04 Rotating Equipment

Rotating Equipment:
Pumps, Compressors, &

Turbines/Expanders
Chapters 2 & 9
Topics
Fundamentals Equipment
▪ Starting relationships ▪ Pumps
• Thermodynamic relationships • Centrifugal pumps
• Bernoulli’s equation • Reciprocating pumps
▪ Simplifications • Gear pumps
• Pumps – constant density ▪ Compressors
compression • Centrifugal compressors
• Compressors – reversible ideal gas • Reciprocating compressors
compression
• Screw compressors
▪ Use of PH & TS diagrams
• Axial compressors
▪ Multistaging
▪ Turbines & expanders
Efficiencies • Expanders for NGL recovery
▪ Adiabatic/isentropic vs. mechanical • Gas turbines for power production
▪ Polytropic o What is “heat rate”?
Updated: January 4, 2019

2
Copyright © 2019 John Jechura (jjechura@mines.edu)
Fundamentals

Review of Thermodynamic Principals
1st Law of Thermodynamics – Energy is conserved
▪ (Change in system’s energy) = (Rate of heat added) – (Rate of work performed)
Ê = Q − W
▪ Major energy contributions
• Kinetic energy – related to velocity of system
• Potential energy – related to positon in a “field” (e.g., gravity)
• Internal energy – related to system’s temperature
o Internal energy, U, convenient for systems at constant volume & batch systems
2
u g
Eˆ = Uˆ + + h
2gc gc
o Enthalpy, H = U+PV, convenient for systems at constant pressure & flowing systems
2
u g
Eˆ = Hˆ + + h
2gc gc

4
Review of Thermodynamic Principals
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
▪ In a cyclic process entropy will either stay the same (reversible process) or
will increase
Relationship between work & heat
▪ All work can be converted to heat, but…
▪ Not all heat can be converted to work

5
Common Paths for Heat and Work
Isothermal constant temperature ΔT = 0
Isobaric constant pressure ΔP = 0
Isochoric constant volume ΔV = 0
Isenthalpic constant enthalpy ΔH = 0
Adiabatic no heat transferred Q=0
Isentropic no increase in entropy ΔS = 0
(ideal reversible)

6
1st Law for steady state flow
Equation 1.19a (ΔH  ΔU for flowing systems)
u 2
g
Hˆ + + z = Q − W
2gc gc
For adiabatic, steady-state, ideal (reversible) flow (using WS as positive value)
u 2
g
Wˆ s = Hˆ + + z
2gc gc
P2
 u 2
g
=  V dP +
ˆ + z
P1
2g c gc
P2 P2
dP
Wˆ s   Vˆ dP = 
P1 P1

▪ The work required is inversely proportional to the mass density

7
Thermodynamics of Compression
Work depends on path – commonly assume adiabatic or
polytropic compression
Calculations done with:
▪ PH diagram for ΔH
P2
Ws =  VdP = H
P1
▪ Evaluate integral using equation of state
• Simplest gas EOS is the ideal gas law
• Simplest liquid EOS is to assume incompressible (i.e., constant density
with respect to pressure)
P2 P
dP 1 2 P −P
Ws =  =  dP = 2 1
P1
  P1 

8
Liquid vs. Vapor/Gas Compression
Can compress
liquids with little
temperature
change
ΔH for gas compression much

larger than for liquid pumping
GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

9
Mechanical Energy Balance
Differential form of Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow (energy per unit mass)
d ( u2 )
2
+ g dz +
dP

( )
+ d ( wˆ s ) + g d hˆf = 0
▪ Frictional loss term is positive

▪ Work term for energy out of fluid – negative for pump or compressor
If density is constant then the integral is straight forward – pumps
 ( u2 ) P
+ g z + + wˆ s + g hˆf = 0
2 
If density is not constant then you need a pathway for the pressure-density
relationship – compressors
 ( u2 )  dP 
P2
+ g z +    + wˆ s + g hˆf = 0
2 P1 
 
10
Pump equations
Pumping requirement expressed in terms of power, i.e., energy per unit time
Hydraulic horsepower – power delivered to the fluid
▪ Over entire system
  ( u2 ) P 
Whhp = m ( −wˆ s ) = ( V )  + g z + + g hˆf 
 2  
( )
= V ( P ) + ( V ) ( g z ) + ( V ) g hˆf + ( V ) ( u2 )
1
2
▪ Just across the pump, in terms of pressure differential or head:
Whhp = V ( P ) or Whhp = V gH
Brake horsepower – power delivered to the pump itself

Whhp
Wbhp =
pump
11
Pump equations for specific U.S. customary
units
U.S. customary units usually used are gpm, psi, and hp
 in3 
231 gal 
 gal   lbf   
Whhp hp     2
 min   in   sec   in   ft  lb f / sec 
60 12
 min   ft   550 
 hp 
 1  gal   lbf 
= 
 1714   min   in 
2
Also use the head equation usually using gpm, ft, specific gravity, and hp
 lbm   ft 
 8.33719   32.174 
 gal   gal 
Whhp hp     o 
2
ft   sec 
 min   sec   ft  lb f / sec   32.174 lbm  ft 
60
 min   550 
 hp  lb f  sec2 
 1  gal 
=    ft  o 
 3958  min 

12
Static Head Terms
Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed.

Kidnay, Parrish, & McCartney

13
Pump Example
Liquid propane (at its bubble point) is to
be pumped from a reflux drum to a
depropanizer.
▪ Pressures, elevations, & piping system
losses as shown are shown in the
diagram.
▪ Max flow rate 360 gpm.
▪ Propane specific gravity 0.485 @
pumping temperature (100oF)
▪ Pump nozzles elevations are zero &
velocity head at nozzles negligible
What is the pressure differential across

the pump?
What is the differential head?
What is the hydraulic power?
GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

14
Pump Example
Pressure drop from Reflux Drum to Pump inlet:
g
P = − z + ( P )piping
gc
( 0.485 )( 62.3665 )  ( −20 )
=− +  −0.5 − 0.2
144
= 3.5 psi
Pinlet = 203.5 psia
Pressure drop from Pump outlet to

Depropanizer:
g
P = − z + ( P )piping
gc
( 0.485 )( 62.3665 )  ( 74 )
=− − 3.0 + 2.0 + 1.2 + 13.0 + 1.0 + 9.0 
144
= −44.7 psi
Poutlet = 264.7 psia

15
Pump Example
Pump pressure differential:
( P )pump = Poutlet − Pinlet

= 264.7 − 203.5 = 61.2 psi
Pump differential head:
gc ( P )pump gc ( P )pump
hpump = =
g  g (  owater )
(144 )
=− ( 61.2 ) = 291 ft
( 0.485)( 62.3665)
Hydraulic power:
Whhp =
( 360 gpm)( 61.2 psi) = 12.85 hp OR Whhp =
( 360 gpm )( 0.485 )(291 ft ) = 12.84 hp
1714 3958

16
Gas Compression:
PH Diagrams
Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

17
TS Diagram

18
Thermodynamics of Ideal Gas Compression
Choices of path for calculating work:
▪ Isothermal (ΔT = 0)
 P2 
P2 P2
dP
Ws =  VdP = RT  = RT ln 
P1 P1
P  P1 
• Minimum work required but unrealistic

▪ Adiabatic & Isentropic (ΔS = 0)
• Maximum ideal work but more realistic
▪ Polytropic – reversible but non-adiabatic
• Reversible work & reversible heat proportionately added or removed along path
• More closely follows actual pressure-temperature path during compression

19
Ideal gas isentropic (PV = constant) where  = CP/CV
▪ Molar basis
( −1)/ 
  P2  
Ws = ( RT1 )   − 1
 − 1  P1  

▪ Mass basis
W RT   P ( −1)/  
Wˆ s = s = 1  2  − 1
M M  − 1  P1  

Can also determine discharge temperature
( −1)/ 
P 
T2 = T1  2 
 P1 

20
Calculation of  for gas mixture
=
 xC i p ,i
=
 xC i p ,i
x C i V ,i x C −R
i p ,i
Use the ideal gas heat capacities, not the real gas heat capacities
Heat capacities are functions of temperature. Use the average
value over the temperature range

21
Example Calculation:
Ideal Gas Laws
For methane:
▪  = 1.3
▪ M = 16
▪ T1 = 120oF = 580oR
▪ P1 = 300 psia
▪ P2 = 900 psia
▪ R = 1.986 Btu/lb.mol oR
( −1)/ 
RT1  P2   (1.3)(1.986 )( 580 )  900 (1.3−1)/1.3 
Ws =   − 1 =   − 1 = 90 Btu/lb
M (  − 1 )  P1   ( )(
16 1.3 − 1 )   300 

(1.3−1)/1.3
 900 
T2 = ( 580 )   = 747°R  287°F
 300 

22
525 BTU/lb
440 BTU/lb Enthalpy Changes:

𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑊 = ∆𝐻 = 525 − 440 = 85
𝑙𝑏
Outlet temperature: 280°F
Compress methane from 300 psia &

120°F to 900 psia
Using a Simulator
Work Btu/lb Outlet oF
HYSYS Peng-Robinson 86.58 281.8
HYSYS Peng-Robinson & Lee-Kesler 87.34 280.5
HYSYS SRK 87.71 281.2
HYSYS BWRS 87.04 281.1
HYSYS Lee-Kesler-Plocker 87.40 280.6
Aspen Plus PENG-ROB 86.61 282.4
Aspen Plus SRK 87.82 281.8
Aspen Plus BWRS 87.10 281.6

24
Multi-Stage Gas Compression
If customer wants 1,000 psig (with 100 psig & 120oF inlet)…
▪ Then pressure ratio of (1015/115) = 8.8
▪ Discharge temperature for this ratio is ~500oF
For reciprocating compressors the GPSA Engineering Data Book
recommends
▪ Pressure ratios of 3:1 to 5:1 AND …
▪ Maximum discharge temperature of 250 to 275oF for high pressure
systems
To obtain higher pressure ratios higher must use multistage
compression with interstage cooling

25
Multistaging
To minimize work need good interstage cooling and equal pressure ratios
The number of stages is calculated using
ln( P2 / P1 )
1/ m
P 
RP =  2   m=
 P1  ln(RP )
To go from 100 to 1000 psig with a single-stage pressure ratio of 3 takes 2

(1.98) stages & the stage exit temp ~183oF (starting @ 120oF)
 1015 
ln 
 115  ln( 8.8 )
m= = = 1.98  m = 2
ln( 3 ) ln( 3 )
( −1)/  (1.3−1)/1.3
 P 1/m   1015 1/2 
= (120 + 460 )  = ( 580 )2.97
0.2308
T2 = T1  2     = 746°R  286°F
 P1    115  

26
Multistaging
Work for a single stage of compression
RT  P ( −1)/   (1.3)(1.986 )( 580 )  1015 (1.3−1)/1.3 

Wˆ s = 1
 2  − 1 =   − 1 = 204 Btu/lb
M (  − 1 )  P1   ( 16 )(1.3 − 1 )  115  
 
Work for two stages of compression (interstage cooling to 120oF)

▪ Intermediate pressure
Pint = P2P1 = (1015)(115) = 341.7 psia
▪ Total work – 13% less work
Wˆ s =
( 1.3)(1.986 )( 580 )   341.7 ( )
1.3−1 /1.3
  1015 (1.3−1)/1.3  
− 1 +  − 1 
   
( )(
16 1.3 − 1 )   115    341.7   
= 178 Btu/lb

27
Compression Efficiency
Compression efficiencies account for
actual power required compared to
ideal
▪ Isentropic (also known as adiabatic)
efficiency relates actual energy to
fluid to energy for reversible
compression
IS =
( H )S=0
( H ) fluid
 Wfluid =
WS =0
IS
Total
Energy
To
Device
{ Minimum Energy for Compression
Energy to Overcome Mechanical Inefficiencies – Goes

Into Fluid & Increases Temperature
Total
Energy
Into
Fluid
▪ Mechanical efficiency relates total

work to device to the energy into
the fluid Energy
Lost
To
Wfluid Wfluid WS =0 Environment
mech =  Wtotal = =
Wtotal mech mechIS

28
Compressor Efficiency – Discharge
Temperature
GPSA Engineering Data Book suggests the isentropic temperature
change should be divided by the isentropic efficiency to get the
actual discharge temperature
( −1)/   P ( −1)/  
P 
( T )S =0 = T1  2  − T1 = T1  2  − 1
 P1   P1  
( −1)/ 
 P2 
  −1
( T )S =0 P
So: ( T )act = = T1  1 
IS IS
  P ( −1)/  
   2
−1
 P 
 T2,act = T1 + ( T )act = T1 1 +  1  
IS
 
 

29
75% isentropic efficiency
ΔS =0 ΔS =0 =0.75 =0.75
Work Btu/lb Outlet oF Work Btu/lb Outlet oF
Ideal Gas Equations 90 287 120 343
PH diagram 85 280 113 325
HYSYS Peng-Robinson 86.58 281.8 115.4 325.2
HYSYS SRK 87.71 281.2 116.9 325.2
HYSYS BWRS 87.04 281.1 116.1 325.1
HYSYS Lee-Kesler-Plocker 87.40 280.6 116.5 324.8

30
Polytropic Compression & Efficiency
Definition of polytropic compression (GPSA Data Book 14th ed.):
A reversible compression process between the compressor
inlet and discharge conditions, which follows a path such that,
between any two points on the path, the ratio of the
reversible work input to the enthalpy rise is constant. In other
words, the compression process is described as an infinite
number of isentropic compression steps, each followed by an
isobaric heat addition. The result is an ideal, reversible
process that has the same suction pressure, discharge
pressure, suction temperature and discharge temperature as
the actual process.

31
Polytropic Efficiency
Polytropic path with 100% efficiency is adiabatic & is the same as
the isentropic path
▪ Polytropic efficiency, p, is related to the isentropic path
P =
(  − 1) / 
(  − 1) / 
In general P > IS

Polytropic coefficient from discharge temperature
 −1 
ln(T2 / T1 )
 
P     1
T2 = T1  2   = where  
 P1  1−  ln( P2 / P1 )

32
Polytropic Efficiency
Actual work is calculated from the polytropic expression divided
by its efficiency
 ( −1) /  
Wˆ p
1 RT   P 
Wˆact = = 1
  2
− 1
p p M  − 1  P1  

Note:
Wˆ p Wˆ S =0
Wˆact = =
p IS

33
Why Use Polytropic Equations?
Polytropic equations give consistent P-T pathway between the
initial & discharge conditions

34
Effect of Internal Pressure Drops
Pressure drops at the inlet & outlet give an apparent inefficiency
of compression
▪ Assume isenthalpic pressure drops before & after the actual compression

35
Effect of Internal Pressure Drops
Pressure Before After
Reductions Compression Compression Work Outlet Efficiency
psia psia Btu/lb °F
0% 300 900 86.58 281.8 100%
1% 297 909 88.36 284.7 98%
5% 285 947 95.76 296.8 90%
10% 270 1000 105.7 313.0 82%
15% 255 1059 116.5 330.2 74%

36
Compression vs. Expansion Efficiency
Work to compressor is greater Work from expander is less
than what is needed in the than what can be obtained in
ideal case the ideal case
▪ Work to the fluid ▪ Work from the fluid
( H )S=0 WS =0 ( H ) fluid

IS =  Wfluid = IS =  Wfluid = IS (WS =0 )
( H ) fluid IS ( H )S =0
▪ Total work to the device ▪ Total work from the device
Wfluid
mech = 
Wtotal Wtotal
mech = 
Wfluid W Wfluid
Wtotal = = S =0
mech mechIS Wtotal = mechWfluid = mechISWS =0

37
Equipment:
Pumps, Compressors,
Turbines/Expanders

Pump & Compressor Drivers
Internal combustion engines Gas turbines
▪ Industry mainstay from ▪ Availability is > 99%
beginning ▪ Lower emissions than IC engine
▪ Emissions constraints
Steam turbines
▪ Availability is 90 to 95%
▪ Uncommon in gas plants on
Electric motors compressors
▪ Good in remote areas ▪ Used in combined cycle and
▪ Availability is > 99.9% Claus units

39
Pump Classifications


40
Centrifugal Pump Performance Curves


41
Compressor Types
Positive displacement –
compress by changing volume
▪ Reciprocating
▪ Rotary screw
▪ Diaphragm
▪ Rotary vane
Dynamic – compress by
converting kinetic energy into
pressure
▪ Centrifugal
▪ Axial

42
Reciprocating Compressors
Workhorse of industry since 1920’s Drawbacks
Capable of high volumes and ▪ Availability ~90 to 95% vs 99+%
discharge pressures for others, spare compressor
needed in critical service
High efficiency – up to 85%
▪ Pulsed flow
Performance independent of gas MW ▪ Pressure ratio limited, typically
Good for intermittent service 3:1 to 4:1
▪ Emissions control can be
problem (IC drivers)
▪ Relatively large footprint
▪ Throughput adjusted by variable
speed drive, valve unloading or
recycle unless electrically driven

43
Reciprocating Compressors - Principle of
Operation
Double Acting – Crosshead Single Acting - Trunk Piston

Typical applications:
Typical Applications:
▪ All process services, any gas & up
▪ Small size standard compressors
to the highest pressures & power
for air and non-dangerous gases
Courtesy of Nuovo Pignone Spa, Italy

44
Reciprocating Compressors - Compression
Cycle
5 4
1
Pressure
p0
2 3
Volume
Suction
1 2 3 4 5
Discharge

45
Reciprocating Compressors - Main
Components
Crankcase Crankshaft Counterweight Crosshead
Pulsation Bottles Cast Iron Forged Steel for balancing Cast Steel Slide Body
Ballast for
balancing of
inertia forces
Distance Pieces
Pneumatic
Valve
Unloaders
for capacity
control
Main Oil Pump Forged

Cylinder
Connecting Rod Cast

(die forged steel) Oil Wiper Rod Packing Cylinder
Packing Piston Rod Piston
Cylinder Valve

46
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6_jw841vKE

47
Rotary Screw Compressor
Left rotor turns clockwise, right rotor
counterclockwise.
Gas becomes trapped in the central
cavity
The Process Technology Handbook, Charles E. Thomas, Courtesy of Ariel Corp

UHAI Publishing, Berne, NY, 1997.

48
Rotary Screw Compressors
Oil-free Oil-injected
First used in steel mills because handles “dirty” Higher throughput and discharge pressures
gases
Has two exit ports
Max pressure ratio of 8:1 if liquid injected with
▪ Axial, like oil-free
gas
▪ Radial, which permits 70 to 90% turndown
High availability (> 99%) without significant efficiency decrease
▪ Leads to low maintenance cost
Pressure ratios to 23:1
Volumetric efficiency of ~100%
Tight tolerances can limit quick restarts
Small footprint (~ ¼ of recip)
Requires oil system to filter & cool oil to 140oF
Relatively quiet and vibration-free
Oil removal from gas
Relatively low efficiency
▪ 70 – 85% adiabatic efficiencies Oil compatibility is critical
Relatively low throughput and discharge Widely used in propane refrigeration systems,
pressure low pressure systems, e.g., vapor recovery,
instrument air

49
Dynamic Compressors
Centrifugal
▪ High volumes, high discharge pressures
Axial
▪ Very high volumes, low discharge pressures
Use together in gas processing
▪ Centrifugal for compressing natural gas
▪ Axial for compressing air for gas turbine driving centrifugal compressor

50
Centrifugal compressors
Single stage (diffuser) Multi-stage
Bett,K.E., et al
Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers
Page 226

51
Centrifigual Compressor
Siemens https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-bbAoxZmBg
https://www.energy.siemens.com/br/en/compression-
expansion/product-lines/single-stage/stc-sof.htm

52
Centrifugal Compressor

53
Centrifugal vs. Reciprocating Compressors
Centrifugal Reciprocating
Constant head, variable volume Constant volume, variable pressure
Ideal for variable flow Ideal for constant flow
- MW affects capacity + MW makes no difference
++ Availability > 99% - Availability 90 to 95%
+ Smaller footprint - Larger footprint
- ηIS = 70 – 75% + ηIS = 75 – 92%
CO & NOx emissions low Catalytic converters needed
- Surge control required ++ No surge problems
++ Lower CAPEX and maint. ++ Fast startup & shutdown
(maint cost ~1/4 of recip)

54
Turbines & Turboexpanders
Utilize pressure energy to…
▪ Reduce temperature of gas & (possibly) generate liquids
▪ Perform work & provide shaft power to coupled equipment
Similar principles to a centrifugal compressor except in reverse
Most common applications:
▪ Turboexpander: NGL recovery
▪ Gas turbine: power to drive pumps, compressors, generators, …

55
Turboexpander Cutaway
https://www.turbomachinerymag.com/expander-compressors-an-introduction/
Video (LA Turbine. 2:54 minutes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5Gz_--_NBM

56
Turboexpanders
GPSA Engineering Data Book, 14th ed.

Methane Expansion – Isentropic vs.
Isenthalpic

58
Gas Turbine Engine
https://aceclearwater.com/product/case-study-ge-power-ducts/

59
Gas Turbine Coupled to Centrifugal
Compressor

60
Industrial Gas Turbines
Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

61
What is “heat rate”?
Heat rate is the amount of fuel gas needed (expressed heating
value) to produce a given amount of power
▪ Normally LHV, but you need to make sure of the basis
Essentially the reciprocal of the thermal efficiency
2544
Thermal efficiency =
Btu(LHV )
Heat rate,
hp  hr
▪ Example: Dresser-Rand VECTRA 30G heat rate is 6816 Btu/hp·hr
2544
Thermal efficiency = = 0.3732
6816
Includes effects of adiabatic & mechanical efficiencies

62
Gas Turbine Engine
Gas Turbine Engine
From: F.W.Schmuidt, R.E. Henderson, and C.H. Wolgemuth,
“Introduction to Thermal Sciences, second edition” Wiley, 1993
Fuel
Combustion P3
chamber
P2
P1 shaft shaft
Compressor Turbine Load
P4 Combustion
Atmospheric air products
Assumptions
To apply basic thermodynamics to the process above, it is necessary to make a number of

assumptions, some rather extreme.
1) All gases are ideal, and compression processes are reversible and adiabatic (isentropic)
2) the combustion process is constant pressure, resulting only in a change of temperature
3) negligible potential and kinetic energy changes in overall process
4) Values of Cp are constant

63
Gas Turbine Engine
P2 = P3
3 Patm = P1 = P4
T
Temperature
2
4
Entropy S
wS = -∆h = -CP∆T (9.1 and 1.18)
Note the equations apply to both the compressor and the turbine,since
thermodynamically the turbine is a compressor running backwards
Neglecting the differences in mass flow rates between the compressor and
the turbine, the net work is:
wnet = wt – wc = CP(T3 – T4) – (T2 -T1)
Since (T3 – T4) > (T2 – T1) (see T – S diagram)
Since wnet is positive work flows to the load

64
GT - Principle of Operation
Theoretical Cycle
Temperature
°F 3
Fuel Gas
Exhaust
Combustion Gas (~950°F)
Chamber
Real Cycle
~650 - 950°F 3
2 4 4
~1800 - 2
1 2300°F
Air Axial Centrifugal
Compressor Compressor
1
H.P./L.P. Turbine
A B
Entropy
Simple Cycle Gas Turbine Ideal Cycle Efficiency
( −1)/ 
T −T P 
id = 1 − 4 1 = 1 −  1 
T3 − T2  P2 
65
Modeling Gas Turbine with Aspen Plus
Basics to tune model

▪ Combine heat rate & power output to determine the fuel required
▪ Determine the air rate from the exhaust rate
▪ Adjust adiabatic efficiencies to match the exhaust temperature
▪ Adjust the mechanical efficiencies to match the power output

66
Summary

Summary
Work expression for pump developed Need to limit the compression ratio on a
assuming density is not a function of gas
pressure
• Interstage cooling will result in
Work of compression is much greater decreased compression power
than that for pumping – a great portion required
of the energy goes to increase the
temperature of the compressed gas
• Practical outlet temperature limitation
– usually means that the maximum
compression ratio is about 3
There are thermodynamic/adiabatic &
mechanical efficiencies
• Heat lost to the universe that does
affect the pressure or temperature of
the fluid is the mechanical efficiency

68
Supplemental Slides


70
Propane Refrigeration Compressors

71
Propane Compressors with Air-cooled Heat
Exchangers

72
Reciprocating Compressor at Gas Well

73
2 stage 2,000 HP Reciprocating Compressor
Courtesy of Ariel Corp

74
Oil-Injected Rotary Screw Compressor
Courtesy of Ariel Corp

75
Two-stage screw compressor
Courtesy of MYCOM / Mayekawa Mfg

76
Centrifugal Compressors – Issues
Surge
• Changes in the suction or outlet
pressures can cause backflow; this
can become cyclic as the Axial
e
e Lin
compressor tries to adjust. The
Pressure Head
Stonewall Line
Surg
resulting pressure oscillations are Centrifugal
called SURGE
Stonewall
Reciprocating
• When gas flow reaches sonic
velocity flow cannot be increased.
Inlet Volume Flow
Rate

77
Air & Hot Gas Paths
Gas Turbine has 3 main sections:
A compressor that takes in clean outside air and then compresses it through a series of rotating and
stationary compressor blades
FRESH AIR EXHAUST
COMPRESSION
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

78
Air & Hot Gas Paths
A combustion section where fuel is added to the pressurized air and ignited. The hot pressurized
combustion gas expands and moves at high velocity into the turbine section.
FRESH AIR EXHAUST
COMBUSTION
COMPRESSION
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

79
Air & Hot Gas Paths
A turbine that converts the energy from the hot/high velocity gas flowing from the combustion chamber
into useful rotational power through expansion over a series of turbine rotor blades
FRESH AIR EXHAUST
COMBUSTION
EXPANSION
COMPRESSION TURBINE
MECHANICAL
ENERGY

80

04 Rotating Equipment

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04 Rotating Equipment

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Rotating Equipment:

Pumps, Compressors, &

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

▪ The work required is inversely proportional to the mass density

Updated: January 4, 2019

ΔH for gas compression much

GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: January 4, 2019

▪ Frictional loss term is positive

Whhp = V ( P ) or Whhp = V gH

Brake horsepower – power delivered to the pump itself

Updated: January 4, 2019

Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed.

Updated: January 4, 2019

What is the pressure differential across

GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: January 4, 2019

Pressure drop from Pump outlet to

Updated: January 4, 2019

( P )pump = Poutlet − Pinlet

Pump differential head:

Updated: January 4, 2019

Ref: GPSA Data Book, 13th ed.

Updated: January 4, 2019

• Minimum work required but unrealistic

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

440 BTU/lb Enthalpy Changes:

Compress methane from 300 psia &

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

To go from 100 to 1000 psig with a single-stage pressure ratio of 3 takes 2

Updated: January 4, 2019

RT  P ( −1)/   (1.3)(1.986 )( 580 )  1015 (1.3−1)/1.3 

Work for two stages of compression (interstage cooling to 120oF)

▪ Total work – 13% less work

Updated: January 4, 2019

{ Minimum Energy for Compression

Energy to Overcome Mechanical Inefficiencies – Goes

▪ Mechanical efficiency relates total

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

In general P > IS

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

( H )S=0 WS =0 ( H ) fluid

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Updated: January 4, 2019

Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed.

Updated: January 4, 2019

Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2nd ed.

Updated: January 4, 2019