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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

LABORATORY MANUAL

SKF1013
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Mathematics
UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

No Experiment Pages

0 Safety rules and regulations in Chemistry 3


Laboratory

0 Guideline to write Lab Report 5

1 Factors affecting the rate of a reaction 7


2 Rate of reaction and initial rates 13

3 Rate of reaction and rate law 16


4 The effect of temperature in bromination of 20
acetone
5 Enthalpy 23

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

1. DO NOT ENTER the laboratory without the permission of the laboratory instructor.
2. All bags should be placed on the rack provided. All gadgets (handphone, tablet, etc) are
NOT ALLOWED during experiments.
3. Please wear a proper attire to work in the lab (Short pants, short skirt, “purdah”,
sleeveless shirt are not permitted).
4. Wearing jewellery is not permitted in the laboratory.
5. Long hair and scarf must be properly manageable.
6. DO NOT wear contact lenses.
7. Wearing personal protection equipment (PPE) is compulsory in laboratory such as lab
coat, cover shoes and safety glasses, gloves and etc.
8. Student are NOT ALLOWED to smoke, drink, eat, play around and run in laboratory
9. Know the location of all safety equipment.
10. No experiment can be performed without the permission of the laboratory instructor.
11. Read the label on the container of a chemical twice to make sure you are using the right
chemicals. Follow the instructions properly. DO NOT waste chemicals. Use required
amount only.
12. DO NOT contaminate chemicals. Once chemical has been removed from their
containers, DO NOT put it back into the stock container.
13. DO NOT use cracked or chipped glassware.
14. NEVER use mouth suction when using a pipette. Use a pipette filler/bulb.
15. DO NOT leave any heating, vigorous or rapid reaction unattended.
16. Always use fume hood when working with flammable organic compounds, strong acid
and base, volatile solvent, corrosive and toxic materials.
17. DO NOT heat flammable materials directly.
18. Make sure your surrounding is safe before using Bunsen burner.
19. While heating chemicals in test tubes, NEVER point the tubes to yourself or others.
20. Waste chemicals must be disposed properly by placing them in waste container
provided. Ask your instructor how to discard used reagents.
21. Broken apparatus, water and gas leakage must be reported to laboratory assistant on
duty immediately.
22. In case on fire or hearing emergency siren, evacuate the laboratory quickly in orderly
manner. In case of small accident or small fire occurs, try to overcome them wisely.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

23. Report any accidents (minor or major) to your laboratory instructor. This accident must
be recorded in log book “CATATAN KEMALANGAN”.
24. Clean all glassware and place them appropriately before leaving laboratory. Make sure
to switch off instruments, water and gas supplies.
25. Final year project students should require permission from supervisor and head of
department if they want to work after normal working hours.

AN EXPERIMENT DONE WELL IS......


AN EXPERIMENT DONE SAFELY

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

GUIDELINE TO WRITE LAB REPORT

OBJECTIVE
State the objective clearly in a complete sentence. A few explanatory sentences may be
included, if needed.
The objective should answer the question: What is the lab objective designed to determine?

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The experimental methods should give a detailed description in your own words of how YOU
accomplished the experimentation (Passive voice sentences).
*Tips: This should include equipment used in the experiment as well as how it was used. The
description should have sufficient detail so that another experimenter could duplicate your
efforts.
Use sketches and diagrams to describe the experimental set-up. Label the main components.
Tips: Any information copied directly from Lab manuals or other references should be stated
within quotes and referred, otherwise, it is considered plagiarism.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


This is the most important part of the report. Summarize your results in the introductory
sentence. Relate your results to your objective. Present the results in the easiest way for your
reader to understand: graphs, tables, figures, etc.
Spreadsheets are often an ideal tool for organizing the data, analysing the data, and generating
graphs and tables. All tables and figures should be accompanied by comments or discussions
in the text of report; use a numbering system for identification of each one.
All figures and tables must have numbers and captions. While the table captions should be
placed over the table, figure captions should be placed below the figure.
Explain the results of the experiment, comment on the results you obtained, compare obtained
results with expected results, give probable reasons for discrepancies from the correct results,
answer any questions outlined in the instructions and solve any problems that may have been
presented. Tell why things happened, not only that they did happen. Implementation errors
should be discussed here.

CONCLUSIONS
State your discoveries, judgments and opinions from the results of this experiment and relate it
with your experiment objectives. Suggest ways to improve the results of this experiment.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

REFERENCES
List the book, publication or website that you referenced in writing your report. Provide authors,
publisher, date of publication, page number, etc.
*Tips: Follow the standard format for typing a reference:
[1] Little, P., and Cardenas, M., “Use of Studio Methods in the Introductory Engineering
Design Curriculum,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90, No. 3, 2001, pp. 309-318.
[2] Nunally, J., Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
[3] Lister, B., “Next Generation Studio: A New Model for Interactive Learning,”
www.ciue.rpi.edu/pdfs/nextGenStudio.pdf.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

EXPERIMENT 1
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF A REACTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE
Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to:
1. determine factors that affecting the rate of reaction

1.2 INTRODUCTION
There are several factors that affect the rate of a reaction. Some of these factors are:
• Mixing
• Concentration of a reactant
• Temperature
• The presence of a catalyst
• Surface area in a heterogeneous reaction
In this experiment we will examine these factors. This experiment is an introduction to the more
commonly encountered factors that affect the rate of reactions. There are other factors that
influence the rate of a reaction such as light, molecular geometry and the type of solvent used;
however, we do not have the time to explore all factors that affect reaction rate.

Chemicals
Potassium permanganate
Starch (as an indicator)
Acetic acid
Potassium iodide
Sodium thiosulfate
3wt% Hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2)
3 M Copper (II) nitrate and 1M Copper (II) nitrate
3 M Iron (III) nitrate
Deionized water

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

Apparatus
Test tubes
Beaker
Stop watch
Water bath
Glass rod
Gas collection set up (Conical flask, stopper and tube)
Iron nail
Ball of steel wool

1.3 PROCEDURE
Part A: The effect of mixing
1. Fill two (2) test tubes ¼ full with water.
2. Add a small crystal of solid potassium permanganate into each test tube.
3. Swirl one of the test tube to dissolve the potassium permanganate. Let the other test
tube undisturbed.
Record the time needed to dissolve the sample (form a solution).
4. Observe the undisturbed tube every 5 minutes while continuing with the next experiment
(Part B - E). Record the time needed for the potassium permanganate to dissolve
and diffuse throughout this tube.

Part B: The effect of concentration of a reactant.


1. To complete Parts B and C, each group will need a timer, a total of 7.0 mL of 3 wt%
hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2) and a total of 15.0 mL of solution A. Solution A
contains a mixture of starch (2 drops) (as an indicator), acetic acid (2 mL), potassium
iodide (2 mL), and sodium thiosulfate (2 mL). Please take the exact amount of chemical
needed to avoid chemical waste.
2. Place 5.0 mL of solution A and add 5.0 mL of the H2O2 solution in a beaker. Start your
timer immediately after the solutions are mixed in the beaker.
3. Record the time needed (in sec) until the solution turns blue/black.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using 5.0 mL of solution A and a mixture of solution (4.0 mL of
deionized water + 1.0 mL of the hydrogen peroxide).
Part C: The effect of temperature.
1. Prepare a test tube containing 5.0 mL of solution A and another test tube containing 4.0
mL of deionized water combined with 1.0 mL of the 3 wt% hydrogen peroxide solution.
Place both test tubes into a warm water bath for about 5 minutes.
2. Measure the temperature of the water bath.
3. Mix the two solutions into a small beaker and start your timer.
4. Record the time needed (in sec) for the solution to turn blue/black.
5. Compare the time needed in this experiment with the experiment in part B.

Part D: The effect of a catalyst.


1. Fill in a large beaker (400 mL or larger) with 2/3 full of water.
2. Fill in a test tube with full of water. Place your finger over the opening and invert it into
the beaker. Do not allow any gas to enter the tube as you remove your finger.
3. Obtain a gas collection apparatus (Fig 1). Place the gas evolution tube under the
inverted test tube in the beaker.
4. Place 20 drops of 3 M copper (II) nitrate solution in the conical flask prepared in gas
collection apparatus. Swirl the conical flask. Is any gas formed in the catalyst solution
alone?
5. Quickly add about 20 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the conical flask and
quickly put the stopper of the flask. Continuously swirl the conical flask.
6. Record the time required for the gas produced to fill up the test tube.
7. Repeat step 1 to 6 using 5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and 2 drops of 3 M
iron(III) nitrate solution.
8. Repeat step 1 to 6 using 5 drops of 3 M copper(II) nitrate, 5 drops of 3 M iron(III) nitrate
and 20 mL of 3 wt% hydrogen peroxide solution.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

Figure 1.1: Gas collection setup


Part E: The effect of surface area in a heterogeneous reaction.
1. Prepare two (2) test tube. Place a small iron nail that has been cleaned with sand paper
into a first test tube. In a second test tube, place a small ball of steel wool.
2. Add 5 mL of 1 M copper (II) nitrate solution into each test tube and place them into a
warm water bath. Occasionally, stir the test tubes with glass rod and let them heat for at
least 10 minutes.
3. Observe each tube closely and record any colour change in the solutions. The intensity
of the colour change is an indication of the progress of the reaction. Which test tube has
a quicker colour change? Record the colour intensity (lighter or darker) for each test
tube.
4. After 10 minutes, decant the solution from each test tube and record the of the nail and
the steel wool.

1.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. The effect of mixing.


Time (in second) for color to diffuse throughout the tube
stirred tube __________________________
undisturbed tube __________________________

B. The effect of concentration of a reactant.


Time (in second) for color change in first trial _________________________
Time (in second) for color change in second trial _________________________

C. The effect of temperature.


Time (in second) for color change in heated trial ________________________

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

D. The effect of a catalyst.


Amount of gas formed in pure H2O2 _______________________
Amount of gas formed in just the catalyst solution ________________________
Time (in second) for tube to fill with gas when mixing
H2O2 and Cu(NO3)2 _______________________
Time (in second) for tube to fill with gas when mixing
H2O2 and Fe(NO3)3 _______________________
Time (in second) for tube to fill with gas when both
Catalysts are used with H2O2 _______________________

E. The effect of surface area


Color intensity of original copper solution _______________________
Appearance of the nail initially _______________________
After at least 10 minutes in the copper solution ______________________
Color intensity of solution with nail after 10 minutes _______________________
Appearance of the steel wool initially _______________________
After at least 10 minutes in the copper solution _______________________
Color Intensity of solution with steel wool after
after 10 minutes _______________________

1.5 QUESTIONS

1. Looking at part A of this experiment, how would you expect the rate of the reaction to
change if you were to stir a reaction mixture instead of just letting it sit?
2. Recall that the rate of the reaction is inversely proportional to the time measured.
a. Based on this, in part B, which tube had a higher rate of reaction?
b. Which tube had the higher concentrations of either or both reactants?
c. How does concentration affect the rate of the reaction?

3. In part C of this experiment the temperature was raised above that used in part B.
Comparing the rate of the reaction in the second part of part B and the rate of the
reaction in part C, how does temperature affect the rate of the reaction?

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4. a. In part D of this experiment how did the presence of the copper (II) nitrate affect the
rate of the reaction?
b. How did the presence of iron (III) nitrate affect the rate of the reaction?
c. Which compound is a better catalyst?
d. Does having both catalysts present increase the rate of the reaction more than
either one alone?
5. If you have a choice of either to grind up a reactant or leave it in a large lump, which
would you choose so that the reaction rate is increased? Refer to your results from part
E.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

EXPERIMENT 2
RATE OF REACTION AND INITIAL RATES

2.1 OBJECTIVE

Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to:


1. determine rate of reaction and initial rates

2.2 INTRODUCTION

Sodium thiosulfate solution is reacted with acid and a sulphur precipitate forms in a cloudy
suspension. The time required for a certain amount of sulphur to form can be used to indicate
the rate of the reaction.
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S (s) + H2O (l) + SO2 (g)
The initial rates is inversely proportional to the time taken. In symbols:
1
initial rates ∝
t
The order of reaction could be investigated by plotting 1/t as a measure of rate against the
varying concentration of sodium thiosulfate you are investigating. If the reaction is the first order
with the respect to the sodium thiosulfate, then you will get a straight line. In this experiment, the
effect of the concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the rate of reaction will be investigated.

Figure 2.1: Apparatus and chemicals used in Experiment 2

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Chemicals

 Sodium thiosulfate solution 0.15 M


 Hydrochloric acid 1 M

Apparatus

 250 mL conical flask


 100 mL measuring cylinder
 Glass rod

2.3 PROCEDURE

1. Put 50 mL of sodium thiosulfate solution in a conical flask. Place it on a piece of paper


marked with a cross.
2. Measure 5 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid in a small measuring cylinder.

3. Add the acid to the flask and immediately start the clock. Swirl the flask to mix the solutions.

4. Look down at the cross from above. When the cross disappears stop the clock and record
the time. Record the data in the table.

Wear eye protection. Take care not to inhale fumes.


5. Repeat step 1-4 using different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate solution. Mix different
volumes of the sodium thiosulfate solution with water as shown in the table 2 below.

Table 2: The amount of Na2S2O3 and H2O

Volume of Na2S2O3 (mL) Volume of H2O (mL)


50 0
40 10
30 20
20 30
10 40

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

2.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Volume of Volume of [Na2S2O3] (M) Time taken for cross 1/ time (s-1)
Na2S2O3 (mL) H2O (mL) to disappear (s)

50 0 0.15
40 10
30 20
20 30
10 40

2.5 QUESTIONS

1. Calculate the concentration of sodium thiosulfate in the flask at the start of each experiment.
Record the results in the table.
2. Plot a graph of concentration of sodium thiosulfate on the vertical (y) axis and time on the
horizontal (x) axis. Calculate the initial rates of the experiment

3. For each set of results, calculate the value of 1/time. (This value can be taken as a measure
of the rate of reaction).

4. Plot a graph of 1/time taken on the vertical (y) axis and concentration on the horizontal (x)
axis.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

EXPERIMENT 3
RATE OF REACTION AND RATE LAW

3.1 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to:

1. determine the rate law of a reaction


2. explain the function of catalyst and inhibitor in reaction kinetic
3. determine the graph of reaction rates

3.2 INTRODUCTION

Decomposition of pure hydrogen peroxide, H 2O2 is a first-order reaction. The rate of this
decomposition at t time (t t) depends on the concentration of H 2O2.

2H2O2  H2O + O 2

 d[H 2 O 2 ]
   k[H 2 O 2 ] (Equation 1)
dt

d[ H 2 O2 ]t
  kdt
[ H 2 O2 ]0

[ H 2 O2 ]t
ln   k1t (Equation 2)
[ H 2 O2 ]0

 = rate of reaction
[H2O2] = concentration of H2O2 at (t) time
k = rate constant

Equation 2 shows the relationship between initial concentrations of H2O2 with the final
concentration of H2O2 at (t) time. Usually the rate of decomposition is slow at room

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temperature but heterogeneous catalyst such as tiny platinum metal or manganese dioxide
will enhance the decomposition process. Homogenous catalyst such as dissolve ferric ion
(Fe3+), manganese ion (Mn 2+), bromide ion (Br -) and enzyme "blood catalyst" or "amylase"
are also suitable for this reaction (able to increase the rate of reaction).

Without catalyst, the decomposition reaction of H2O2 will need higher energy. Thus, a
concentrated H2O2 solution was stored in a refrigerator to prevent it from being decompose.
Otherwise, the present of catalyst such as manganese will speed up the decomposition
process.

For example:

H2 O 2 + Mn2+ MnO2 + 2H+

H2O2 + MnO2 + 2H+ Mn2+ + 2H2O + O2

We can reduce the decomposition process of H2O2 by using a negative catalyst (inhibitor)
like dilute mineral acid, ether or glycerol. This is because the catalyst active centre is being
neutralized or becomes inactive, and the hydrogen peroxide itself has the inhibition due to
the present of dust, which one of the factor effect the catalyst activity. In this experiment, the
dissolve ferric ion with concentration of 0.025 M is used as a catalyst. The catalyst helps to
increase the rates of H2O2 decomposition.

Chemicals

100% H2O2 v/v


0.025 M FeCl3 solution
1 M H2SO4 solution
0.05 M KMnO 4

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Apparatus
Burette
Pipette 2.5 and 10 mL
Conical flask 250 mL
Measuring cylinder
Stop watch

3.3 PROCEDURES

1. Dilute 2.5 mL of concentrated H2O2 (30 % v/v) with 200 mL of distilled water in a
conical flask. Wait for 10 minutes for homogenous solution to form.
2. Meanwhile, prepare 7 conical flasks containing 10 mL of 1 M H 2SO4 each.
3. After 10 minutes, add 20 mL of FeCl 3 into H2O2 solution (name as solution A) and
directly pipette 10 mL of solution A into one of the conical flask containing 10 mL of 1
M H2SO4 (name as solution B). This time is called as (t = 0 minutes).
The decomposition reaction of H 2O2 already started when FeCl 3 was added.
4. Quickly titrate the solution B with standard potassium permanganate solution (KMnO 4)
0.05 M until colour change to light pink and record the volume, V (mL) at time, t=0 (V o)
5. After each 10 minutes within an hour, take one sample (solution A) and mix with 10 mL
of 1 M H2SO4 prepared in step 2. Directly titrate with standard solution of 0.05 M
KMnO4 as in step 4 (because Vt at time = t is needed to calculate the rate constant).
6. Plot a graph of ln Vt/Vo versus t (seconds) and estimate the k value from the slope by
using equation 2 (tangent).

3.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION


Reaction time, Burette
(t, minutes) Initial reading (mL) Final reading (mL) Volume (mL)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60

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i. Calculation of the data to plot a graph.

Vo = _______________

Time (s) Vt (mL) ln Vt/Vo


10
20
30
40
50
60

ii. What is the k value? (Calculate it from the graph by using Equation 2 )
iii. Determine the reaction rate law (from the graph). Show your calculation if required.
iv. What is the meaning of "ferric catalyst is activated by copper ions”?
v. What other methods that have been used to determine the order of reactions by
decomposition?
vi. Discuss the uncertainty that you get in this experiment.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

EXPERIMENT 4
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN BROMINATION OF ACETONE

4.1 OBJECTIVE

Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to:

1. determine the activation energy of the bromination of acetone

4.2 INTRODUCTION

The rate of a reaction depends upon several factors i.e. the type of reaction, the concentration
of the reactants and the catalyst used, if any. For a given reaction, the rate of reaction usually
increases when the concentration of the reactants is increased. The relationship between rate
and concentration for the generalized reaction:

aA + bB cC + dD

is given by the equation:

1 d [ A] 1 d [ B] 1 d [C ] 1 d [ D]
Rate       k[ A] m [ B] n (4.1)
a dt b dt c dt d dt

Where: n and m = integers 0, 1, 2,3…


[A] and [B] = the concentration of reactant A and B in mol dm-3
k = the rate constant

The superscript is called the “order” of the reaction with respect to the individual reactants. In
this case m, then, is the order of the reaction with respect to the reactant A while n is the
reaction order with respect to the reactant B.

The reaction rate is also a function of temperature. An increase in temperature will result in a
faster reaction rate. A general “rule of thumb” is that an increase of 10 °C doubles the rate of a

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reaction. Just as for concentration, there is a relationship between reaction rate and
temperature. This relation based upon the theory that for a reaction to occur, the reactants must
possess a minimum energy (specific to particular reaction). Usually this reaction is assumed to
be in the form of kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the reactants. This minimum energy
required for reaction is called the activation energy of the reaction. It appears as a maximum in
the progress-of-reaction vs energy profile for the reaction. The equation that relates the rate
constant with the absolute temperature, T, and the activation energy, Ea is
Ea
ln k    ln A (4.2)
RT
Where; R = gas constant k = rate constant
A = constant, normally known as Arrhenius parameter.

If the rate of the reaction is determined at several temperatures, the activation energy can be
found from the graph.

Chemicals

Bromine solution (0.02 M)


Acetone (4.0 M)
Hydrochloric acid (1.0 M)
Distilled water

Apparatus

Large test tubes


Water bath
Beaker (200 mL)
Measuring cylinder
Thermometer
Stop Watch
Water Bath

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

4.3 PROCEDURES

1. Fill in 10.0 mL of 4 M of acetone into boiling tube, then followed with 10.0 mL 1.0 M HCl and
20.0 mL distilled water (boiling tube A).
2. Measure 10.0 mL 0.02 M bromine solution (CAUTION: Dangerous) using graduated
measuring cylinder and pour into another boiling tube (boiling tube B).
3. Immerse both boiling tubes in water bath at room temperature for about 5 minutes until the
solution have reached the temperature 20°C of the water bath. Mix together two solution
and at the same time start the stop watch to record the exact time of mixing.
Fill the water bath with ice cubes to obtain temperature lower than room temperature
(≈ 20 °C)
4. Record the time, t, when the reaction is complete, that is, when the solution becomes
colourless (all the bromine has reacted). You should use a test tube filled with distilled water
for colour comparison.
5. Repeat the step 1 - 5 at temperature: 35 °C, 40 °C, 45 °C and 50 °C. Repeat step 1 to 5 (for
each temperature) two or three times to ensure that reproducible results are obtained. Use
the average time, to calculate the rate of reaction at that temperature.

4.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION


Time of complete reaction, t
Temperature oC Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
20
35
40
45
50

Calculate the rate of reaction at each temperature studied and determine the activation energy
1
of the reaction from the graph of ln rate vs
T
4.5 QUESTION
1
Explain why the graph used to determine the activation energy is ln rate vs
T

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EXPERIMENT 5
ENTHALPY

5.1 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to:

1. Determine the enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and weak acid.


2. Determine the quantity and direction of the heat transfer in the dilution of a salt

5.2 INTRODUCTION

A chemical or physical change involves in the transfer of heat (energy). Reactions that release
energy in the form of heat are called exothermic reactions. While, a process that absorbs
energy from its surroundings is called endothermic reaction. Calorimeter is used to measure the
quantity and heat transfer, in which undergoes chemical or physical change. Heat transfer in a
chemical reaction is defined quantitatively as enthalpy (heat) reaction, ∆H at constant pressure.
∆H is negative for exothermic reaction and positive for endothermic reaction. The heat capacity
of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature, 1 °C of one gram of the
substance.

Heat capacity = (amount of heat in J)


(mass of substance in g) (temperature change in °C)

The unit of specific heat is J. g-1° C-1

The enthalpy of neutralization involves acid base reaction and for strong acid and base, the
reaction is exothermic. AHn is determined by
a) assuming the density and specific heat for acid and base solution are the same as water
b) measure the temperature change, ∆T

∆Hn = (-) specific heat H2O x total mass acid-base x ∆T

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The unit of ∆Hn is kJ/mol of acid and base reacted. Mass (g) of solution is the total mass of acid
and base in solution.

The enthalpy of solution is produced when a salt dissolve in water. Energy is absorbs and
releases. Pottasium nitrate (KNO3) dissolves in water:

H2O
KNO3 (s) K + (aq) + NO 3- (aq)

The lattice energy (enthalpy) of salt, ∆HLE and hydration energy (enthalpy), ∆Hhyd will
determined whether heat is absorbed or released when 1 mole of salt dissolve in water. The
enthalpy of solution and dilution; ∆Hs is total of ∆HLE and ∆Hhyd Salt dispersion enthalpy, ∆Hs is
determined experimentally with the combination of heat loss from the salt and water whenever
both of them are mixed.

∆Hs = (- heat loss H2O) + (- heat loss salt)

  spesific heatH2O  massH2O  ΔTH2O    spesific heatsalt  masssalt  ΔTsalt 


ΔH s     
 
 mol H2O   mol salt 
Chemicals
1.0 M HCl solution
1.0 M NaOH solution
1.0 M acetic acid solution
Potassium nitrate KNO3
Potassium sulphate K2SO4

Apparatus
Styrofoam cup with lid with a tiny hole for thermometer
Thermometer
Measuring cylinder
100 mL beaker

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5.3 PROCEDURES

Part A: Heat of Neutralization of Acid-Base

1. Obtain 50.0 mL 1.0 M HCl and measure its temperature.


2. Obtain 50.0 mL 1.0 M NaOH standard solution and put into a dry Styrofoam cup and
measure its temperature. Record exactly the molar concentration for the base.
3. Quickly, add acid to the base in the Styrofoam cup. During this period you must cover the
cup by placing the lid on top properly to prevent heat lost. Carefully, stir the cup and
record the temperature for every 10 - 20 seconds until the temperature is constant.
4. Plot a temperature (°C) vs time (seconds) graph and determine the maximum temperature
for the neutralization reaction.
5. Repeat experiment twice to get accurate data.
6. Repeat step 1-5 by using acetic acid and both of the ∆Hn will be compared.

Part B: Heat of Salt Solution

1. Weigh 5.0 g (± 0.001 g) potassium nitrate KNO3 salt, which is already prepared for you.
2. Measure the mass of a dry cup and put in 20 mL of distilled water and record the
temperature.
3. Add salt in the Styrofoam cup and place the lid on top of the cup. Swirl the cup while
recording the temperature for every 10 - 20 seconds until the temperature is constant.
4. Plot a temperature (°C) vs time (seconds) graph and determine the maximum temperature
for the neutralization of the reaction.
5. Repeat experiment to get an accurate data.
6. Repeat step 1-5 by using potassium sulphate K2SO4 and both of the ∆Hn will be
compared.

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

5.4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION


Table of Data to Plot Graph
Enthalpy (heat) of neutralization for acid-base reaction
Enthalpy (heat) of solution
HCl – NaOH CH3COOH – NaOH for the salt
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Salt 1 Salt 2
t (s) °C t (s) °C t (s) °C t (s) °C t (s) °C t (s) °C

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

(a) Heat of Neutralization of Acid-Base


HCl + NaOH CH3COOH + NaOH
Item
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Acid volume (mL)
Acid Temperature (°C)
NaOH volume (mL)
NaOH Temperature (°C)
NaOH concentration (mol / L)
Maximum temperature from graph (°C)

Calculation for Heat of Neutralization of Acid-Base


HCl + NaOH CH3COOH + NaOH
Item
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
Average initial temperature of acid and
base (°C)
Temperature change, ∆T(°C)
Volume of final mixture (mL)
Mass of final mixture (g)
Specific heat of the mixture 4.18 J g-1°C-1 4.18 J g-1°C-1
Yielded heat (J)
Amount of OH- reacted
Amount of H2O produced
Yielded heat per mole H2O, ∆Hn
Average ∆Hn (kJ / mol H2O)
 Density of solution is 1.0 g / Ml

1. Show your calculation for Trial 1


2. Compare both ∆Hn values and give your opinion
3. Write down the balance equation for the neutralization

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SKF1013: Introduction to Physical Chemistry

(a) Heat of Salt Solution

Salt: _____________________________

Item Salt 1 Salt 2


Mass of salt (g)
Mole of salt (mol)
Mass of cup and water (g)
Mass of Styrofoam cup (g)
Mass of water (g)
Initial temperature of water (°C)
Final temperature of water (°C) from graph

Calculation for Heat of Salt Solution


Item Salt 1 Salt 2
Temperature change, ∆T (°C)
Water heat released (J)
Salt heat released (J)
Total enthalpy change
∆Hs (kJ/mol salt)
Average (kJ/mol salt)

1. Show your calculation for Trial 1


2. Instead of using specific heat, what other formula can you use to calculate the heat
of reaction? Explain in what condition that formula can be applied.
3. What is the appropriate name should be given to the Styrofoam cup as an apparatus
to measure heat of reaction?

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