- Used for the relief of pain carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, milk of - Type and degree of pain determines type of magnesia, magnesium trisilicate analgesic 4. ANTHELMINTICS - Mild (Acute pain of headache) – - Rid the body of worm infestations from aspirin, acetaminophen or gastrointestinal tract dextropropoxyphene - Drug therapy is limited because of the - Severe (Dental surgery or trauma) – toxicity of the drug more potent narcotics starting with - Examples: Pyvinium pamoate, piperazine codeine, oxycodone then citrate, diethylcarbamazine citrate meperidine, morphine. 5. ANTIANGINALS - Excruciating chronic pain (arthritis - Relieve chest pain associated with increased or cancer) – frequent administration oxygen demand by heart muscle due to of potent narcotics physical exertion - Cancer – morphine intravenous - Examples: Both decrease oxygen demand by infusion the heart and subsequently relieve chest 2. ANESTHETICS pain - Relieve pain by interfering with nerve - Vasodilators transmission Nitroglycerin, isosorbide - General anesthetics dinitrate, pentaerythritol - Depressing cerebral nerves that - Beta-adgernic blocking agents – carry sensory pain signals to the decrease heart rate brain Propranolol, nadolol, - Cause loss of pain and consciousness labetalol (surgical procedures) 6. ANTICHOLINERGICS - Gases or volatile liquids - Inhibit cholinergic nerves – gastrointestinal administered by inhalation hypersecretions and motility - Flammable, caution advised - Used as gastrointestinal antispasmodics - Examples: Halothane and ether - Examples: Propantheline, belladonna - Local anesthetics alkaloids, adiphenine, dicyclomine - Can be used for local nerve block in 7. ANTICOAGULANTS relieving pain for dental extractions - Inhibit clotting mechanism - Many are topical for the skin and - Clot can serve as physical barriers which can mucous membrane cause stroke or heart attack - Examples: Lidocaine (cardiac membrane - Used also as prophylaxis to prevent possible depressant to treat cardiac arrhythmia), clotting during hemodialysis and surgery procaine, cocaine - Examples: Heparin, warfarin 3. ANTACIDS 8. ANTICONVULSANTS - Relieve gastric hyperacidity and pain - Used for depressed brain nerve firing to associated with duodenal or gastric ulcers control convulsive seizures in epilepsy - Lower HCl content of stomach by - Prevent or reduce convulsions, in neutralizing or buffering, reduce acid electroshock therapy, brain damage and irritation ingestion of poison - Permits ulcer site to heal - Examples: Phenytoin, trimethadione, - diazepam - 9. ANTIDIARRHEALS - Nerve-ending blocker: Reserpine, - Decrease gastrointestinal activity, absorb methyldopa, guanethidine toxins and replace bacterial flora - CNs blockers: Clonidine - Examples: Opium tincture (paregoric), - Vasodilators: Hydralazine, prazocin loperamide, diphenoxylate, kaolin-pectin - ACE inhibitor: Captopril, enalapril tincture (vasotec) - Lactobacillus acidolphilus – bacterial culture 13. ANTI-INEFECTIVES and SULFONAMIDES used to replace bacterial flora of lower GI - Natural or synthetic agents that inhibit tract, frequently depressed during antibiotic growth (bacteriostatic) or destroy therapy (ampicillin) causing diarrhea (bacteriocidal) microorganisms 10. ANTIEMETICS - Examples: - Block brain centers associated with vomiting - Topical: Bacitracin, neomycin, like phenothiazines polymixin - Examples: Prochlorperazine, - Systemical: Penicillin, chlorpromazine, thiethylperazine, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, trimethobenzamide tetracyclines, erythromycin, - Metochlopramide - antagonist to emetic sulfonamides effecr of anticancer drugs; used before and - Disinfectant: Alcohol, acetic acid, after treatment boric acid, iodine, hydrogen - Meclizine, cyclizine – prevent emesis from peroxide, merbromine motion sickness (mercurochrome), thimerosol, 11. ANTIHISTAMINES gentian violet, zinc oxide, - Antagonize the pathological effects of hexachlorophene, benzalkonium histamine releases as a consequence of chloride various disease states (allergy, hayfever, 14. ANTINEOPLASTICS colds, asthma, etc.) - Cellular toxins which destroy rapidly - Examples: Diphenhysramine multiplying cells associated with cancer chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, - They also destroy normal cells in the body promethazine, tripelennamine (rapidly growing) resulting in gastrointestinal - Drowsiness is aleading side effect ulcer or blood dyscrasias - Terfenadine – little to no drowsiness side - Examples: Cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, effect cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil 12. ANTIHYPERTENSIVES - Stimulates chemoreceptor trigger zone – - Lowers blood pressure in the following ways: antiemetic drugs (asprochlorperazine or - Reducing vascular volume using metoclopramide) precede antineoplastics diuretics 15. ANTITUSSIVES - Relaxing blood vessels using - Depress the CNS cough trigger vasodilators - Belong to narcotic category of drugs - Inhibiting sympathetic nervous - Examples: Codeine, hydrocodone, system (hyperactive) – using nerve dextromethorphan ending blocking agents - +antihistaminic cough prep: Glyceryl - Inhibit renal mechanism for blood guaiacolate with codeine elevation – angiotensin-converting 16. ANTIVIRALS enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - Newest drug used for viral infections like - Examples: Herpes simplex, Group A influenza and - Diuretics: Thiazides HIV/AIDS - Beta-adgernic: Propranolol - Examples: - Acyclovir (Zovirax) – Herpes simplex - Amantadine (Symmetrel) – Group A 23. HORMONES influenza - Organic compounds produced - Zidovudine (AZT) – HIV/AIDS endogenously by the endocrine glands 17. BRONCHODILATORS - Supplemented in form of drugs in cases of - Or anti-asthmatics relax bronchial smooth deficiency states, secondary disease or muscles which dilate airways constricted in surgery of gland pulmonary disease state - Pituitary hormones: regulate release of - Permits normal respiratory air breathing glandular hormones; called releasing factors - Examples: Epinephrine, isoproterenol, - Growth hormones: regulate growth pseudoepinephrine, theophylline - Thyroid hormones: regulate activity of all 18. CARDIAC STIMULANTS and DEPRESSANTS body cells - For cardiac depression - Cardiac stimulants: - FSH (follicle stimulating) & LH (luteinizing): Epinephrine, isoproterenol control sexual growth and development - For heart failure: digoxin - ACTH (corticotropin) – regulate - Overexcitability: Quinidine, procainamide, corticosteroid release from adrenal glands propranolol (influences blood pressure and reaction to 19. DECONGESTANTS environmental stress) - Vasoconstrictors – cause shrinking of - Posterior pituitary – Vasopressin: maintain mucous membranes, permits improved air blood pressure in shock transit (nasal and other passages) - Pancreatic hormones – Insulin: replace - Examples: Pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, deficiencies seen in diabetes mellitus phenylephrine, disopyramide - Ovarian hormones – Estrogen and - Also used in cold medication progesterone: replace lack of substances - Not used in patients with hypertension during menopause and dysfunction 20. DIGESTANTS - Male androgens: prevent negative nitrogen - Promote digestion of food in gastrointestinal balance in debilitating disease; promote tract normal sexual function; treat osteoporosis - Gastrointestinal replacement products for and inoperable breast cancer normal digestion substances - Adrenal cortical hormones – Hydrocortisone - Examples: HCl, bile acids, pancreatin, pepsin, and cortisone: anti-inflammatory; regulate diastase water balance with non-epi and epi; - Simethicone – in conjunction with these maintain blood pressure products to alleviate trapped gas (flatulence) 24. HYPNOTICS and SEDATIVES 21. DIURETICS - Drugs used to produce and maintain sleep - Increase output of urine to reduce edema - Useful for treatment of sleep disturbances fluid accumulation like insomnia - Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, - Used also in lower doses as anticonvulsants ethacrynic acid, bumetanide, to treat epilepsy spironolactone, acetazolamide - Examples: 22. EMETICS - Barbituates: Secobarbital, - Induce vomiting pentobarbital, phenobarbital - Eliminate poisonous substances that have - Benzodiazepine sleep-producing been ingested drugs: Flurazepam, temazepam, - Most popular: ipecac syrup – orally then triazolam induce vomiting in half an hour - Danger: Habituation; undesirable effect with - Injection: apomorphine – less used abrupt withdrawal 25. LAXATIVES and CATHARTICS - Examples: B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, - Promote defecation in patients who are niacin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, folic constipated or unable to empty GI tract of acid, biotin) Vit C, E, A, D and K waste materials - Different mechanisms stimulating peristalsis: - Irritating GI tract - Retaining water in the bowel - Forming bulk - Lubricating bowel - Reducing surface tension of fecal material - Examples: Castor oil, prunes, magnesium salts, phenolphthalein, psyllium seed, mineral oil, dioctylsodiumsulfosuccinate, senna 26. TRANQUILIZERS - Produce sense pf detach calmness without depression of mental faculties or clouding of consciousness - Treatment of mental and emotional disorders - Also used for secondary problems such as emotional distress or agitation due to surgery or cancer - Examples: phenothiazines (chloropromazine, trifluoperazine, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate) 27. MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS A. Diagnosic aids - Used to determine specific disease states - Histamine – diagnosis of achlorhydia - Barium sulfate – oral; fluoroscopically identify GI tract lesion or ulcer - Sodium diatrizoate radiopaque dye – angiography of the brain and heart; urographically for urinary tract to visualize vascular insufficiency or aneurysm B. Radioisotopes - Identify and treat certain tumors - Examples: radioactive isotopes of iodine, phosphate, gold, cobalt and sodium C. Vitamins - Organic catalysts that are required daily by the human body in small amounts for proper functioning of certain enzyme system that mediate chemical reactions of cells and maintain body tissues