourse. As a reminder
For this module try to review the differences between
the different types of discourse are:
language and a language. You also want to make sure you
know the function of language and the different types of 3 Narrative
languages spoken in the Caribbean.
3 Descriptive
This is the module where you will utilize information 3 Expository
gained about the language analysis so do not forget to
review the elements. The elements include dialectal 3 Persuasive/Argumentative
variation, language registers, attitudes to language and
communicative behaviours (non-verbal communication). JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS
“We prefer to call this test

‘multiple choice,’
not ‘multiple ‘guess.’ ”
For this paper please do not go on a guessing spree. If you are uncertain about an answer try to eliminate the choices
that just absolutely cannot in any way shape or form be a possible answer. After you have done that then you try to
select from the two options that remain as plausible.
Please do not go in the exam thinking if you are in doubt you choose option C. Try to be strategic in your approach to
answering your questions.
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

ESSAY QUESTIONS
Believe it or not you will have no time to be doing any rewriting and then some more rewriting in the exam.
The picture above cannot be you at all. Now, how can you
MCQ ANSWERS
ensure you write a good essay? You must try to practice.
This is where you have to use a strategy to beat the time.
Time yourselves at home to write an essay in about 50 1. A, 2. C, 3. D, 4. B, 5. D
minutes. If you achieve it, then ensure you read over your
paper. Try to see if you can even do it in 45 minutes and if
you succeed then you should be fine for the exam. The
idea of the time did not come out of the air. You are going
to be given a paper for 2 ½ hours, If you do the calculation
you will realize that you have 50 minutes for each essay –
you cannot afford to waste time!
You must organize your essays properly. There is no way

you can have a three paragraphs essay and expect to get
20-24/25 and I know that is what you want. Try to have
a clear introduction, an effective conclusion and body
paragraphs that adequately discuss the question at
hand. You must include your transitional words and
phrases – both within the paragraphs and at the
beginning of the paragraphs.
I am glad you were able to join us in the Study Centre

week after week to gain requisite knowledge to help you
prepare for Communication Studies. It was my pleasure Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan is on the staff of
Queen’s High School for Girls
to have assisted you in the process and I wish you all the
! Email: perkins.pg@gmail.com
best in your exams.

CARIBBEAN
STUDIES Lesson 28
with
Debgeri Whitely
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MASS MEDIA
“Media are the sources used to transmit information. The word “mass” is usually used
before the word “media” because the information is not meant for just one person’s Caribbean Sea
consumption but for many people who can, and choose to, receive that information.
There are three main categorization of media; these are print (published
information), electronic (broadcasting media) and digital/technological.
Activity: With the aid of a table show at least four examples of each category of media.
CATEGORIZATIONS OF MEDIA
Print Published Information Electronic Broadcasting Media Digital/Technological
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
Provision of Information Those in the diaspora risk losing or diluting their

identity as they struggle to settle in a foreign land.
The media provides information at different levels, in Local media within the area concentrated by
many forms and for various purposes (educate, Caribbean People can provide Caribbean focus
exposure of deficiencies, advocacy of a point of view, content (news, music, etc.) Today we have found a
way to mend this problem. Caribbean programmes
promotion, and entertainment). All of this information
are now being broadcasted from the Caribbean itself
helps to fill a knowledge gap which, in turn, serves to
to diasporic communities.
empower those who receive the information and
enables them to make informed decisions based on it,
Promotion of Cultural Experience and Exchange
thus directly contributing to the advancement of
The media has served to facilitate the promotion of
human development.
various forms of culture, both within and outside the
region. Technological advances have helped to extend
the reach of information across the region and beyond.
Entertainment The media is a means that is used to showcase
diasporic Caribbean culture, as such, we are exposed to
Caribbean people are largely dependent on the media different forms of culture, both outside and across the
for entertainment – TV, Radio, Films, etc. Popular Caribbean. This exposure has helped us to foster an
culture is at its best here because entertainment covers acceptance of diversity and also cultivates a change in
a wide range of issues that affect people’s lives. our consumption patterns.
Entertainment has a role to play in human development
by promoting one’s well-being through relaxation and Responding to Cultural Imperialism
stress release. Entertainment can also be used for Cultural Imperialism – the culture of a large and
education, hence “edutainment. It can be an effective powerful country having a great influence on another,
way of communicating important messages such as less powerful country. Cultural Imperialism can involve
health, lifestyle, the environment, social behavior and forced acculturation or a voluntary acceptance of the
the economy, in an entertaining and relevant way. foreign culture. Based on the definition, there are two
schools of thought as to the response of the Caribbean
on Cultural Imperialism. They are those who say that it
affects our attitudes, perspectives, values, cultures and
Construction of national, regional beliefs and others who says it doesn’t.
and diasporic identity
Promotion of Defense of Rights and Citizens
Mass media provides a fundamental service in the Despite issues surrounding how much press freedom is
promotion of a national identity. Many leaders within actually enjoyed by the Caribbean media, commercial
the Caribbean have used mass media to develop a considerations and corporate or government influence,
strong cultural identity in the hopes of strengthening the media still has a significant role to play in the
a sense of pride and unity within the country. promotion and protection of people’s rights – political,
social and economic – and thus help to counter
Most Caribbean based mass media is country breaches of social justice that infringe people’s rights
based. Regional news providers (eg. CANA; CMC) and impede development.
have been established to provide a focus on news
at a regional level. JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
SOCIAL JUSTICE
3 Knowledge of competing concepts of social justice, for example, recognition of natural rights, welfare and mutual
advantage.
Social justice is the equal social and economic opportunities that are available to all citizens in a society irrespective
of class, colour or creed.
Activity: Use the following terms (natural rights, welfare and mutual advantage) to correctly match with the meanings
below. Additionally, state the impact each approach has on development.
THE IMPACT OF THE NATURAL

APPROACHES TO SOCIAL JUSTICE DEFINITIONS/MEANINGS RIGHTS, WELFARE AND MUTUAL
ADVANTAGE ON DEVELOPMENT
The distribution of resources

through social programmes
designed to aid vulnerable
groups to gain access to the
basic necessities needed to live
eg. food, shelter and clothing.
A concept which involves an

unwritten contract of
reciprocation between the state
and citizens seeking to gain
benefits from its welfare system.
Rights that are naturally

conferred at birth (eg. freedom
from discrimination) and which
are considered inalienable
because denying them can never
be justified.
3 Discrimination on the grounds of age, gender, ethnicity, race, class, and sexual orientation; police brutality.
Activity: Using visual aids, say how persons are discriminated on the areas highlighted above.
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

Independent Research: Do additional reading on the information presented in the visual aid above. This will help you
to understand how the indicators of development are affected by the breaches of social justice.
References: https://www.slideserve.com/haruki/social-justice
Debgeri Whitely is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

! Email: dwhitely@sthughshigh.org

Stud YCentre May1, 2018

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stud YCentre May1, 2018

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.jamaicaobserver.

► Human and Social Biology 21 – 26

WORTH EVERY BITE &

ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

WE WELCOME COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS ► CALL: 936-9458 OR 384-2810 ► EMAIL: BOOKPUBS@JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

Hello readers. In today’s lesson we will focus on

TAKING MULTIPLE CHOICE EXAMS

• “None of the above” is usually an incorrect response,

• Look for grammatical clues. If the stem ends with

• Look for verbal associations. A response that repeats

• Be sure that you have filled the appropriate bubbles

These tips are not just applicable to English A. They may

• Sentence completion • Practice vocabulary

• Foreign words JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

• Use word associations • Learn a word a day

• Play word games

• Test your vocabulary • The synonym

To make the right selection you must understand this

The superintendent’s remarks at the meeting were

Misconstrued means the words or actions of someone

LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

EXAMPLE 2 – Three sides are known, find one of the angles.

Find the angle at C, accurate to one decimal place.

Here we use a different version of the formula.

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

There is an alternative method, for the student strong in algebraic manipulation:

1. Two angles are known, and one side is known.

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

Side b can be found by using the SINE RULE a second time.

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

a) Indicate on the diagram the bearing 035° and the

Using bearing of C from A = 111°

substituting ! b 2 = 1202 + 802 – 2 x (120) x (80) x Cos 35

calculating ! b 2 = 14,400 + 6,400 – 19,200 Cos 35

d) To find angle A we use SINE RULE with side a, angle B

Enjoy your practice sessions.

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

5. The two major bodies of the ACS are:

11. All of the following are challenges facing the

Multiple Choice Items

1. B 5. C 9. A 13. B 17. C 21. D

Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

At the end of this lesson students should be able to:

WHAT IS POLLUTION? Industrial pollution

Eutrophication is caused by the following, when farmers

DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLLUTANTS

POLLUTANTS SOURCES EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMANS

Internal combustion (e.g) car

Motor vehicle exhaust and

All forms of burning e.g. burning

Burning of fossil fuel (coal, oil, Respiratory problems, asthma, bronchitis,

Formed by various complex

Electricity generation, lightning,

Affects the nervous system, toxic to humans,

JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page

POLLUTANTS SOURCES EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMANS