A

Synopsis Report of a Project

On

“MODEL OF THARMAL POWER PLANT”

A Project Synopsis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of
Diploma in Electrical Engineering
MSBTE, Mumbai.

Submitted By:

1 LATWADEKAR AMIT B. 1616440124

2 NAZARE OMKAR V. 1616440376
3 KHARAT NIKHIL V. 1616440403

Department of Electrical Engineering

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre
Academic Year: 2018-19

Mr. A. A. Patil Mr. N. S. Patil Prof. V. V. Giri

Project Guide HOD Principal
 ABSTRACT

A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric
power. In most of the places in the world the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns
into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes
through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was
heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal
power stations is due to the different heat sources; fossil fuel dominates here, although
nuclear heat energy and solar heat energy are also used. Some prefer to use the term energy
center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. Certain
thermal power stations are also designed to produce heat energy for industrial purposes, or
district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power.

INTRODUCTION
Thermal power generation plant or thermal power station is the most conventional source of
electric power. Thermal power plant is also referred as coal thermal power plant and steam
turbine power plant. Before going into detail of this topic, we will try to understand the line
diagram of electric power generation plant.

Theory of Thermal Power Station

The theory of thermal power station or working of thermal power station is very simple. A
power generation plant mainly consists of alternator runs with help of steam turbine. The
steam is obtained from high pressure boilers. Generally in India, bituminous coal, brown coal
and peat are used as fuel of boiler. The bituminous coal is used as boiler fuel has volatile
matter from 8 to 33% and ash content 5 to 16%. To increase the thermal efficiency, the coal
is used in the boiler in powder form.

In coal thermal power plant, the steam is produced in high pressure in the steam boiler due to
burning of fuel (pulverized coal) in boiler furnaces. This steam is further supper heated in a
superheater. This superheated steam then enters into the turbine and rotates the turbine
blades. The turbine is mechanically so coupled with alternator that its rotor will rotate with
the rotation of turbine blades. After entering in turbine the steam pressure suddenly falls and
corresponding volume of the steam increases.
After imparting energy to the turbine rotor, the steam passes out of the turbine blades into the
condenser. In the condenser, the cold water is circulated with the help of a pump which
condenses the low-pressure wet steam. This condensed water is further supplied to a low-
pressure water heater where the low-pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed
water; it is again heated in high pressure.

1.First the pulverized coal is burnt into the furnace of steam boiler.

2.High pressure steam is produced in the boiler.

3.This steam is then passed through the super heater, where it further heated up.

4.This supper heated steam is then entered into a turbine at high speed.

5.In turbine this steam force rotates the turbine blades that means here in the turbine the
6.stored potential energy of the high pressured steam is converted into mechanical energy.

LITERATURE REVIEW

OBJECTIVES &Overview of Thermal Power Plant

A typical Thermal Power Station Operates on a Cycle which is shown below.

Thermal Power Plant Cycle

The working fluid is water and steam. This is called feed water and steam cycle. The ideal
Thermodynamic Cycle to which the operation of a Thermal Power Station closely resembles
is the RANKINE CYCLE.

In a steam boiler, the water is heated up by burning the fuel in the air in the furnace, and the
function of the boiler is to give dry superheated steam at the required temperature. The steam
so produced is used in driving the steam Turbines. This turbine is coupled to synchronous
generator (usually three-phase synchronous alternator), which generates electrical energy.
The exhaust steam from the turbine is allowed to condense into water in steam condenser of
turbine, which creates suction at very low pressure and allows the expansion of the steam in
the turbine to very low pressure. The principal advantages of the condensing operation are the
increased amount of energy extracted per kg of steam and thereby increasing efficiency, and
the condensate which is fed into the boiler again reduces the amount of fresh feed water.

The condensate along with some fresh makeup feed water is again fed into the boiler by a
pump (called the boiler feed pump). In the condenser, the steam is condensed by cooling
water. Cooling water recycles through the cooling tower. This constitutes a cooling water
circuit.

The ambient air is allowed to enter the boiler after dust filtration. Also, the flue gas comes out
of the boiler and gets exhausted into the atmosphere through stacks. These constitute air and
flue gas circuit. The flow of air and also the static pressure inside the steam boiler (called
draught) is maintained by two fans called Forced Draught (FD) fan and Induced Draught (ID)
fan.

The total scheme of a typical thermal power station along with different circuits is illustrated
below.
Thermal Power Plant Cycle

Inside the boiler there are various heat exchangers, viz. Economiser, Evaporator (not shown
in the fig above, it is basically the water tubes, i.e. downcomer riser circuit), Super Heater
(sometimes Reheater, air preheater are also present).

In Economiser the feed water is heated to a considerable amount by the remaining heat of
flue gas.

The Boiler Drum maintains a head for natural circulation of a two-phase mixture (steam +
water) through the water tubes.

There is also Super Heater which also takes heat from flue gas and raises the temperature of
steam as per requirement.

SCOPE

Although Renewable Energy sector is catching up fast in india with state governments
supporting National solar mission via solar parks,subsidies etc. but it still has a long way to
go and until 2030 or even later thermal power plants would still play the major role of
supplying electricity throughout the country.The present trend of adding 2000-3000 MW a
year is not sufficient enough to achieve the target of 100 GW solar energy by 2022 via
rooftop and grid connected solar PV's.

Unless India becomes a power sufficient country comparable to most advanced

economies,it's very unlikely that India would completely eradicate thermal power
stations,only the energy mix would change in the upcoming future but thermal power plants
would still play the major role of base load stations which is essential for the overall
economic development of the country and helping the government's make in india initiative.

METHODOLOGY

There are many methods that have been used to enhance participation in Information
System(IS) planning and requirements analysis. We review some methods here because we
thinkthem to be fairly representative of the general kinds of methods in use. The methods
includeDelphi, focus groups, SADT (Structured Analysis Design Technique), multiple
criteriadecision-making (MCDM), total quality management (TQM) and OOPP method
(ObjectivesOriented Project Planning).
The objective of the Delphi method is to acquire and aggregate knowledge from multiple
experts so that participants can find a consensus solution to a problem [16].
A second distinct method is focus groups (or focused group interviews). This method relieson
team or group dynamics to generate as many ideas as possible. Focus groups been used
fordecades by marketing researchers to understand customer product preferences .MCDM
views requirements gathering and analysis as a problem requiring individualinterviews .
Analysts using MCDM focus primarily on analysis of the collected data toreveal users’
requirements, rather than on resolving or negotiating ambiguities. The objectiveis to find an
optimal solution for the problem of conflicting values and objectives, where theproblem is
modelled as a set of quantitative values requiring optimization.TQM is a way to include the
customer in development process,

to improve product quality.In a TQM project, data gathering for customers needs, i.e.,
requirements elicitation may be
done with QFD .
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
.

1.After rotating the turbine blades, the steam has lost its high pressure, passes out of turbine
blades and enters into a condenser.
2.In the condenser the cold water is circulated with help of pump which condenses the low
pressure wet steam.

3.This condensed water is then further supplied to low pressure water heater where the low
pressure steam increases the temperature of this feed water, it is then again heated in a high
pressure heater where the high pressure of steam is used for heating.
4.The turbine in thermal power station acts as a prime mover of the alternator.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermal Power Station
Advantages:
1.Economical for low initial cost other than any generating plant.
2.Land required less than hydro power plant.
3.Since coal is main fuel and its cost is quite cheap than petrol/diesel so generation cost is
economical.
4.Maintenance is easier.
5.Thermal power plant can be installed in any location where transportation and bulk of water
are available.

Disadvantages:

1.The running cost for a thermal power station is comparatively high due to
fuel,maintenance etc.

2.Large amount of smoke causes air pollution.The thermal power station is

responsible for Global warming.

3.The heated water that comes from thermal power plant has an adverse effect
on the aquatic lives in the water and disturbs the ecology.

4.Overall efficiency of thermal power plant is low like less 30%.

 APPLICATION

CONCLUSION

Powering India is vital to supporting economic growth and will need a

determined effort by all stakeholders.
• Personalised business models
• Managing risks
If effective, the power sector will subsidise the welfare of more than one
billion citizens and will also create some of the world’s biggest energy
companies.

REFERENCE

1.A.M. Kler, N.P. Dekanova, T.P. Shchegoleva et al., Optimization Methods for Complex
Heat Power Plants, Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1993.

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ed., Khimia, Moscow, 1975.

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Efficiency, Energoatomizdat, Moscow, 1986.

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4. V.V. Kafarov, V.P. Meshalkin, and V.L. Petrov, Mathematical Foundations of Computer-
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Project Coordinator HOD