‫م ؤمن ت وف ي ق احم د ال ع ت وم‬ ‫‪ATOOMUS‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

The objective :

1. To determine the head loss and friction factor for laminar &
turbulent flow in a smooth pipe over a range of Reynolds's
number .
2. To obtain the following relationships :
a. Head loss as a function of the velocity of flow .
b. Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number .

Theory :

The friction resistance to the flow of fluid through a pipe results in a loss
of pressure energy for a given fluid flowing a long a given pipe,
experiments show that for laminar flow :
Hl α V
And for turbulent flow :
Hl α Vn
Where :
Hl :is the loss of pressure head .
V : the mean velocity of flow .
n : an index that lies between ( 1.7 – 2.0 ) depending on Reynolds
number ( Re ) and on the roughness of the pipe wall.
The Reynolds number ( Re ) is given by :
Re = ( ρ.V.d /μ) ------------------ ( 1 )
Where :
d = pipe diameter
Ρ = fluid density

2 ‫مؤمن توفيق احمد العتوم‬ ATOOMUS

 μ = absolute viscosity
In engineering practice, it is customary to use Darcy's equation to
express the pressure head loss as follows :
hL = h 1 – h 2 = 4 ( L / d ) ( V2 / 2g ) ---------------- ( 2 )
Where :
h1 & h2 : static heads at two points in the pipe
L = distance between h1 & h2
f = fexp.: experimental friction factor which varies with Re and pipe
roughness .
Blasius has shown that a line whose equation is may closely approximate
the friction factor Reynolds's number relationship for turbulent flow :
ftheo. = ( 0.079 /Re0.25 ) -----------------------( 3 )
For laminar flow condition ,the Hagen-Poiseurlle law yields the
relation :
ftheo. = ( 16 / Re ) ----------------------- ( 4 )

Apparatus :

The laminar / turbulent pipe flow apparatus consist of a circuit through

which the fluid is circulated continuously by means of gear pump .the
selected fluid is oil of a suitable viscosity to give values of Re well down
into the laminar region. It is drawn from the reservoir and delivered by
way of the lower horizontal pipe to the Perspex – settling chamber.
The oil passes from this chamber through a bell mouth into the upper
horizontal pipe in which the observations are taken. This pipe is of
( 19 mm) bore and have over all length about ( 6 m ) ,with an adjustable
flow disturber upstream of the pipe to induce turbulence to the flow .
Eighteen pressure taping permit determinations of pressure gradient
.traverses with total head tubes in two directions at right angles in a
common transverse plane, near the down stream end ,give the velocity
profile .on leaving the pipe the oil , on it’s way to the weighing tank
,passes through a Perspex deflector in which the discharge may be
observed. After being weight the oil flows back into the reservoir .the
flow quantity is varied by means of an adjustable by-pass value .
Procedure :

‫مؤمن توفيق احمد العتوم‬ ATOOMUS 3

 1. The apparatus was run for a few minutes to make sure that the
motor was warmed up and steady conditions were ensured .
2. The two pitot traverse heads were with drawn and air was
bleeded from the settling chamber and from all the manometers to
avoid errors in pressure measurement .
3. The readings of the manometer connected to the pressure tapping
No. ( 10 & 18 ) were record , and the flow rate was measured by
timing the collection of oil in the weighing tank .
4. For each type of flow the pass values were used to tank a series of
some readings for the pressure head loss and the flow rate .

NOTE :
A mercury manometer measure pressure in the apparatus . Thus
corresponding head of oil is :
hm= hmercury
hoil = (( ρm/ρoil ) – 1 ) x ( hHg )
@ 20o C ρm = 13550 Kg /m3
ρ oil = 825 Kg /m3

Result & Calculation :

d = 0.019 mm
A = ( πd2 /4 ) = 2.835 x 10-4 m2
ρ oil = 825 Kg/m2
μ = 9.5 x 10-3 pa.s
ρmercury = 13550 Kg /m2
L = 4.014 m
Qty Time Q V h10 h18 hL hL Re
3
Kg s m /s m/s cm cm Hg oil
-4
x10 cm m
30 107 3.398 1.199 11.2 5.4 5.8 0.895 1978.35

4 ‫مؤمن توفيق احمد العتوم‬ ATOOMUS

 30 74 4.914 1.733 13.5 5.5 8 1.234 2859.45
30 67 5.427 1.914 16.3 5.7 10.6 1.635 3158.1
30 51.22 7.1 2.504 18 6.0 12 1.851 4131.6
30 46.1 7.888 2.782 35.4 7.3 28.1 4.334 4590.3
30 26.87 13.53 4.772 95.1 13.1 82 12.65 7873.8

fexp. ftheo. Kind of flow

0.0144544 0.00808755 Laminar
0.00953967 No friction factor Transition
0.01036214 0.01057 Turbulent
0.00685414 0.00985366 Turbulent
0.0130014 0.00959769 Turbulent
0.01289749 0.00838651 Turbulent

log hL logV log fexp. Log ftheor. log Re

-0.04837 0.07724 -1.83698 -2.09060 3.29472
0.09129 0.23753 -2.01791 No 3.45501
0.21351 0.27631 -1.97325 -1.97582 3.49380
0.26738 0.39791 -2.16257 -2.00622 3.61539
0.63691 0.44374 -1.88471 -2.01768 3.66123
1.10202 0.67873 -1.88958 -2.07643 3.89621

Sample of calculation :
Take first reading :
Q = Qty / (ρ oil x time ) = 3.398 x10-4 m3/s
V = Q/A =1.199 m/s
hL( Hg) = h10 – h18 = 5.8 cm
hL ( oil ) = hL( Hg) ((ρHg / ρoil ) – 1 ) x ( 1 /100 ) = 0.895 m
fexp. = ( hL ( oil ) /V2 ) x ( 0.0232175) = 0.0144544
Re = ( ρ oil V d / μ ) =1978.35 < 2000 ------------ Laminar
ftheo. = ( 16 / Re ) = 0.00808755 .

‫مؤمن توفيق احمد العتوم‬ ATOOMUS 5

Discussion & Conclusion :

In this experiment we use oil in pipe & use mercury in head loss pipes
,why ?
Because the head loss when we use mercury larger than oil .So we can
take the reading .

Head loss vs. Velocity

4 V
2

0
15 10 5 0
hL

6 ‫مؤمن توفيق احمد العتوم‬ ATOOMUS

 log hL vs. log V

1
0.8
0.6

log V
y = 0.6945x 0.4
slope = 0.6945
0.2
0
1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.2 -0.5
log hL

Experimental friction factor vs . Reynolds No.

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000 Re
3000
2000
1000
0
0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0
fexp.

‫مؤمن توفيق احمد العتوم‬ ATOOMUS 7

 log fexp. vs. log Re

4
3.9
3.8
3.7

log Re
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
-1.8 -1.85 -1.9 -1.95 -2 -2.05 -2.1 -2.15 -2.2
log fexp.

log f theo . vs. log Re

3.95
3.9
3.85
3.8
3.75

log Re
3.7
3.65
3.6
3.55
3.5
3.45
-1.96 -1.98 -2 -2.02 -2.04 -2.06 -2.08 -2.1
log f theo.

8 ‫مؤمن توفيق احمد العتوم‬ ATOOMUS