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Archive
An archive is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place
they are located.[1] Archives contain primary source documents that have
accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and
are kept to show the function of that person or organization. Professional
archivists and historians generally understand archives to be records that
have been naturally and necessarily generated as a product of regular legal,
commercial, administrative, or social activities. They have been
metaphorically defined as "the secretions of an organism",[2] and are
distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or
Shelved record boxes of an archive.
created to communicate a particular message to posterity.

In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for

permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival
records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many identical
copies exist. This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization,
although archival collections can often be found within library buildings.[3]

A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing
access to information and materials in archives is called archival science. The physical place of storage can be referred
to as an archive (more usual in the United Kingdom), an archives (more usual in the United States), or a repository.[4]

When referring to historical records or the places they are kept, the plural form archives is chiefly used.[5] The
computing use of the term 'archive' should not be confused with the record-keeping meaning of the term.

Contents
Etymology
History
Users and institutions
Academic
Business (for profit)
Government
Church
Films
Non-profit
Web archiving
Other
Standardization
See also
References
External links

Etymology

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First attested in English in early 17th century, the word archive /ˈɑːrkaɪv/ is derived from the French archives (plural),
in turn from Latin archīum or archīvum,[6] which is the romanized form of the Greek ἀρχεῖον (archeion), "public
records, town-hall, residence, or office of chief magistrates",[7] itself from ἀρχή (arkhē), amongst others "magistracy,
office, government"[8] (compare an-archy, mon-archy), which comes from the verb ἄρχω (arkhō), "to begin, rule,
govern".[9]

The word originally developed from the Greek ἀρχεῖον (arkheion), which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon,
in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. The
adjective formed from archive is archival.

History
The practice of keeping official documents is very old. Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds (and
sometime thousands) of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna,
Hattusas, Ugarit, and Pylos. These discoveries have been fundamental to know ancient alphabets, languages,
literature, and politics.

Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans (who called them
Tabularia). However, they have been lost, since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated
at a faster pace, unlike their stone tablet counterparts. Archives of churches, kingdoms, and cities from the Middle
Ages survive and have often kept their official status uninterruptedly until now. They are the basic tool for historical
research on these ages.[10]

England after 1066 developed archives and archival research methods.[11] The Swiss developed archival systems after
1450.[12]

Modern archival thinking has many roots from the French Revolution. The French National Archives, who possess
perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as 625 A.D., were created in 1790
during the French Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the
revolutionaries.[13]

Users and institutions

Historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, filmmakers, and others
conduct research at archives.[14] The research process at each archive is
unique, and depends upon the institution that houses the archive. While
there are many kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in
the United States identifies five major types: academic, business (for
profit), government, non-profit, and other.[15] There are also four main
areas of inquiry involved with archives: material technologies, organizing
principles, geographic locations, and tangled embodiments of humans and
non-humans. These areas help to further categorize what kind of archive is
Reading room of the
being created.
Österreichisches Staatsarchiv
(Austrian State Archive), in the
Erdberg district of Vienna (2006)
Academic
Archives in colleges, universities, and other educational facilities are
typically housed within a library, and duties may be carried out by an archivist.[16] Academic archives exist to preserve
institutional history and serve the academic community.[17] An academic archive may contain materials such as the
institution's administrative records, personal and professional papers of former professors and presidents,
memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items the academic library wishes to remain in a

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closed-stack setting, such as rare books or thesis copies. Access to the collections in
these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for
making inquiries. Users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate
students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public. Many
academic archives work closely with alumni relations departments or other campus
institutions to help raise funds for their library or school.[18] Qualifications for
employment may vary. Entry-level positions usually require an undergraduate
diploma, but typically archivists hold graduate degrees in history or library science
(preferably certified by a body such as the American Library Association).[19]
Subject-area specialization becomes more common in higher ranking positions.[20]

Business (for profit)

Charles Sturt University
Regional Archives. Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private
business. Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include
Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Procter and
Gamble, Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic
documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies.[21] Business archives serve the
purpose of helping their corporations maintain control over their brand by retaining memories of the company's past.
Especially in business archives, records management is separate from the historic aspect of archives. Workers in these
types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background.
These archives are typically not open to the public and only used by workers of the owner company, though some allow
approved visitors by appointment.[22] Business archives are concerned with maintaining the integrity of their
company, and are therefore selective of how their materials may be used.[23]

Government
Government archives include those maintained by local and state
government as well as those maintained by the national (or federal)
government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users
include reporters, genealogists, writers, historians, students, and people
seeking information on the history of their home or region. Many
government archives are open to the public and no appointment is
required to visit.[24]

In the United States, National Archives and Records Administration

(NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and
College Park, Maryland, with regional facilities distributed throughout the
United States. Some city or local governments may have repositories, but
their organization and accessibility varies widely.[25] Similar to the library
profession, certification requirements and education also varies widely,
from state to state.[26] Professional associations themselves encourage the
need to professionalize.[27] NARA offers the Certificate of Federal Records
Management Training Program for professional development.[28] The
Storage facility at the National
majority of state and local archives staff hold a bachelor's degree[29]—
Archives and Records
increasingly repositories list advanced degrees (e.g. MA, MLS/MLIS, PhD) Administration, Washington, D.C.
and certifications as a position requirement or preference.[19]

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In the UK, the National Archives (formerly known as the Public Record Office) is the government archive for England
and Wales. The English Heritage Archive is the public archive of English Heritage. The National Archives of Scotland,
located in Edinburgh, serve that country while the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland in Belfast is the
government archive for Northern Ireland.

A network of county record offices and other local authority-run archives exists throughout England, Wales, and
Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church, and business
records. Many archives have contributed catalogues to the national "Access to Archives" programme and online
searching across collections is possible.

In France, the French Archives Administration (Service interministériel des Archives de France) in the Ministry of
Culture manages the National Archives (Archives nationales), which possess 406 km. (252 miles) of archives as of
2010 (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as A.D. 625,
as well as the departmental archives (archives départementales), located in the préfectures of each of the 100
départements of France, which possess 2,297 km. (1,427 miles) of archives (as of 2010), and also the local city
archives, about 600 in total, which possess 456 km. (283,4 miles) of archives (as of 2010).[30] Put together, the total
volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world.

In India, the National Archives (NAI) are located in New Delhi.

In Taiwan, the National Archives Administration are located in Taipei.[31]

Most intergovernmental organisations keep their own historical archives. However, a number of European
organisations, including the European Commission, choose to deposit their archives with the European University
Institute in Florence.[32]

Church
A prominent Church Archives is the Vatican Secret Archive.[33] Archdioceses, dioceses, and parishes also have
archives in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches. Very important are monastery archives, because of their
antiquity, like the ones of Monte Cassino, Saint Gall, and Fulda. The records in these archives include manuscripts,
papal records, local Church records, photographs, oral histories, audiovisual materials, and architectural drawings.

Most Protestant denominations have archives as well, including the Presbyterian U.S.A Historical Society,[34] The
Moravian Church Archives,[35] The Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives,[36] the United Methodist
Archives and History Center of the United Methodist Church,[37] and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).[38]

Films

Non-profit
Non-profit archives include those in historical societies, not-for-profit businesses such as hospitals, and the
repositories within foundations. Non-profit archives are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve
the papers and history of specific persons or places. Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the
government as well as the private funds.[39] Depending on the funds available, non-profit archives may be as small as
the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a government archives. Users of
this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold them. Employees of non-profit archives may be
professional archivists, para-professionals, or volunteers, as the education required for a position at a non-profit
archive varies with the demands of the collection's user base.[40]

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Web archiving
Web archiving is the process of collecting portions of the World Wide Web and ensuring the collection is preserved in
an archive, such as an archive site, for future researchers, historians, and the public. Due to the massive size of the
Web, web archivists typically employ web crawlers for automated collection.

Similarly, software code and documentation can be archived on the web, as with the example of CPAN.

Other
Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and
there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove
the provenance of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized
fashion that employs the most basic principles of archival science may have an archive. In the 2004 census of
archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This
was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.[41]

Another type of archive is the Public Secrets project.[42] This is an interactive testimonial, in which women
incarcerated in the California State Prison System describe what happened to them. The archive's mission is to gather
stories from women who want to express themselves, and want their stories heard. This collection includes transcripts
and an audio recording of the women telling their stories.

The archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records,
or diaries created or collected by the individual – regardless of media or format. The archives of an organization (such
as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records,
memos, official correspondence, and meeting minutes.

Standardization
The International Council on Archives (ICA) has developed a number of standards on archival description including
the General International Standard Archival Description ISAD(G).[43] ISAD(G) is meant to be used in conjunction
with national standards or as a basis for nations to build their own standards.[44] In the United States, ISAD(G) is
implemented through Describing Archives: A Content Standard, popularly known as "DACS".[45] In Canada, ISAD(G)
is implemented through the Council of Archives[46] as the Rules for Archival Description, also known as "RAD".[47]

ISO is currently working on standards.[48][49]

See also
Archival informatics Archives management
Archival research Digital preservation
Archival science Greenstone (software)
Archive Fever (book by Jacques Derrida) Historical document
Archive file Information management
Archivist Information repository
BS 5454 International Council on Archives
Collection (museum) Internet Archive
Computer data storage Manuscript processing
Data proliferation Preservation (library and archival science)
Database List of archives and List of national archives

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External links
International Council on Archives (http://www.ica.org/)
Archives Hub (http://archiveshub.ac.uk/) — search across descriptions of archives held in over 280 institutions
across the UK
InterPARES Project (https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050624/http://www.interpares.org/) — international
research project on the long-term preservation of authentic digital records
Access to Archives (A2A) (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a) — the English strand of the UK archives
network
Online-Guide to Archives around the globe (http://archivesmadeeasy.pbworks.com/)
AIM25 (http://www.aim25.ac.uk/) – archives within the UK M25 area.
British Cartoon Archive (http://www.cartoons.ac.uk/) associated with the University of Kent
The Digital Archive of Literacy Narratives (http://daln.osu.edu/)
Banco di San Giorgio (http://www.lacasadisangiorgio.it/) – Genova Italy: Archive (1407–1805): nearly 40,000
books catalogued with full description. www.giuseppefelloni.it
Slavic Archives (http://uiuc.libguides.com/aecontent.php?pid=27055)
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) (http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/)
United Nations Archives (http://archives.un.org/)

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This page was last edited on 11 February 2019, at 13:45 (UTC).

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