Slide Centrales R4a

LA PROTECTION DES CENTRALES ELECTRIQUES
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¾ GENERALITES SUR LES RESEAUX ELECTRIQUES
¾ LES REDUCTEURS DE MESURE
¾ LES GENERATEURS ELECTRIQUES
¾ LES TRANSFORMATEURS ELECTRIQUES
¾ LES MOTEURS ELECTRIQUES
¾ LE SOUTIRAGE
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¾ DESCRIPTION D’UN RESEAU ELECTRIQUE
¾ COMPOSANTES SYMETRIQUES
¾ NOMBRES COMPLEXES
¾ CALCUL DES COURANTS DE DEFAUT
¾ REGIME DE NEUTRE
¾ ROLE DES PROTECTIONS

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Centrale de production
Interconnexion Transport THT Répartition HT Distribution MT Utilisation BT

400 kV (THT) 220 kV 60 kV 20 kV 0.4 kV
Centrale
de production
Poste THT/THT Poste Source

400/220 kV 60/20 kV
Centrale de production
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Auxiliaires
Diésel
Transformateur
auxiliaire
Réseau
Transformateur
de démarrage
Transformateur
Transformateur
de soutirage
élévateur
Alternateur Evacuation
Transformateur
d’excitation
Autres générateurs
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L1 L2
Interconnexion
400 kV
JB1A JB1B
JB2A JB2B
JBTA JBTB
Transport
220 kV
< 200 km
L3 L4 6
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Arrivée
Production
Autonome
HT / MT
MT / BT
Autres Process
Utilisation
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Amplitude
90°
180° 0°
360° 0 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
270°
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Amplitude
90°
180° 0°
360° 0 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
270°
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Amplitude
90°
180° 0°
360° 0 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms
t
270°
10
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V3
V3
a
V1 V1
V2 V2
Réseau triphasé ou Réseau triphasé

EQUILIBRE DESEQUILIBRE
V1 = Vd + Vi + Vo
V2 = a²Vd + aVi + Vo
V3 = aVd + a²Vi + Vo 11
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aVd a²Vi
Vo Vo Vo
a
Vd Vi
a
a²Vd aVi
Système Système Système
DIRECT INVERSE HOMOPOLAIRE
3Vd = V1+aV2+a²V3 3Vi = V1+a²V2+aV3 3Vo = V1+V2+V3
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V3
V3
a²V3
a²V2 aV2
3Vd
aV3 V1
3Vi aV3
V2 V2
3Vd = V1 + aV2 + a²V3 3Vi = V1 + a²V2 + aV3

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¾Bien adaptées à la représentation des
grandeurs sinusoïdales
¾A éviter pour les transitoires oscillants ou

non.
¾En pratique, à bannir pour t < 20 ms
¾Pour les alternateurs: approximation des

résultats avec cette méthode + tolérance sur
les données. Simplification par X’d correcte,
car phénomènes à étudier entre 80 et 100 ms.
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X (Inductance L)
Coordonnées cartésiennes
b Z Z = a + jb
ϕ
-R j R
a
Coordonnées polaires
- X (Capacitance C) Z et ϕ
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Liaison = Câble + Ligne
X
X X
b Zc d d
Zl
Zl
Ze
R R
a c
b Zc
Zc = a + jb Zl = c + jd
R
a c
Ze = (a + c)
+ j(b + d)
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Liaison = Câble + Ligne
Ligne = Liaison - Câble
X X
X
-Zc
b d Zc
Ze R Ze
c Zl
Zc = c + jd
R R
a
Ze = a + jb Ze = (a - c) +
j(b - d) 17
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Sans équivalence physique mais nécessaire pour le
calcul: par exemple 2 liaisons en parallèle
Z1 Z2
Z1 * Z2
Ze =
Z1 + Z2
ou transposition étoile triangle

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Défaut triphasé
Zdam
U
U Vn
V Icctri = Zdam
U Icc
Un
Icctri =
√3*Zdam
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Défaut monophasé
Zdam Ziam Zoam
V
Icc
3 * Vn 3 * Vn
Icc = =
Zdam+Ziam+Zoam 2 * Zdam + Zoam
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Défaut biphasé (loin des sources)
Un
Iccbi = Zdam+Ziam
Zdam Ziam
Loin des sources
U Zdam = Ziam
Icc
Un
Iccbi = 2 * Zdam
√3 Icctri
Iccbi = 2 = 0.866Icctri
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Défaut biphasé (proche des sources)
Un
Iccbi = Zdam+Ziam
Zdam Ziam
Zdam = Ziam
U
Zdam=k* Ziam
Icc
Un
Iccbi =(k+1) * Ziam
k√3 Icctri
Iccbi = k+1
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Evolution du courant Icctri et Iccbi (proche des sources)
Icc
1,4
1,2
U/Ziam 1
0,8 Iccbi
0,6
Icctri
0,4
0,2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
K
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EN PRATIQUE SEULS LES CALCULS DE
DEFAUTS TRIPHASE ET MONOPHASE A LA
TERRE SONT EFFECTUES.
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METHODOLOGIE DE CALCUL DES COURANTS DE DEFAUTS
UN COURANT DE DEFAUT Id SE CALCULE SOUS LA FORME
Id = U (force électromotrice) / (impédance limitant le courant de défaut)
LA TENSION U SE CHOISIT ARBITRAIREMENT, MAIS :
LE COURANT Id CORRESPONDRA A CE NIVEAU DE TENSION DE CALCUL ET DEVRA

DONC ETRE RAMENE AU NIVEAU DE LA TENSION OU LE COURANT DE DEFAUT
SOUHAITE ETRE CONNU :
Id (tension désirée) = Id (tension de calcul) x (tension de calcul / tension désirée)
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METHODOLOGIE DE CALCUL DES COURANTS DE DEFAUTS
L’IMPEDANCE LIMITANT LE COURANT DE

DEFAUT EST L’IMPEDANCE TOTALE AMONT,
ELLE DEVRA ETRE CALCULEE A UNE TENSION
DE CALCUL UNIQUE.
TOUTES LES IMPEDANCES SONT RAMENEES A

LA TENSION DE CALCUL EN MULTIPLIANT LES
VALEURS D’IMPEDANCES DONNEES SOUS LE
NIVEAU D’UTILISATION PAR (TENSION DE
CALCUL / TENSION D’ UTILISATION)².
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Exemples de calcul d’un courant de défaut
Réseau 60 kV Transformateur Câble de 15 km Transformateur

60/20 kV 20/0.4 kV
Neutre des transformateurs
directement à la terre
It = 0.8 Icc
A B C D
Etoile/Etoile à la terre Etoile/Triangle
Pccmax = 1500 MVA Zd = 0.25 + j0.25 Ω/km
Sn = 5 MVA – Ucc = 10 % Sn = 1 MVA – Ucc = 5%
Pccmin = 500 MVA Zo = 0.3 + j0.1 Ω/km
Rtr/Xtr = 0.05s Rtr/Xtr = 0.3s
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DEFAUT EN A
Défauts triphasés Icc : Défauts monophasés It :
Calcul en 20 kV Calcul en 20 kV
Icc maxi (20 kV) = 43.30 kA It maxi (20 kV) = 34.64 kA
Icc mini (20 kV) = 14.43 kA It mini (20 kV) = 11.55 kA
Valeurs ramenées en 60 kV Valeurs ramenées en 60 kV

Icc mini (60 kV) = 4.81 kA Icc mini (60 kV) = 3.85 kA
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DEFAUT EN B
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DEFAUT EN C
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DEFAUT EN D
Défauts triphasés Icc :
Calcul en 20 kV
Icc maxi (20 kV) = 17.72 kA
Icc mini (20 kV) = 0.352 kA
Valeurs ramenées en 0.4 kV

Icc maxi (0.4 kV) = 17.72 kA
Icc mini (0.4 kV) = 17.62 kA
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Pourquoi calculer les Icc
(Scc) ?
¾Dimensionnement de l’appareillage
¾Réglage des protections
¾Exploitation
démarrage des moteurs
mise sous tension des bancs de condensateurs
analyses et remèdes des Perturbations
Phénomène
PERTURBATION =
Scc
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Lechoix d’un régime de neutre repose sur des
considérations techniques et économiques.
Il
doit apporter des réponses aux exigences de
qualité et de sécurité.
Ilconditionne pour de nombreuses années, le

fonctionnement du système électrique.
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Réseaux à neutre isolé
Réseaux à neutre direct à la terre
Réseaux à neutre impédant
Réseaux à neutre compensé
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Défaut monophasé
Zn
In 3ico
ico ico ico
Rm
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Schéma équivalent d’un
court-circuit monophasé (cas général)
3 Vn
Jdéfaut =
Zd + Zi + Zo + 3Rm
3Vo
Zd Zi Zo
3 Vn
Jd = 3Id =3Ii=3Io
3Rm
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Le facteur de mise à la terre
Zo
F=
Zd
Cet indicateur conditionne le comportement du

réseau pour un défaut à la terre.
Il permet de déterminer les règles de coordination

d'isolement en mode commun à 50Hz.
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Le facteur de mise à la terre et les
courants de défaut à la terre
Si Zo / Zd < 1
• le courant de défaut à la terre sera le plus important
sur un défaut biphasé à la terre.
– Pour Zh / Zd = 0,2 , Icc Tdéfaut bi= 1,5 Icc T défaut mono
Si Zo / Zd = 20
•IccT défaut bi = 0,537 IccTdéfaut mono
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Le facteur de mise à la terre et les
courants de défaut à la terre
A
20000
18000 Neutre direct à la terre Neutre impédant
16000
14000 Court-circuit biphasé
12000 avec la terre
10000
8000
Court-circuit
6000 monophasé
4000
2000
0
0 1 3 10 20 50 100
Facteur de mise à la terre
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Le facteur de mise à la terre et
les surtensions dynamiques
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V
20000
18000
Tensions phases-terre
16000
14000 V3
12000 V2
10000
V1
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 0,25 0,5 1 1,5 2 3 4 5 10 40 80 300 600 900
Impédance du neutre (Ω) 41
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SiZo / Zd < 1 le matériel peut être isolé en mode
commun pour la tension simple
Si Zo / Zd < 3 la surtension dynamique phase
terre n'excédera pas 1,386Vn. l'isolement du
matériel pourra être réduit.
Si Zo / Zd > 3 Le matériel devra isolé pour la
tension composée
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Le neutre isolé
Xco Xco Xco
3ico
ico ico ico
Rm
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Le neutre isolé
Zo > 1000
Zd
3Vo
Zd Zi
Xco
3 Vn
Jd = 3Id =3Ii=3Io
3Rm
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Le neutre isolé
Schéma simplifié
3Vo
Xco
3 Vn
Jd = 3Id =3Ii=3Io
3Rm
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Le neutre isolé
Utilisation: Recherche d’une bonne qualité de
service
Avantages
• le réseau peut être exploité à défaut maintenu sous

certaines conditions.
• Maîtrise des montées en potentiel des prises de terre

Inconvénients Zo / Zd >>3
• Les surtensions dynamiques sont maximales ,
• Ce type de réseau est le siège de défauts doubles

46
• Mauvaise sélectivité du plan de protection
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Le neutre direct à la terre
Utilisation:
• Réseaux rustiques
• Alimentation des charges monophasées

Avantages Zo / Zd < 3
• L’isolement en mode commun peut être réduit.
• Plan de protection trés sélectif pour les défauts francs.

Inconvénients
• Courants de défaut très importants et difficile à maîtriser.

47
• Investissements importants dans les circuits de terre.
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Charges déséquilibrées
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Le déplacement de point neutre
V3
In
A
,7
399
60
V
240
2 51
V
V
382 V
T V1
239 V
16,2 V 245 V
N
V
3 96
7V
A
18
,3
62
49
I2 V2
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Le déplacement de point neutre
V3-N
250
V1-N
240
230
220
210
200
190 Mesures effectuées le 8 Janvier 1995 au point P

V2-N
180 50
0h
2h
4h
8h
10h
12h
16h
18h
20h
22h
6h
14h
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In 3ico
ico ico ico
Rm
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Zo < 3
Zd
Zd Zi
3 Vn Vo Zot
Jd = 3Id =3Ii=3Io
3Rm
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Schéma simplifié pour Zo << Zd
Zd Zi
3 Vn
Jd = 3Id =3Ii=3Io
3Rm
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Le neutre impédant
Utilisation
• Choisi pour maîtriser les courants de défauts à la terre.

Avantages
• Qualité de service moyenne
• Montées en potentiel des prises de terre maîtrisées.

Inconvénient 3 < Zo / Zd < 1000
• Les surtensions dynamiques peuvent être importantes.
• Ce type de réseau est le siège de défauts doubles.
• Sélectivité du plan de protection assez complexe 54
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Le neutre impédant
3 < Zo < 1000
Zd
Zd Zi
Zot
3 Vn Vo Xco
3Zn
Jd = 3Id =3Ii=3Io
3Rm
55
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Le neutre impédant
Schéma simplifié
Zot
3 Vn Vo Xco
3Zn
Jd = 3Id =3Ii=3Io
3Rm
56
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Les matériels
R L
Réservé aux réseaux aériens

ou faiblement impédant57
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Les matériels
On choisira de préférence un dispositif

présentant une caractéristique résistive telle
que
1
Ro <
2Coω
Co = 3 x capacité par phase du circuit machine-transfo

58
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Les transformateurs de point neutre
A B C A B C
N BPN
Zigzag
59
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Les transformateurs de point neutre
V1
In
U2
9U2²
R= In.V
1
R
Le générateur homopolaire
60
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La bobine de
600 Ω
compensation R
x
61
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
ITR / INN
Zn PS
RpNM
62
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
ITN / ITN
Zn PS
RpN RM
63
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
ITS / ITS
Zn PS
Rp RpN RM
64
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
TNR / TNN
RpNM
65
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
TTN / TTN
RpN RM
66
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
TTS / TTS
Rp RN RM
67
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
- / ITR
Zn PS
RN RpM
68
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
- / INS
Zn PS
Rp RN
69
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
- / TTR
RN RpM
70
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C 13 - 100 / C 13 – 200
- / TNS
Rp RNM
71
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C 15 - 100
IT
Zn PS
RN RM
72
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C 15 - 100
TT
RN RM
73
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C 15 - 100
TNC
PEN
RN RM
74
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C 15 - 100
TNS
PE
RN RM
75
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C 15 - 100
COMBINAISON TNC TNS
ATTENTION TNC
TNC interdit en aval TNS
d’un TNS
PEN N
PE
RN RM RM RN
76
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Disjoncteur Capteur
Ligne
Déclenchement
RELAIS
Consignes
77
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Rôle
La protection doit, suite à l’apparition d’un défaut,

provoquer la mise hors tension de la plus petite
partie du réseau et le plus rapidement possible
78
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Qualités
SELECTIF
RAPIDE
FIABLE
FIDELE
PRECIS
INDEPENDANT DU RESEAU
STABLE
SENSIBLE
PEU CONSOMMATEUR
79
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Sélectivité
Elle consiste à n’éliminer que la partie du

réseau en défaut
en n’ouvrant que les disjoncteurs les plus
proches du défaut
80
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La Sélectivité Arrivée
Production
(suite)
Autonome
HT / MT
Ordre de blocage
I> I>
I> I>
I>
I>
I>
I> I>
I> I> I> I>

MT / BT
Autres Process
Utilisation
81
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¾ TRANSFORMATEUR DE POTENTIEL (TP)
¾ TRANSFORMATEUR DE COURANT (TI)
82
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Transformateur inductif de tension (TP)
HT Vp
N1 N2 Vs BT
N2
Vs = Vp *
N1
83
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Transformateur capacitif de tension (TCT)
HT
C1
20 kV Amortisseur
√3
C2 Vs
HF
Inductance
84
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TRANSFORMATEUR INDUCTIF
¾Avantage:
Erreur transitoire faible
¾ Inconvénients:
Impossibilité de couplage de réseau télécom

Coût élevé pour Un > 150 kV
85
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TRANSFORMATEUR CAPACITIF
¾Avantages:
Permet le couplage de réseaux télécom

Coût raisonnable pour Un > 150 kV
¾ Inconvénient:
Erreur transitoire importante
86
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T.P. POUR RELAIS DE PROTECTION
¾ Classe : 3P
¾ Erreur : +/- 3%
¾ Déphasage : +/- 120 minutes
VA nécessaire < Sn < 4 * VA nécessaire
Nota : La résistance de filerie au secondaire d’un TP intervient comme

un facteur d’erreur et non comme un facteur de consommation.
87
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Transformateur de courant (TC ou TI)
Ip N1 N2 Is
Ip N1 = Is N2
Ip N1
Is =
N2
88
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T.C. POUR RELAIS DE PROTECTION
¾ Type : 5P ou 10P
¾ Erreur à In: 1% (5P) - 3% (10P)
¾ Erreur à FLP: 5% (5P) ou 10% (10P)
¾ Induction de travail à Ual: 1.8 Tesla
5 P 10
Précision du transfo.: Facteur limite
1% à In – 5% à 10 In de précision
Transfo type
protection
89
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Exemple 1
TC de rapport 500 / 1 A, Rct = 2 Ω, Id = 14.5 kA alimentant un relais

ampèremétrique de résistance Rr = 0.01 Ω, filerie 2 x 50 m en 4².
Résistance de la filerie Rf = 2 x 0.05 x (20/4) = O.5 Ω
Tension limite de précision Ual nécessaire : 72.8 V
Puissance équivalente en classe 5 P 10 : 5.28 VA
Une puissance de 7.5 VA classe 5 P 10 est suffisante.
90
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Exemple 2
On dispose d’un TC 500 / 1 A de 5 VA classe 5 P 15, Rct = 2 Ω.
On veut vérifier que celui-ci est satisfaisant pour l’alimentation de
la protection de l’exemple 1, où la tension limite de précision Ual
nécessaire était de 74 V.
Calcul de la tension limite de précision Ual fournie par le TC :

 Sva  5 
Ual = Ins × Flp ×  + Rct  = 1 × 15 ×  + 2  = 105V
 Ins ²   1 ² 
La tension limite de précision fournie par le TC est supérieure

à la tension limite de précision nécessaire donc le TC 500 / 1 A
de 5 VA classe 5 P 15, Rct = 2 Ω convient.
91
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T.C. POUR PROTECTIONS RAPIDES
COEFFICIENT
COMPOSANTE De
APERIODIQUE SURDIMENSIONNEMENT
K (ou Ktf ou Ktd)
92
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T.C. 5P POUR PROTECTIONS RAPIDES
Sur réseau 50 Hz, Tp = 100 ms, TC de rapport 500 / 1 A, Rct = 2 Ω, Id = 14.5 kA

alimentant une protection rapide de résistance Rr = 0.1 Ω, temps maximum
d’acquisition tal = 25 ms, filerie 2 x 50 m en 4². On prendra un taux d’asymétrie
de 100 %.
¾Valeur de k = 7.9
¾Résistance de la filerie Rf = 2 x 0.05 x (20/4) = O.5 Ω
¾Tension limite de précision Ual nécessaire : 575 V
¾Puissance équivalente en classe 5 P 20 : 26.75 VA
Une puissance de 30 VA classe 5 P 20 est suffisante.
93
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T.C. 5P POUR PROTECTIONS RAPIDES
Si l’on souhaite surdimensionner le TC pour qu’il laisse

passer la composante apériodique, il faut :
¾ Utiliser au minimum des TI 5 P 20 – In = 1A
¾ Le TI ne doit alimenter que la protection rapide
¾ A la saturation après le premier de temps

de mesure
¾ Au flux rémanent 94
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Transformateur de courant (TC ou TI)
φ
φr Sans entrefer
Coupure 2e défaut T
Avec entrefer
φr T
Tal Td Tr
95
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Court-circuit sans saturation des TC
et sans asymétrie
t=0
U=Û
Icc primaire
Icc secondaire
96
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Court-circuit sans saturation des TC
et avec asymétrie
t=0
U=0
Icc primaire
Icc secondaire
97
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Court-circuit avec saturation des TC
et sans asymétrie
t=0
U=Û
Icc primaire
ø
Icc secondaire
98
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Court-circuit avec saturation des TC
et avec asymétrie
Icc primaire
Ø flux
Icc secondaire
99
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T.I. alimentant les protections rapides
REGIME COMPOSANTE
TRANSITOIRE APERIODIQUE
¾ Faculté ou non de la protection à fonctionner sur

des TI partiellement saturés.
¾ Temps d’acquisition des grandeurs.

100
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Facteur de dimensionnement
Ktf = Φ e+Φ al = Φ e +1
Φ al Φ al
Paramètres à prendre en considération
¾ Constante de temps Tp
¾ Constante de temps Ts (TPX – TPY – TPZ)
¾ Cosinus de la charge cos β 101
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Facteur de dimensionnement
  ω * Tp * Ts
Ktf =  

( ) 
 * e − t / Tp − e t / Ts * t %  + 1
  Tp − Ts  
Nota : Valable pour 1 passage du courant de défaut

t% = taux d’asymétrie
102
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Tension secondaire limite d’excitation
Ual = Kssc * Ktd * (Rct + Rb) * Isn
103
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T.I. alimentant les protections différentielles
2 paramètres importants
¾ Stabilité sur défaut extérieur
¾ Fonctionnement sur défaut interne violent
104
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Protection différentielle à haute impédance

Ia I’a ¾ Stabilité sur défaut extérieur
P1 P2 P2 P1
S1 S1
Rs = 50 Ohm env. pour 5A
Rs Rs = 250 Ohm env. pour 1A
Protection différentielle
longitudinale à haute Raisonnement en tension
impédance 105
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Icc
Tc1 Tc2
Rct1 Rw1 Rw2 Rct2

S1 S1
Rs TC saturé
Icc pas de fem
106
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Us > Ur = Icc * (Ins/Inp) * (Rct + Rw)
En général Us = 1.5 Ur
107
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¾ Fonctionnement sur défaut extérieur traversant
Ins  − tal / Tp 
Ual = Itr × × [ 1 − e ω Tp + 1] × (Rct + Rw + Rr )
Inp  
108
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Ual = 1.5 * [I>>] * (Ins/Inp) * (Rct + Rr + Rw)
109
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¾ MACHINES ASYNCHRONES
¾ MACHINES SYNCHRONES
¾ LES ALTERNATEURS
¾ PROTECTION DES ALTERNATEURS
¾ PROTECTION DES GENERATRICES ASYNCHRONES
110
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Utilisées pour les puissances Sn < 2 MVA
Stator
Vb - Vr = g ≠ 0
Vr
Rotor
B Vb
111
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Diagramme de Blondel
S’emploie pour les machines à pôles saillants
V XdI
δ
ϕ
I RI E = V + RI + j[XdI + (Xd-Xq)If]
112
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Utilisées pour les fortes puissances Sn > 2 MVA
Stator
Vr - Vb = g = 0
Vr
Rotor
B Vb
113
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Diagramme de Behn - Eschenburg
S’emploie pour les machines à pôles lisses
V XdI
δ
ϕ
I RI
E = V + RI + jXdI
114
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Variation du courant de défaut en fonction du temps
Id
E/X’’d
E/X’d
E/Xd
t
115
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MODE DE FONCTIONNEMENT
Asynchrone:
U 1/R
Moteur
I
1/X
Bloqué Marche à vide
Générateur 116
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MODE DE FONCTIONNEMENT
Synchrone: X
Moteur Générateur
Sur-excité Sur-excité R
X’d
Sous-excité Sous-excité
Moteur Générateur
Xd
117
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LE DIAGRAMME DE FONCTIONNEMENT DE LA MACHINES A POLES SAILLLANTS
P Limite
d’échauffement
du stator
P mécanique
Pn M
If
Limite
d’échauffement
Ic du rotor
ϕ
θ
Q
1/Xq 1/Xd O Qn
118
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LE DIAGRAMME DE FONCTIONNEMENT DE LA MACHINE A POLES LISSES
P Limite
d’échauffement
du stator
P mécanique
M
Pn
If
Limite
d’échauffement
Ic du rotor
ϕ
θ
Q
1/Xd O Qn
119
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Schéma équivalent dans le plan direct
X’’d T’’d
X’d T’d
E Xd
Icc
Xa Ta
Xa = X’’d
120
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Le courant de défaut en sortie d’un alternateur est
égal à la somme des courants vus dans le plan
direct
X’’d X’d Xd
0 à 60 ms Après 1 sec
60 à 100 ms
Utilisable pour les calculs Utilisable pour les calculs
simplifiés simplifiés
des protections rapides des protections temporisées
121
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Schéma équivalent dans le plan inverse
Xi
E
Icc
X’’d < Xi < X’d
122
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Défauts externes à la machine
¾Surcharge F49 – F26 θ
¾Déséquilibre F46
123
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Défauts externes ou internes à la machine
¾Maximum de courant F50/51 – F50/27 – F51V – F21
¾Variations de tension F27 – F59
¾Variations de fréquence F81
¾Surexcitation F24 – F59/81
124
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Défauts internes à la machine
¾Masse stator F64S

¾Masse rotor F64R
¾Minimum de courant d’excitation F37E
¾Retour de puissance F32
¾Défaut différentiel F87G – F87N
¾Défaut diodes tournantes F58
¾Défaut machines en parallèle F67 – F67N
125
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Protection contre les surcharges thermiques
F49 –F26
θ
θm θ = θm (1 – e-t/ι )
θι
θι = 0.632 θm
417 * Gθm
ι=
ι t P
126
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F49 –F26
F49 I²t 90 à 95% θm
Limite d’échauffement
F26 θ des conducteurs
ACTION : A définir par l’exploitant 127
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F49 –F26
Dans tous
les cas
Au choix de
L’Exploitant
128
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Protection contre les surintensités
F51 – F51V (F51/27) – F21
¾Quelle est la valeur du courant de court-circuit ?
¾Quelle est la valeur de la tension aux bornes de la machine ?
Choix de la protection
129
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F51 – F51V (F51/27) – F21
A B C
Xg Xtr Xl
130
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F51
t
Ts = T protection Aval + 0.3s
Ts Is = Icctri / 2
(2 = Coefficient de sécurité)
Is I
131
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F51V (F51/27)
0.8Un U2
U1
0.2Un
Is1 Is2 Is1 Is2

Is = Icctri / 2
Ts = T protection Aval + 0.3s 132
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F21
t
Zs = 2 * Znominal
Ts Ts = T protection Aval + 0.3s
Zs Z
133
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F51 – F51V (F51/27) – F21
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
134
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Protection contre les déséquilibres
F46
¾Coupure d’un conducteur

¾Discordance des pôles
DESEQUILIBRE
du disjoncteur
DE COURANT
¾Charges monophasées
¾Défaut dissymétrique
135
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F46
CHAMP STATORIQUE
DESEQUILIBRE COMPOSANTE
DANS LE SENS CONTRAIRE
DE COURANT INVERSE
DU ROTOR
ECHAUFFEMENT
ANORMAL COURANT ROTORIQUE
DES AMORTISSEURS A FREQUENCE DOUBLE
ET DU ROTOR
136
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F46
L’équation d’échauffement est de la forme :
I2 ²
θ ≡ *t
In
137
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F46
80 à 90 %
1I2s de I2n TC Ts de 5 à 6 s
Ts= Equation à temps inverse

80 à 90 %
2I2s avec une sécurité
de I2n TC de 10 à 20 %
138
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F46
Dans tous
les cas
Au choix de
L’Exploitant
139
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Protection contre le retour de puissance active
F32
¾Absence de vapeur
LE ROTOR
¾Absence d’eau à la turbine N’EST PLUS
ENTRAINE
¾Manque de carburant
140
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F32
LE ROTOR N’EST PLUS PUISSANCE ACTIVE

ENTRAINE PRELEVEE AU RESEAU
PROTECTION CONTRE
LE RETOUR DE LA MACHINE FONCTIONNE
PUISSANCE ACTIVE EN MOTEUR
141
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F32
Relais directionnel à maximum de courant watté
Ps = 50% des pertes
Ts = 1 à 10 s
142
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F32
Ir
Zone Zone de
de Is = Im cos ϕ Non
Ia
Fonctionnement
Fonctionnement
Im
143
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F32
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
144
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Protection à minimum de tension
F27
¾Anomalie régulateur U DIMINUTION

DE LA TENSION
EN SORTIE
¾Défaut réseau non éliminé MACHINE
145
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F27
F27 Us = 80 à 85 % Un
Ts = 1 à 2 sec
146
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F27
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
147
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Protection à maximum de tension
F59
¾Anomalie régulateur U
¾Tension réseau élevée AUGMENTATION
¾Survitesse à courant DE LA TENSION
d’excitation constant EN SORTIE
¾Couplage des TP sur MACHINE
défaut masse stator
148
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F59
F59 Us1 = 115 à 120 % Un

Ts1 = 1 à 2 sec
Us2 = 140 à 150 % Un

Ts2 = 0.1 sec
149
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F59
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
150
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Protection à maxi et mini de fréquence
F81
¾Anomalie régulateur
de vitesse VARIATION
DE
¾Surcharge du réseau FREQUENCE
151
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F81
F81> Fs = Fn + 1.5 à 2 Hz
Ts = 1 à 2 sec
F81< Fs = Fn – 1.5 à 1 Hz
Ts = 1 à 2 sec
152
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F81
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
153
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Protection de surexcitation
F24 (59/81)
L’induction d’une machine est égale à :
β=K E
F
L’induction est proportionnelle à la tension en sortie de machine
et inversement proportionnelle à la fréquence.
D’ou E/F donne une image de l’état

du circuit magnétique de la machine
154
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F24 (59/81)
t
K
t= + to
 v 
 − 1φ > P .U .
 Hz 
2.5 s
t2φ
to
0.5 s V/F (P.U.)

1φ> 2φ>
1.1 1.2 155
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F24 (59/81)
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
156
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Défaut masse stator
Stator
Xo négligeable devant
It Rt 3Rt = Vn / It
5A < It < 15 A 157
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Protection masse stator
F64S
Régime de neutre ?
G G G
I>>> U>>> I faible U faible
158
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F64S
Transformateur de neutre chargé au secondaire par une résistance.
Xd
R
Zp Zs Rt
159
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F64S
Résistance de mise à la terre.
Rt It = 10 A
160
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F64S
Is = 1A pour Vd = 10%
90 ou 95% du bobinage Is = 0.5A pour Vd = 5%

Rt 10 ou 5% de la tension
It
161
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F64S
Us = 10% pour 90% du bobinage
Us = 5% pour 95% du bobinage
Rt
162
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F64S
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
163
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F64S (100%)
Injection de tension BF
R Bf IBf -Ic
164
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F64S (100%)
Disparition de l’harmonique 3 de tension

Vn3 = 1 à 5% de Vn
Ou
E3
Vn3 = 0.6 à 0.65 E3
Zn Zb On choisit
Vn3 Vs3 = 70 % Vn3 env.
Soit
Vs3 = 0.4 E3
165
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F64S (100%)
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
166
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Protection perte d’excitation
F40
¾Défaillance du régulateur
d’excitation
RUPTURE DU
¾Ouverture du circuit
CHAMP
d’excitation
D’EXCITATION
¾Court-circuit du circuit
d’excitation
Nota : Une masse stator ne provoque pas de rupture de champ.

167
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F40
IL NE FAUT PAS CONFONDRE

RUPTURE DE CHAMP
ET
PERTE DE SYNCHRONISME
168
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Protection perte de synchronisme
F78
¾Défaillance de l’excitation
¾Apparition brusque
DECROCHAGE
d’une surcharge
DE LA
¾Elimination tardive d’un
MACHINE
défaut (réactif important)
Glissement
PERTE DE SYNCHRONISME du
rotor 169
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F45 F80 F76 F37
Les grandeurs d’excitation sont accessibles (If et Uf)

SHUNT
If < Uf >
If > ROTOR
Uf<
170
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F40
Les grandeurs d’excitation ne sont pas accessibles
X ABC
Lh : Limite haute du cercle
R Lb : Limite basse du cercle
A =CC de l’excitation à 100% charge
Lh
B=CC de l’excitation à 50% charge
C=CC de l’excitation à vide
Lb
171
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F40
Lh = X’du / 2 X’du = Réactance transitoire

longitudinale non saturé
Lb = Lh + Xdu Xdu = Réactance synchrone

longitudinale non saturé
Temporisation d’intégration (Ti) = 0.3 sec env.

Temporisation de fonctionnement Ts = 0.5 à 1 sec.
172
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Protection perte d’excitation (machine à pôles saillants)
F32Q
Le réglage du seuil
Limite de stabilité P
dépendant de la machine
de l’excitation se fera sur
0.9 Qo et α
Ts = 0.5 à 1sec
C Qo L 173
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Protection perte d’excitation (machine à pôles lisses)
F32Q
Le réglage du seuil
P dépendant de la machine
se fera sur
Limite de 0.9 Qo
stabilité de Ts = 0.5 à 1sec
l’excitation
α=90°
Q
C Qo L 174
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F45 F80 F76 F37 F40 F32Q
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
175
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Protection masse rotor
F64R
1er défaut 2e défaut
If
+ +
Excitation Rotor Excitation Rotor
- - If
176
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F64R
If
+ Rad
Excitation Rotor
-
G U < 24 Vcc
I>
177
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F64R
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
178
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Auxiliaires
G F87G G G
F87B F87
179
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F87G
Ia I’a Ia I’a
Stator Stator
P1 P2 P2 P1 P1 P2 P2 P1
Retenue Retenue
S1 S1 S1 S1
I> I>
Protection différentielle Protection différentielle

longitudinale à basse longitudinale à basse
impédance Impédance et à pourcentage
180
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F87G
Caractéristique à pourcentage
Id
30% Is = 5 à 10% In TC
Ts = instantané
10%
Is
0.5 2 7 Itr
Itr1 Itr2 Itr3 181
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F87G
Ia I’a
Stator
P1 P2 P2 P1
S1 S1
impédance 182
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F87G
Icc
Tc1 Stator Tc2
Rct1 Rw1 Rw2 Rct2

S1 S1
Rs TC saturé
Icc pas de fem
183
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F87G
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
184
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Protection différentielle homopolaire
F87N
1er montage. IA + IB + IC
P2 P1
S1
It Stator
P2 Rt Id Haute impédance
P1
185
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F87N
Ios = 2% In (TC)
2e montage. Ios < 0.2 It
IA + IB + IC TC apairés
P1 P2 P2 P1 Ts = instantané
S2 S1
It Stator
Rt Id Haute impédance
186
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F87N
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
187
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Défaut diodes tournantes
F58
Stator Rotor
d’excitation d’excitation Rotor Stator
Cont. Alt
Excitation de l’excitatrice Alternateur d’excitation Machine principale
Diodes tournantes
Vers la protection
188
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F58
Rotor
Stator et Rotor
de l’excitatrice
Ouverture d’une diode Valt/Vcc = 25%

Ts = 20 sec env.
Court-circuit d’une diode Valt/Vcc = 60%

Ts = 1 à 3 sec 189
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F58
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
190
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Protections directionnelles
F67 – F67N
G G
F67 – F67N
Is=20%In TC - Ios=10%It
Sens de TIs = 0.1 s – TIos=0.1 s F67 – F67N
fonctionnement
des protections
191
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F67 – F67N
G G
F67 – F67N
Is=20%In TC - Ios=10%It
Sens de TIs = 0.1 s – TIos=0.1 s F67 – F67N
fonctionnement
des protections
192
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F67 – F67N
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
193
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Protections
¾Masse stator F64S

¾Surintensité F50/51
¾Inversion de phases, succession de phases F47
¾Déséquilibre de courant F46
¾Minimum maximum de tension F27/F59
¾Variation de fréquence F81
¾Protection de découplage (cas EDF)
¾Protection des batteries de condensateurs 194
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Plan de protection
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
195
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¾ PRESENTATION
¾ TRANSFORMATEUR MONOPHASE
¾ AUTOTRANSFORMATEUR
¾ TRANSFORMATEUR TRIPHASE
¾ PROTECTION DES TRANSFORMATEURS
196
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Monophasé non saturé
Circuit magnétique
I1 I2
U1 n1 n2 U2
U2 n2 ϕ
η= =
U1 n1 Lignes d’induction
197
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Conservation de puissance
P = P1 = U1 I1 cos ϕ1 = P2 = U2 I2 cos ϕ2
Flux d’induction en fonction de I
Ni = (1 / µoµr) * (1/S) ϕ
198
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ϕ
Coefficient d’Hopkinson
KH = (ϕ + ϕd) / ϕ
I ϕ1
ϕd
Perméabilité relative
B µr tend vers 1
O 1.8 T
µr constant H ou Iµ
199
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Induction
V V
B= = K
NωS ω
200
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Schéma équivalent
Lfu Rs Ls
I1 Rp N1 N2 I2
Iµ
Rf Lµ Charge
201
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Détermination de l’impédance de fuite
Lfuω I1 = In
A
Ucc
202
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Exemple:
Transformateur 220 / 220 KV - Sn= 60 MVA

In # 157 A
Ucc = 22 KV A I2 = In = 157 A
22
Ucc = 220 = 0.1 = 10 %
203
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Autotransformateur monophasé
ϕ
U2 n2
η= =
U1 n1
N2 N1
P = P1 = U1 I1 cos ϕ1 =
P2 = U2 I2 cos ϕ2
I2 I1
V2
V1 204
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3 transformateurs monophasés
Up1 Us1
Transformateur
à flux libre
Up2 Us2
Up3 Us3
205
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Transformateur triphasé à 3 colonnes
Transformateur à flux forcé
Up2
Up1 Up3
Us1 Us3
Us2 206
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Transformateur à flux libre
Up2 Up3
Up1
Us1
Us2 Us3 207
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Transformateur à flux libre
Up1 Up2 Up3
Us1 Us2 Us3 208
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Transformateur triphasé
Schéma monophasé équivalent
Lfu Rs Ls
I1 Rp N1 N2 I2
Iµ
Rf Lµ Charge
209
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Les indices horaires
0
11 1
10 2 Couplage du transformateur
YNd11
9 3
8 4 0+10=11
0 6
7 5 4+2=3
6 4 10
8 2 8+6=7
210
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Décomposition vectorielle des courants
JA
IA
ja
-jb -jc
IB
jc
jb
-ja
JC IC JB
211
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Courant d’enclenchement – Inrush current
I
Ie
-t/τe
I(t) = Ie * e
T
Iev # Icc – Par contre Ie varie selon que l’enclenchement
se fasse au primaire ou au secondaire 212
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Courant d’enclenchement – Inrush current
L’harmonique de rang 2
Enclenchement de transformateur
au passage à zéro de la tension
Sans flux rémanent
1/4 de période
213
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L’harmonique de rang 3
I1
I2
I3
214
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D’ou l’impédance directe du transformateur:
U²n (KV)
Zdtr = Sn (MVA) * Ucc
Schéma équivalent:
E Zs Zdtr
Icc
Sans tenir compte de Zs avec Ucc = 10 %, en

appliquant Un au primaire, et le secondaire en
court-circuit on obtient:
In
Icc = Ucc = 1570 A
215
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Détermination de la tension de court-circuit
d’un transformateur
A partir du schéma direct:

Ucc = Tension à appliquer au primaire (en % de Un)
pour obtenir au secondaire en court-circuit une
intensité égale au courant nominal In.
Ucc ? A I = In
216
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Exemple:
Transformateur 220 / 220 KV - Sn= 60 MVA

In # 157 A
Ucc = 22 KV A I = In = 157 A
22
Ucc = 220 = 0.1 = 10 %
217
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Impédance inverse d’un transformateur:
Zitr = Zdtr
218
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Impédance homopolaire d’un transformateur:
¾Dépend du couplage du transformateur
¾Dépend de la réalisation (Nbr de colonnes, flux

libre, flux forcé).
¾Dépend du réseau (rebouclage des défauts à la

terre)
¾Impédance homopolaire non bidirectionnelle

(Zops différente de Zosp)
219
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Principaux couplages
YNd
Zotr = Zdtr Zotr = ∞
220
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YNyn
Zotr = ∞ (flux libre)

Réseau
Zotr = 10 Zdtr (flux forcé)
221
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YNyn
Zotr = Zdtr Réseau
222
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Protections
¾Surcharge thermique F49T - F26

¾Surintensité F50/51 – F50N/51N
¾Différentielle F87T
¾Différentielle homopolaire F87N
¾Surexcitation F24
¾Directionnelle F67 – F67N
¾Masse cuve F51C
223
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Schéma protection
F50/51 – F51N – F49T

F24
F26
F87T F51C
F51N
F67
F87REF 224
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F49 –F26
F50/51 – F49T
F24
F26
F87T F51C
F51N
F67
F87REF 225
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F49 –F26
θ
θm θ = θm (1 – e-t/ι )
θι
θι = 0.632 θm
417 * Gθm
ι=
ι t P
226
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F49 –F26
F49 I²t 90 à 95% θm
Limite d’échauffement
F26 θ des conducteurs
227
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F49 –F26
Dans tous
les cas
Au choix de
L’Exploitant
228
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F50/51 – F50N/51N
F50/51 – F49T
F24
F26
F87T F51C
F51N
F67
T protection aval
F87REF 229
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F50/51 – F50N/51N
F50
Is > 2*Ie
Is>2*Icc aval
2 = coefficient de sécurité
Ts = instantané
F87T
Icc aval
T protection aval 230
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F50/51 – F50N/51N
F51
Is = Icc aval /2
Ts = Tprotection aval + 0.3s
F87T
Icc aval
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F50/51 – F50N/51N
F51N
Ios = 10% In TC
Ts = 0.1 s
Icco
F87T
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F50/51 – F50N/51N
F51N
Ios = 10 à 20 % Icco
Ts = Tprotection aval + 0.3 s
F87T
Icco
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F50/51 – F50N/51N
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
234
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F87T
F50/51 – F49T
F24
F26
F87T F51C
F51N
F67
F87REF 235
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F87T
Caractéristique à pourcentage
Id
50%
Is = 20% In Tc 20%
(30 à 40 % avec régleur)
Ts = instantané
0.5 2.5 12 Itr
Itr1 Itr2 Itr3 236
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F87T
Principe de fonctionnement
Déclenchement
Amont Id
= Id > Is
Aval Amont - Aval
IdH2 &
IdH2
=
< H2
Amont H2 – Aval H2
IdH5
IdH5
=
< H5 237
Amont H5 – Aval H5
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F87T
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
238
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F87N – F87REF
F50/51 – F49T
F24
F26
F87T F51C
F51N
F67
F87REF 239
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F87N – F87REF
IA + IB + IC
P2 P1
S1
It
P2 Rt Id Haute impédance
P1
240
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F87N – F87REF
Ia I’a
P1 P2 P2 P1
S1 S1
impédance 241
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F87N – F87REF
Icc
Tc1 Tc2
Rct1 Rw1 Rw2 Rct2

S1 S1
Rs TC saturé
Icc pas de fem
242
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F87N – F87REF
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
243
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F24 (59/81)
F50/51 – F49T
F24
F26
F87T F51C
F51N
F67
F87REF 244
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F24 (59/81)
L’induction d’une machine est égale à :
B=K E
F
L’induction est proportionnelle à la tension en sortie de machine
et inversement proportionnelle à la fréquence.
D’ou E/F donne une image de l’état

du circuit magnétique de la machine
245
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F24 (59/81)
t
K
t= + to
 v 
 − 1φ > P .U .
 Hz 
2.5 s
Ts2φ
To
0.5 s V/F (P.U.)
1φ> 2φ>
1.16 1.25 246
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F24 (59/81)
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
247
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Protection directionnelle
F67 – F67N
D6
F51/51N F51/51N
D1 D2 G.H.
Défaut 2
Défaut 1
D3 D4
F67/67N F67/67N
248
D5 T protection aval
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F67 – F67N
F51 D6
Is=160%In
Ts= Tprotection F51N
aval + 0.3s Ios = 10%It
D1 Ts = 0.1s
D2 G.H.
T1 T2
Défaut 1
F67N
F67 D4 Ios=10%It
Is=20%In D3
Φ= 90°
Φ=90° Ts=0.1s
Ts=0.1s
249
D5 T protection aval
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F67 – F67N
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
250
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Protection masse cuve
F51C
F50/51 – F49T
F24
F26
F87T F51C
F51N
F67
F87REF 251
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Protection masse cuve
F51C
F51C
Ios primaire =100 A
Ts=0.1s
252
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Protection de masse cuve
F51C
Dans tous
ARRET
les cas
D’URGENCE
253
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Régulation de tension (90)
Tr -3 -2 -1 m +1+2 +3
Régleur en charge
TP - +
Régulateur
254
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Régulation de tension (90)
Fonctions associées à l’absence de défaut sur le réseau
¾ Minimum de U triphasée – (F27)
¾ Maximum de U triphasée – (F59)
¾ Maximum de I triphasé – (F51)
¾ Minimum de I triphasé – (F37)

255
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¾ PRESENTATION
¾ LES DEMARRAGES
¾ LE MOTEUR EN FONCTIONNEMENT
¾ PROTECTION DES MOTEURS
256
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Les données constructeurs
¾ Puissance nominale du moteur
¾ Tension d’utilisation
¾ Type de service
¾ Classe des isolants
¾ Surcharge permanente admissible
¾ Courant nominal
¾ Cosinus phi
¾ Rendement nominal
¾ Courant de démarrage
¾ Temps de démarrage
¾ Temps max rotor bloqué
¾ Nombre de démarrages à froid et à chaud
¾ Temps entre deux démarrages successifs à froid et à chaud
¾ Constante de temps thermique à l’échauffement et au refroidissement
¾ Temps max admissible en fonctionnement déséquilibré
257
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Les données du réseau d’alimentation
¾ Puissance de court-circuit maximale entre phases
¾ Puissance de court-circuit minimale entre phases
¾ Puissance de court-circuit maximale monophasée
¾ Puissance de court-circuit minimale monophasée
¾ Taux de déséquilibre en tension garanti
258
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Classement des moteurs
¾ Selon le niveau de tension de l’installation
¾ Selon la nature du moteur
259
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U < 400 V
¾ Sn théorique < 132 KW
¾ Sn pratique < 150 KW
MOTEURS ASYNCHRONES
260
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400 V < U < 20 KV
¾ 100 KW < Sn théorique < 2 MW
¾ Sn pratique < 3.5 MW
MOTEURS ASYNCHRONES
261
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400 V < U < 20 KV
¾ Sn théorique > 1.5 MW
¾ Sn pratique < 2 MW
MOTEURS SYNCHRONES
262
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Utilisation des moteurs
Les moteurs asynchrones à cage
¾ Service continu ou nombre de démarrages réduit

¾ Bonne adaptation aux atmosphères explosives
¾ Entraînement des machines à couples résistants paraboliques
¾ Pompes centrifugeuses
¾ Compresseurs
¾ Machines outils
¾ Ventilateurs
¾ Groupes convertisseurs
¾ Génératrices asynchrones
263
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Les moteurs asynchrones à rotor bobiné
¾ Démarrage à forte inertie

¾ Ventilateurs à grande inertie
¾ Démarrages fréquents
¾ Engins de levage
¾ Couple de décollage élevé
¾ Broyeurs
¾ Malaxeurs
¾ Transporteurs
¾ Génératrices asynchrones
264
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Les moteurs synchrones
¾ Nécessité d’une vitesse constante

¾ Compensateurs synchrones
¾ Unités importantes à vitesse lente
¾ Ventilateurs d’agglomération
¾ Compresseurs
¾ Soufflantes de hauts fourneaux
¾ Génératrices synchrones
265
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Types de démarrage
Démarrage direct
¾ Avantages:
Solution simple
¾ Inconvénients:
Fort courant d’appel
266
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Types de démarrage
Démarrage indirect
¾ Avantages:
Limitation du courant d’appel
Applicable à tous les moteurs
¾ Inconvénients:
Limitation du couple moteur
Sortie des 6 bornes du bobinage
Couplage de fonctionnement en triangle
Organe de commutation étoile triangle
267
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Types de démarrage
Démarrage à intensité contrôlée : Par réactances statoriques
¾ Avantages:
Ne consomme pas d’énergie active
¾ Inconvénients:

Nécessite des dispositifs de puissance
268
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Types de démarrage
Démarrage à intensité contrôlée : Par résistances statoriques
¾ Avantages:
Solution simple
¾ Inconvénients:

269
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Types de démarrage
Démarrage à intensité contrôlée : Par autotransformateur
¾ Avantages:
Ne consomme pas d’énergie active
Courant d’appel couple nominal en
adéquation
¾ Inconvénients:
270
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Types de démarrage
Démarrage à intensité contrôlée : Par résistances rotoriques
¾ Avantages:
Réduction du courant d’appel
Augmentation du couple moteur
Adaptation couple moteur / résistant
¾ Inconvénients:
271
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Types de démarrage
Démarrage à intensité contrôlée : Par variateur de vitesse
¾ Gradateur:
Action sur tension statorique
¾ Cascade hyposynchrone
Action sur courant rotorique
¾ Cycloconvertisseur
Action sur tension et fréquence statorique
¾ Redresseur-onduleur autonome
¾Redresseur-onduleur autopiloté
(moteur synchrone) 272
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Le démarrage
Schéma équivalent
Xs Rs Xr Rr(st)/gl
Un Im Zm
Is
Un
Is =
( Xs + Xr )2 + (Rs + Rr (st ) / gl )2
273
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Le démarrage
Mise sous tension
2π
N
dN
Tdém( s ) = J * *∫
60 o Cm − Cr
dU Sdém
=
Un Sam + Sdém
Pn 1 Idém
Sdém = * *
ηn cos ϕn In
274
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En fonctionnement
Echauffement
Φc
Rt Rf Schéma
Un Cu θ Cu Cf θ équivalent
Φc Rd
Un Cu+Cf θ Cu θ
275
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En fonctionnement
Echauffement
θ
θn
θι
ι t
-t/ι -t/ι
θ = θn (1 – e ) (I/In)² (1 – e )
2
θ = θ n * (1 − e )
− t / Te  I 
* 
 In  276
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En fonctionnement
Refroidissement
θ
θn
θι
ι t
-t/ι -t/ι
θ = θn* e (I/In)² *e
θ = θi * e − t / Tr *( I/In)² 277
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En fonctionnement
Echauffement dû à la composante inverse
Fréquence du courant rotorique (Fr) :
Fr = Fn * (2 – gl)
Glissement (gl):
gl=glissement=1−ωs−ωr
ωs
Moteur asynchrone: gl = 0.98

Moteur synchrone: gl = 0
278
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En fonctionnement
Moteur asynchrone: Fr = 99 Hz
Moteur synchrone: Fr = 100 Hz
PERTES PAR EFFET JOULE IMPORTANTES
279
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En fonctionnement
« Courant thermique »
Ie = Id ² + kIi ²
Coefficient de « survalorisation »
2
 Zi 
k =   / 10
 Zn 
280
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Moteur asynchrone
Participation du moteur au courant de défaut triphasé

¾ Valeur crête de Icc à 10 ms
Icrête =
In * 2
Zdroblo
(
* e −0.01 / Ta + e −0.01 / Tp )
¾ Valeur apériodique de Icc à 60 ms
In * 2
Iapé = * e −0.06 / Ta
Zdroblo
¾ Valeur efficace symétrique de Icc à 60 ms
In
Ieff = * e −0.06 / Tp
Zdroblo 281
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Moteur synchrone
Participation du moteur au courant de défaut triphasé

¾ Valeur crête de Icc à 10 ms
 1 1  −0.01 / T ''d  1 1  −0.01 / T 'd  1  −0.01 / Ta 1 

Icrête = In * 2 *   − *e + − *e + *e + 
 X ''d X 'd   X ' d Xs   X ''d  Xs 
¾ Valeur apériodique de Icc à 60 ms

In * 2 −0.06 / Ta
Iapé = *e
X ''d
¾ Valeur efficace symétrique de Icc à 60 ms
 1 1  −0.06 / T ''d  1 1  −0.06 / T 'd  1  
Ieff = In *   − *e + − *e +   
 X ''d X 'd   X ' d Xs   Xs   282
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Protection des moteurs
F49 – F46 – F50/51

F64 – F48 – F51LR
F27 – F27d – F59
F66 – F37
F81
F23
283
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Protection thermique
t
F49
Ie = Id ² + kIi ²
n²
t = Te * Logn
n² − s ²
Ib I
F23
Sondes Pt, CU, Ni
ou varistances
Mesure directe
de la température 284
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Protection contre les déséquilibres de courant
F46
Iis = 0.2 In F47
Ts = 2s Inversion de phases
285
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Protection contre les courts-circuits
F50/51
Is = 1.5 à 1.7 Idém
Ts = 0.1 s
F87M
Is = 10 à 20% In TC
ts = instantanée
286
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Protection contre les défauts d’isolement
F50N/51N – F64
Ios = 10% In TC
Ts = 0.1 s
287
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It
F50N/51N – F64
Ios = 10 % In TC
Ios < 50% It
Ts = 0.1 s
288
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Iods = ? 3*Vn*Cos*ω
Iodd=3*Vn*Cod*ω
F51N - F67N
Si Ios>2Iodd alors F51N ou F67N
Si Ios<2Iodd alors F67N impératif Iods
Ios <0.5 Iodsmini Iodd
Ts = 0.1 s
Cos
Cod
Iodsmini = (courant capacitif minimum du minimum de moteur pouvant rester en 289

service) – (courant capacitif du départ supposé en défaut)
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T amont
F50N/51N
Ios = 5 % In TC
Ios < 10 à 20% It
Ts = Tamont + 0.3 s
F64
Ios = 10 à 20% It
Ts = instantané
It
290
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Protection contre les démarrages trop long
F48
Is = 2 In
ts = 1.3 * Tdém
291
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Protection contre les rotors bloqués : Troblo > Tdém
F51LR
Tdém < Ts < Troblo
292
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Protection contre les rotors bloqués : Troblo < Tdém
¾Fonction tachymétrique
¾Contrôle logique
293
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Fonction tachymétrique
F51 F49
Is = 2In Is = 2In
Ts = 1.3*Tdem Constante temps Te
& &
Non Non
rotation rotation
294
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Contrôle logique
F51 + F27 F21

Zs = Un / 2 Is
F51 Ts = 0.5 s
Is = 2 In
Ts = 0.5 s
F27
Us = 0.8 Un
Ts = 0.5 s
295
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Protection contre les marches à vide
F37
Is = (Ivide + Imini)/2 F37
Ts = 5 à 10sec Ps< = 0.25 Sn
cos ϕ = 0.5
Ts = 5 à 10sec
296
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Protections complémentaires pour les moteurs de forte puissance
F27-1: Us = 0.75 à 0.8 Un F81U: Fs = 48 à 48.5 Hz

Ts = 3s ou plus Ts = 4s ou plus
F27-2: Us = 0.2 à 0.25 Un F81O: Fs = 51.5 à 52 Hz
Ts = 0.1 s Ts = 4s
F27d: Us = 0.75 à 0.8 Un
Ts = 2s ou plus
F59d: Us = 1.1 à 1.15 Un
Ts = 3s ou plus
297
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Protections supplémentaires pour les moteurs synchrones
F78: Etude particulière

F40: 0.5 X’d et 1.2 Xs
Ts= env 2 s
90% -> Q (30% Sn)
Ts = env 2 s
F32: P = 1% à 5% Pn
Ts = 0.15 s
F64R: Is = 1 à 3 kOhm
Ts = 4s
F55: Cos ϕ = 0.8 (AR)
Cos ϕ = 0.95 (AV)
Ts = 2 s
298
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¾ PRESENTATION
¾ PROTECTION DES AUXILIAIRES
299
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Définition
Les auxiliaires de centrale sont tous

les périphériques nécessaires
au bon fonctionnement
de l’alternateur et de son transformateur
C’EST A DIRE…
300
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…
Le matériel nécessaire au démarrage de la centrale:

Le transformateur de démarrage
Le groupe de démarrage
Le matériel nécessaire au fonctionnement de la centrale:

Le transformateur de soutirage
Le transformateur d’excitation
301
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Ces auxiliaires devront permettre l’alimentation de:
¾ L’éclairage
¾ L’air comprimé
¾ La ventilation
¾ Moteurs
¾ Redresseurs
¾ Etc…
302
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Protection des transformateurs de démarrage et
de soutirage
F50/51
F50N/51N
F49 F95 F26
HTA / BT
303
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Protection du groupe de démarrage
Inférieur ou égal à 3 MVA
Protections nécessaires Protections conseillées

F64S – F50/51 F87G – F46
F59 – F32 F26
304
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Protection du groupe de démarrage
de 3 MVA à 10 MVA
G
Protections nécessaires
F87G – F46 – F26 Protections conseillées
F64S – F50/51 F87GT – F50/51V
F59 – F32 F21 – F40 – F 64R
F81
305
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Schéma type
Auxiliaires
Diésel
Transformateur
auxiliaire
Réseau
Transformateur
de démarrage
Transformateur
Transformateur
de soutirage
élévateur
Alternateur Evacuation
Transformateur
d’excitation
Autres générateurs
306
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Protection des liaisons
Liaisons en antenne
F51 – F51N
Départs
307
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Liaisons en boucle ouverte
D1: facultatif – Ouvert ou fermé
Si D2 ouvert, alors D3 fermé
D1 Si D3 ouvert, alors D2 fermé
D2 D3
F51 – F51N F51 – F51N
D4
308
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Liaisons en boucle fermée
D1: facultatif – Ouvert ou fermé

D2, D4, D3, D5 fermés
D1
D2 D3
D4 D5
D6
309
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D1
D2 D3
F51 – F51N F51 – F51N
F67 – F67N F67 – F67N

D4 D5
D6
310
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Protections directionnelles de terre

Réseau à neutre isolé
Départs sains
3Ico
Départs en défaut
311
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Protections différentielles
D1
D2 D3
F51 – F51N F87 F87 F51 – F51N
Fils pilotes Fils pilotes
F51 – F51N F87 F87 F51 – F51N

D4 D5
D6
312
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Montage à somme dissymétrique
A
nCt
nBt Grandeur à comparer

nAt
313
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Fils pilotes – Montage à circulation de courant
Antagoniste Antagoniste
Moteur Moteur
TC TC
Sommateur Sommateur
314
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Fils pilotes – Equilibre de tension
Moteur Moteur
R Antagoniste Antagoniste R
TC TC
Sommateur Sommateur
315
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Protections ampèremétriques
Principe de sélectivité à temps constant
D3 D2 D1
316
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Principe de sélectivité à temps dépendant
I
Icc3
Icc2
Icc1
T
t3 t2 t1 317
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Principe de sélectivité à temps dépendant
I
Icc3 = 2 = 1
T
t3 t2 t1 318
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LA PROTECTION DES CENTRALES ELECTRIQUES

¾ CALCUL DES COURANTS DE DEFAUT

¾ ROLE DES PROTECTIONS

Interconnexion Transport THT Répartition HT Distribution MT Utilisation BT

Poste THT/THT Poste Source

Réseau triphasé ou Réseau triphasé

3Vd = V1+aV2+a²V3 3Vi = V1+a²V2+aV3 3Vo = V1+V2+V3

3Vd = V1 + aV2 + a²V3 3Vi = V1 + a²V2 + aV3

¾A éviter pour les transitoires oscillants ou

¾En pratique, à bannir pour t < 20 ms

¾Pour les alternateurs: approximation des

ou transposition étoile triangle

Zdam Ziam Zoam

UN COURANT DE DEFAUT Id SE CALCULE SOUS LA FORME

Id = U (force électromotrice) / (impédance limitant le courant de défaut)

LA TENSION U SE CHOISIT ARBITRAIREMENT, MAIS :

LE COURANT Id CORRESPONDRA A CE NIVEAU DE TENSION DE CALCUL ET DEVRA

Id (tension désirée) = Id (tension de calcul) x (tension de calcul / tension désirée)

L’IMPEDANCE LIMITANT LE COURANT DE

TOUTES LES IMPEDANCES SONT RAMENEES A

Réseau 60 kV Transformateur Câble de 15 km Transformateur

Défauts triphasés Icc : Défauts monophasés It :

Valeurs ramenées en 60 kV Valeurs ramenées en 60 kV

Défauts triphasés Icc : Défauts monophasés It :

Défauts triphasés Icc : Défauts monophasés It :

Défauts triphasés Icc :

Valeurs ramenées en 0.4 kV

 Ilconditionne pour de nombreuses années, le

Cet indicateur conditionne le comportement du

 Il permet de déterminer les règles de coordination

Xco Xco Xco

• le réseau peut être exploité à défaut maintenu sous

• Maîtrise des montées en potentiel des prises de terre

• Ce type de réseau est le siège de défauts doubles

• Alimentation des charges monophasées

• Plan de protection trés sélectif pour les défauts francs.

• Courants de défaut très importants et difficile à maîtriser.

190 Mesures effectuées le 8 Janvier 1995 au point P

• Choisi pour maîtriser les courants de défauts à la terre.

• Qualité de service moyenne

• Montées en potentiel des prises de terre maîtrisées.

• Ce type de réseau est le siège de défauts doubles.

• Sélectivité du plan de protection assez complexe 54

Réservé aux réseaux aériens

On choisira de préférence un dispositif

Co = 3 x capacité par phase du circuit machine-transfo

La protection doit, suite à l’apparition d’un défaut,

Elle consiste à n’éliminer que la partie du

I> I> I> I>

¾ TRANSFORMATEUR DE COURANT (TI)

Erreur transitoire faible

Impossibilité de couplage de réseau télécom

Permet le couplage de réseaux télécom

Erreur transitoire importante

VA nécessaire < Sn < 4 * VA nécessaire

Nota : La résistance de filerie au secondaire d’un TP intervient comme

TC de rapport 500 / 1 A, Rct = 2 Ω, Id = 14.5 kA alimentant un relais

Résistance de la filerie Rf = 2 x 0.05 x (20/4) = O.5 Ω

Tension limite de précision Ual nécessaire : 72.8 V

Puissance équivalente en classe 5 P 10 : 5.28 VA

Une puissance de 7.5 VA classe 5 P 10 est suffisante.

Calcul de la tension limite de précision Ual fournie par le TC :

La tension limite de précision fournie par le TC est supérieure

Ilconditionne pour de nombreuses années, le

Cet indicateur conditionne le comportement du

Il permet de déterminer les règles de coordination