Tail Design:

The primary function of the tail section is

1. Trim (longitudinal and directional)
2. Stability (longitudinal and directional)

Design Requirements:

1. Control (longitudinal and directional) Trim

2. Stability
3. Control
4. Reproducibility
5. Operational safety
6. Cost
7. Equipment’s

Design Steps:
Step 1:
Tail Configuration:

“Conventional Tail” was selected on the basis of figure of merit of conceptual design phase.
Step 2:
Horizontal Tail Location:
Tail location is behind the fuselage.
Step 3:
Horizontal Tail Volume coefficient:
From table 6.4, page 303, Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach by Mohammad
Sadraey.

We assume horizontal tail volume coefficient for our aircraft is 0.7 and vertical tail volume
coefficient is 0.04.

As we have taken all previous values for fighter aircraft we’ll take the value of fighter aircraft in this
case too.

𝐶𝐻𝑇 = 0.7
 𝐶𝑉𝑇=0.04

Step 4:

Determination of Tail Arm:

For aft mounted engine the tail arm is usually 45%-50% of the total fuselage length.
From fuselage design we get,
Length of fuselage, L= 5 ft.

𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 48% 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 = 48 × 5 = 2.4 ft

Step 5:
Horizontal Tail Planform Area:
We know,

𝐿𝐻𝑇 × 𝑆𝐻𝑇
𝐶𝐻𝑇 =
𝑆 𝑤 × 𝐶𝑤
0.7 = (2.4 × 𝑆 ) /4.95 ×1

𝑆𝐻𝑇 = 1.44 ft2

Step 6:

Wing/Fuselage Aerodynamic Pitching:

From equation (6.26) of Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach by Mohammad Sadraey,
page 275 we get,

𝐴𝑅 × 𝑠 2(Λ)
𝐶𝑚𝑜_ = 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑓 + 0.01 𝛼𝑓
𝐴𝑅 + 2 cos (Λ)

= − 0.07 ×(5 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ^2(0))/ 5 × 2 cos(0))+ 0.01 × (−1.5)

= − 0.05

𝐶𝑚𝑜_ = − 0.05
Step 7:

Cruise Lift Coefficient:

From Wing design,

𝐶𝐿𝑐 = 0.364
0.04Step 8:

Horizontal Tail Design Lift Coefficient:

−𝐶𝑚𝑜𝑤 + 𝐶𝐿 (ℎ − ℎ𝑜)
𝐶𝐿ℎ =
𝜂ℎ × 𝑉𝐻
05 ×0.1694 (−0.013−0.25)
= = − 0.06188
.9 ×0.04
Step 9:

Horizontal Tail Airfoil:

The following conditions must be met by the horizontal tail airfoil:

1. It must be symmetric
2. It must be thinner than the airfoil

Step 10:

Sweep Angle and Dihedral Angle:

Selecting sweep angle as 10o and dihedral angle as 3o ..

Step 11:

Determination of the lift curve of the horizontal tail:

For NASA SC (2) -0404 airfoil 𝐶𝑙𝛼−ℎ = 6.7

𝐶𝑙𝛼−ℎ 6.7
𝐶𝐿𝛼−ℎ = 1 + 𝐶𝑙𝛼−ℎ = 1 + 6.7= 6.01
𝜋 × 𝐴𝑅𝑤 3.14×18.6
Step 12:

Determination of Horizontal Tail AOA:

CLh
𝛼ℎ = CLα−h = (− 0.06188/6.01) = −0.0103= −0.590𝑜
Step 13:

Determination of Downwash angle:

𝑜 = (2 ×𝐶𝐿𝑤 )/π×AR

= 2×0.364/(3.14×5) = 0.046
Now,

𝛿 ∑𝐶𝐿𝛼−𝑤
=
𝛿𝛼 𝜋 × 𝐴𝑅