FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND COACHING

QSU6054

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT

PROJECT GROUP ASSIGNMENT

LECTURER : DR MOHD YUSOF BIN BAHARUDDIN

GROUP MEMBERS NO. MATRIX

NURUL FAZURA BINTI MOHD JELANI M20171001215
NABILAH BINTI YAAKUB M20171000609
NOR AINA BINTI ABDULLAH M20171000721
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Basketball is a limited-contact sport played on a rectangular court. While most often played
as a team sport with five players on each side, three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one
competitions are also common. The objective is to shoot a basketball approximately 9.4
inches (24cm) in diameter through a hoop 18 inches (46cm) in diameter and 10 feet high that
is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr.
James Naismith.

Basketball is a highly dynamic sport, in which players must perform shots from
several distances from the basket. Longer shots demand greater accuracy because the
horizontal virtual target decreases as shooting distance increases. Thereby, the greater the
shooting distance, the greater the spatial accuracy constraint the shooter must master. In
addition, when the shooting distance increases the force requirements change and the player
needs to consider this task constraint.

Shooting is the principal method used to score points in basketball and for this reason,
it is the most frequently used technical action (Hay 1994). The jump shot is distinguished as
the most important of all the shooting actions (Hess 1980), and in the Spanish basketball
League, it is the one most often used successfully since 41% of all points are scored by using
this technique. Efficacy in the shooting is identified with the ability to perform well in this
sport and consequently, it is extensively practiced.

Meanwhile, team accumulates points in the sport of basketball by putting the ball
through the hoop. Therefore, shooting is a very important skill and directly influences the
team’s success. The ability to shoot a successful jump shot provides a player with the
following scoring advantages which are accuracy, speed, protection against an opponent and
the possibility of releasing the ball form several distances from the basket. As a result, the
jump shot has been shown to be the most efficient and the most used shooting technique,
regardless of the player’s role on the team.

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 The one had jump shot is the most popular shot in the history of the game. The jump
shot changed the offensive game in the early forty’s. the jump shot leads the way to the high
scoring game of today. Jump shots in competitions are difficult because of the small margin
of error and the uncertainty of defensive pressure.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Researchers who have investigated the shooter’s movement organisation have proposed
phases for organising the shooting motion. The phases provide both a qualitative description
and a theoretical guide for coaches, teachers, athletes, and students to follow when learning
the shooting motion, considered by some researchers to be the most complex basketball
technique. The shooting motion may be influenced by several factors such as distance from
the basket, the presence of an opponent, body posture at ball release, other movements
completed by the player before shooting, weight and width of the ball, the player’s expertise
level, the field of view and physical characteristics of the player.

Consequently, the segmental movements used by the player when shooting a jump
shot have been analysed through qualitative procedures, mathematical models, and
experimental evidence. However, few studies have attempted to apply a systematic review of
the application of the scientific knowledge of the factors that influence the basketball shot for
improving the learning process.

2.1 Ball Trajectory

Several studies have investigated the determinant variables of the basketball shot. The angle
of entry of the ball into basket has been one of the main factors that determine shooting
success. Increasing the angle of entry of the ball into the basket increases the width of the
basket. Conversely, the virtual target area is reduced when the angle of entry decreases. The
angle of entry for the ball is determined by three ball factors which are vertical displacement,
horizontal displacement, and velocity.

Ball vertical displacement is inversely related to release height and directly related to
release angle. Therefore, the lower the release height and/or the greater the release angle, the
greater the vertical displacement of the ball. On the other hand, ball horizontal displacement
is related to the distance between the shooter and the basket. Thus, shots performed from
greater distances require greater horizontal velocity for the ball to reach the basket. These
three factors are affected by release velocity, angle, and height.

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2.1.1 Release velocity of the ball

Lower release velocities are related to greater movement accuracy, a strategy

commonly observed in expert players. A low release velocity decreases movement
variability of the body segments, thereby increasing movement consistency. Thus,
reducing release velocity allows extra time for the player to perform movement
corrections using visual and proprioceptive feedback and generates less neural noise.
This finding suggests that players should use release angles that allow low movement
velocity. However, weaker players who are not able to generate sufficient force and/or
players who have a shorter standing height and have less potential for generating
greater ball release height must use a strategy of generating greater segmental
velocities to perform a successful shot.

2.1.2 Release angle of the ball

Several different angles have been reported for ball release. Release angle is related to
the angle of entry of the ball through the rim of the basket. Thus, a perpendicular
release angle provides a larger area for the ball to pass through the width of the
basket. Although an angle of entry closer to 90 degrees would allow a player to use
the full width of the basket, a basketball shot with an angle of entry closer to 90
degrees would require the player to use a greater release angle and release velocity.
As a result, the shooter must use an angle that requires more motor efficiency to
ensure shooting accuracy. For example, it is possible to perform a jump shot using a
smaller release angle by holding constant the relative timing for the coordination of
all moving joints by decreasing the angle of shoulder flexion at the instant of ball
release. If the joint range of motion is held constant but joint peak velocities vary, it is
possible to use a smaller or larger release angle, depending on the player’s movement
organisation.

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 2.1.3 Release height of the ball

Increasing the height of release of the ball permits the player to use a smaller release
angle, thereby reducing the need for high movement velocity to execute a successful
shot. The player’s standing height jump height and his/her organisation of segmental
movements are variables that influence release height of the ball. The player’s
standing height and his/her jumping ability are directly related to ball release height.
Thus, a taller player who can jump higher will have a higher release height of the ball.
In general, players are encouraged to release the ball at the highest point of the jump
when shooting a jump shot. Following this advice results in an increased height of
release plus increased stability because the player’s vertical velocity is almost null if
the ball is released at the peak of the jump.

2.2 Phases of the jump shot

A movement that defines the jump shot can be organised into five phases which are
preparation, ball elevation, stability, release, and inertia.

2.1.1 Preparation phases

During the preparation for the jump shot, players use both hands to position the ball
close to at waist height, with only the fingers touching the ball. The fingers must be
spread out to allow the ball to slide through them during ball release. Only one hand,
placed under the ball, is used to generate the impulse required to contribute to the
angle and velocity of the ball at release. The non-shooting hand is placed on the side
of the ball and helps to support the ball during the preparatory motion. The feet are
spread shoulder width apart, with the player’s body weight being equally divided
between both feet.

The foot on the same side of the body as the arm used to shoot the ball is
placed slightly in front of the body to increase stability and to reduce shoulder, trunk,
and pelvic rotation during the release phase. The foot placement also prevents
forwards and backwards movement of the player’s body during the jump and helps to
keep both the shooting arm and the ball aligned with the basket. The ankle, knee and

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hip joints begin to flex in preparation for the jump which results in a slight forward
inclination of the trunk. The eyes are focused on the front rim of the basket rather than
on the ball. Players use the rim of the basket as a visual reference point before, during
and after the shot.

2.1.2 Ball elevation phase

The ball elevation phase begins with flexion of the shoulder and elbow to position the
ball for release. Specifically, the shoulder lifts the ball by flexing to an angle between
90 and 135 degrees. The elbow is positioned under the ball in line with the basket. To
improve shooting accuracy, movements of the arm, forearm, and hand occur in a
single plane of motion that results from the alignment of the shoulder, elbow, and
wrist. The ball is placed close to the body to increase stability and decrease horizontal
displacement. Extension of the ankle, knee and hip joints occur simultaneously as the
ball is elevated to initiate the jumping motion and the stability phase.

2.1.3 Stability phase

Movements stability and control are essential features for shooting accuracy. Stability
is characterized by small periods of change in angular displacement of the elbow and
shoulder joints. During the stability phase, the lower limbs extend from their
preparatory flexed position to initiate the jump and ascension of the body in flight. In
the upper body, the wrist of the shooting arm hyperextends during the ball elevation
phase to position the ball for its release that will occur at the peak of the jump. Players
use the weight of the ball supported by the shooting hand to optimise wrist
hyperextension prior to ball release. The countermovement of the joint allows the
wrist muscle to use elastic energy to initiate wrist flexion. Some players may use a
reduced or absent stability phase as a strategy to capitalise on the potential energy
created by the elbow extensor muscles instead of the wrist flexors.

2.1.4 Release phase

This phase begins with elbow extension and wrist flexion and ends with ball release.
Some authors consider elbow extension to be the most importantpart of the ball

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release phase and suggest that elbow extension is the determiningcontributor to ball
velocity at release. They support their assertion by identifying complete elbow
extension as a characteristic of expert shooting performance. However, the
countermovementof the wrist joint performed by both novice and expert players, for
example; moving from hyperextension to flexion, suggests that the wrist is an
additional contributor to theapplication of the impulse to the ball at release.

Moreover, some novice and expert players apply a movement in phase

between the joints of the upper extremity, for example; simultaneous movement of the
shoulder, elbow, and wrist, to optimise impulse applied to the ball at release. Some
players also use a small lateral deviation to accompany wrist flexion, but the
pronation occurs only after theelbow is completely extended. On the other hand, some
players flex their wrists before theirelbows are completely extended to use the energy
generated by the joints responsible for therelease. It has also been suggested by some
researchers that ballrelease must be performed through finger and wrist flexion to
provide a parabolic trajectoryand a backward rotation of the ball during flight.

2.1.5 Inertial or follow-through phase

The inertial phase begins with ball release and is characterised by sustained wrist
flexionand reduced shoulder flexion and elbow extension. Decreased movement
during the follow through may change wrist velocity and result in lower ball release
velocity and ball rotation. Consequently, some researchers recommend complete wrist
flexion at release and during the follow-through motion. The jump shot ends with the
shooting elbow extended, the hand parallel to the floor, and the fingers pointing
toward the basket.

2.1.6 Phases of the jump shots

Despite the universal characteristics of the phases of the basketball jump shot,
researchershave identified an inter-individual variability in movement patterns across
players. This variability is greater in novice players and less evident in expert players.
Therefore, playing experience is one factor that influences inter-individual variability

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 when performing a jump shot. However, it has been proposed that variables that
regulate the intrinsic dynamics of theshooting motion such as physical and motor
characteristics, and the control strategies used bydifferent players to generate velocity
and to maintain accuracy are the main determinants over this variability. Thus,
although some segmental movements have been identified ascommon to the
movement patterns used by all players to shoot a jump shot, each individualplayer has
a pattern that is unique to his/her performance characteristics.

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1. Preparation

In the first task of qualitative analysis; preparation, the analysts should gather the relevant
knowledge about the activity, performer, and effective instruction. (Knudson & Morrison,
2002) The data was collected by used the video camera to record the performance of the
shots. The video camera was placed at a distance of 10 m from where the shot was made and
that video camera was started prior to the beginning of each shot and not switched off until
the ball passed through the hoop in lateral view. Before attempt the jump shot movement, a
subject has conducted the warming up. Then, the experiment protocol has been conducted as
below:

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 Figure 3.1: experiment protocol

The analysts should have knowledge and information about motor skill development
and pattern of fundamental movement related to basketball jump shot activity. (Knudson &
Morrison, 2002) Shooting is probably the best known fundamental skill in basketball.
Anyone can shoot but it requires the skill to score consistently. The proper shooting can be
developed in sufficient basic skill and strength. (Knudson, 1993) has review six critical
features of the basketball jump shot that focus on the motion of athletes' body (KP) and the
variable of outcome ball motion (KR).

Critical Feature Cues

Staggered stance and vertical jump Boxer’s stance
Shooting plane Shooting plane; powerline
The optimized height of release Release at the top
Angle of release Golden arch; best path
Cooperation of upper and lower extremities Smooth; jump and shot
Ball rotation Flip the wrist for the ball

Table 3.1 Critical Feature and Cues adapted from “Biomechanics of the basketball jump
shot: by Knudson, 1993

Extensive background of knowledge about the subject also needed in preparing the
qualitative analysis. Performer comes to the activity with wide of variety from age, gender,
experience, and skill related fitness component.

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 This study was conducted at University of Education Sultan Idris (UPSI). A
basketball player has been selected as a subject for this study. A subject of this study a
basketball player had height; 163cm, and weight; 70kg in 28 years old. To have a good
communication with the subject, the analysts should follow the good instructional procedure
and present appropriate information effectively.

3.2. OBSERVATION

The second task of an integrated model in the qualitative analysis of basketball jump shot
movement is observation. In this task, the analysts should gather the information from all
sense about a jump shot movement with Systematic Observational Strategy (SOS). The goal
of SOS in this study is to provide a platform for gathering the information toward the the
status of performance of subject’s movement. SOS has been include movement from origin
movement, moving from general to specific technique points, and rating the importance of
the critical features. (Knudson & Morrison, 2002)

On this task, there is two main decision has essentially involved as a simple vie wof
observation. For instance, the analysts should know what focus to observe and how to
observe (plan to observe). There are five major areas that analysts have to consider in
developing SOS. Firstly, plan to focus which is Barret (1979) has called it is as scanning
strategy. There is a lot of variables the analysts needed to observe besides the critical feature.
For example, the analysts need to focus is rules of the sport, environmental factor, motion,
rythm, and appropriate techniques.

Second, the observational situation is related to the environment of the performance

controlled by analysts. The performance must be realistic and effective in qualitative analysis.
Next, the analysts have to use the lateral view in observation as vantage points. It is because
the analysts want to see the critical feature. Then, the analysts have the plan to do some
observation to gather the information for diagnosis and intervention. Lastly, the analyst has to
use extendend observation by using a video camera to record the movement.

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 Observation for this study has illustrated in figure 3.2, the analyst has let the subject
perform the basketball jump shot movement without giving any instruction or any strategy. It
is known as pre-test jump shot basketball.

Figure 3.2: pre-test of jump shot basketball

3.3. EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS

Evaluation can be defined as a judgement of quality. This is important in establishing the

good point of movement or error or weakness of performance. The evaluation also not focus
on weakness only, but it is also focused on strength of the performances.

Figure 3.2 shows a subject perform jump shot basketball movement without any
instruction or any clue from analysts. The vantage point of this study observation has
provided a good perspective for that critical feature. During staggered stance and vertical
jump, a subject has performed well. But there is a weakness in shooting plane which is the
angle of the knee has lack of bent but the position of body and hand is in ideal form. A
subject has performed the critical feature and cue in good perspective until the end. But, the
rotation of the ball has a lacking during shooting.

Once the characteristic of performance has evaluated, the analysts have diagnosed the
performance to identify the best intervention for the subject. Knudson & Morrison, 2002 has
a state that analysts need to consider subject is flexible or not and stronger enough to do an
intervention. There are a lot of subdisciplines should be studied before choosing the right and

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rationale intervention because of the origin of goal movement cannot be changed or missed.
This is because the objective of the intervention is to improve the performances.

3.4. INTERVENTION

The last task of an intergraded model of qualitative of jump shot basketball movement is
intervention, which providing the feedback to the subject, making corrected the technique to
improve the performances. In shaping the intervention, the analysts have used the seven
guideline of principles of providing augmented feedback which is analysts does not give too
much feedback to subject after observation and be specific. The analysts also avoid delaying
the feedback because it is may influence the result of performance after the intervention.
Next, analysts also keep it positive and provide frequent feedback, use the cue word and
phrases and use the variety of approach.

There is some intervention had been used in this study. Firstly are visual models that
provide the visual feedback on the status of performances. This intervention is chosen
because most of the people having a visual learning style and this method are effectively way
to convey the information to people who are learning a new pattern of coordination. Other
than that, the videotape replay also has a great effective in teaching motor skills.

Second intervention is conditioning. Previously, a subject has weakness in strength

and position of the body during shooting plane. Conditioning is the suitable intervention
because the weakness may help by using several intervention strategies such as change the
equipment, modified the practice or prescribing the physical trainign to increase the strength.

Last intervention for this study is attentional cueing. This intervention is used for
trained the subject to increase the ability thought movement with specific cue words. This
intervention strategy teaches the subject to become more aware of movement as their learning
and can be useful skill for self-instruction in the future.

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4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 4.0: post-test of jump shot basketball

Ball trajectory

Several studies have investigated the determinant variables of the basketball shot (Hudson,
1985a Knudson, 1993; Okazaki, Rodacki, Dezan, & Sarraf, 2006). The angle of entry of the
ball into the basket has been considered to be one of the main factors that determine shooting
success (Miller & Bartlett, 1993; Okazaki & Rodacki, 2012). Increasing the angle of entry of
the ball into the basket increases the width of the basket. Conversely, the virtual target area is
reduced when the angle of entry decreases (Brancazio, 1981; Miller & Bartlett, 1993, 1996).
The angle of entry for the ball is determined by three ball factors which are vertical
displacement, horizontal displacement, and velocity. Ball vertical displacement is inversely
related to release height and directly related to release angle (Miller & Bartlett, 1993).
Therefore, the lower the release height and/or the greater the release angle, the greater the
vertical displacement of the ball. On the other hand, ball horizontal displacement is related to
the distance between the shooter and the basket. Thus, shots performed from greater distances
require greater horizontal velocity for the ball to reach the basket. These three factors (ball
vertical displacement, horizontal displacement, and velocity) are affected by release velocity,
angle, and height (Miller & Bartlett, 1996)

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 Figure 1: Variables that influence the basketball jump shot

Figure 2: Virtual target of the basket ring as a function of the angle of entry of the basketball.
(Adapted from Miller & Bartlett, 1993).

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Release velocity of the ball

Lower release velocities are related to greater movement accuracy, a strategy commonly
observed in expert players. A low release velocity decreases movement variability of the
body segments, thereby increasing movement consistency. Thus, reducing release velocity
allows extra time for the player to perform movement corrections using visual and
proprioceptive feedback and generates less neural noise. This finding suggests that players
should use release angles that allow low movement velocity. However, weaker players who
are not able to generate sufficient force and/or players who have a shorter standing height and
have less potential for generating greater ball release height must use a strategy of generating
greater segmental velocities to perform a successful shot. Another strategy used by players to
reduce release velocity is to flex the wrist at ball release to apply spin to the ball and increase
ball rotation during flight. Some authors suggest that creating ball rotation includes decreases
the horizontal velocity of the ball, causes a downward deflection when the ball rebounds off
the backboard, and maintains the velocity of the ball during flight. Consequently, perusal of
the literature does not provide a clear picture of the importance of applying rotation to the
ball. However, applying rotation to the ball through a combination of wrist flexion and
radioulnar pronation, with a greater contribution coming from the wrist, has been observed in
the shooting performances of expert players (Knudson, 1993; Okazaki et al., 2006). If the
elbow of the shooting hand deviates to the side, the shooting arm may not be able to maintain
an appropriate alignment with the basket and may cause a lateral rotation to be applied to the
ball at release. In general, shots performed from the free throw line result in the ball turning
around itself two or three times before passing through the basket when spin is applied to the
ball at release.

Release angle of the ball

Several different angles have been reported for ball release. Release angle is related to the
angle of entry of the ball through the rim of the basket. Thus, a perpendicular release angle
provides a larger area for the ball to pass through the width of the basket. Although an angle
of entry would allow a player to use the full width of the basket, a basketball shot with an
angle of entry would require the player to use a greater release angle and release velocity.
The trade off for producing a shot that could potentially capitalise on using the real width of

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the basketball rim to reduce the spatial constraint required for target accuracy would require
specific mechanical demands on the shooter, especially as the distance from the basket. As a
result, the shooter must use an angle that requires more motor efficiency to ensure shooting
accuracy. Brancazio (1981) used projectile motion principles to propose a theoretical optimal
release angle based on the smallest possible release velocity. Mathematically, he determined
the best ball trajectory that would result in a successful shot when shooting from any distance
from the basket. The optimal angle was calculated using the difference between release
height and hoop height (h), distance from the basket (d), and inclination angle (F). The
inclination angle is an angular measure formed by the intersection of a line projected from the
point of ball release to the basket and the point of ball release with the horizontal.

Figure 3: Release angle that requires the smallest ball release velocity (Adapted Brancazio,
1981).

The process by which the shooter organize the sequence of joint movements that define
his/her movement pattern when performing the jump shot may be adjusted to perform several
different release angles. For example, it is possible to perform a jump shot using a smaller
release angle by holding constant the relative timing for the coordination of all moving joints
by decreasing the angle of shoulder flexion at the instant of ball release (Okazaki & Rodacki,
2012). If joint range of motion is held constant but joint peak velocities vary, it is possible to

17
use a smaller or larger release angle, depending on the player’s movement organisation.
Investigation of the strategies of movement organisation adopted by different players,
however, requires an analysis of the phases of the shooting motion.

Release height of the ball

Increasing the height of release of the ball permits the player to use a smaller release angle,
thereby reducing the need for high movement velocity to execute a successful shot. The
player’s standing height, jump height, and his organisation of segmental movements are
variables that influence release height of the ball. The player’s standing height and his
jumping ability are directly related to ball release height. Thus, a taller player who is able to
jump higher will have a higher release height of the ball. In general, players are encouraged
to release the ball at the highest point of the jump when shooting a jump shot.

Following this advice results in an increased height of release plus increased stability
because the player’s vertical velocity is almost null if the ball is released at the peak of the
jump. Releasing the ball before the highest point in the jump may allow players to transfer
part of the vertical velocity resulting from the vertical displacement of their body to the ball
to generate greater impulse at ball release. On the other hand, releasing the ball after the
instant of peak height of the jump requires greater force generation to propel the ball to the
basket. However, more research is required to confirm these assumptions because it is not
clear if the body’s vertical velocity may be considered a significant factor for transferring
velocity to the ball during the final instants of the shot. Shoulder flexion prior to ball release
has been reported to be an important factor for increasing the release height of the ball.
Greater shoulder flexion closer to ball release results in greater ball release height. Although
trunk inclination may affect release height, trunk inclination may also be associated with
shooting instability. For this reason, some researchers suggest that the trunk should be closer
to a vertical position at ball release (Knudson, 1993). In addition, elbow extension has been
suggested as a strategy for increasing release height and for generating greater velocity by the
elbow that can be transferred to the ball at release (Elliott, 1992; Malone et al., 2002).
Movement organisation of the lower limbs and trunk can also influence release height. Thus,
optimising the organisation of the lower limbs and trunk may increase jump height which
may also increase release height of the ball. Therefore, an appropriate movement organisation
from the body segments during the learning process may contribute to the development of a
shooting movement pattern that results in a successful shot.

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Additional variables that influence shooting

Several studies have been performed to analyse the effect of variables found in game
situations on the jump shot. The following variables were identified as having an influence on
the shooting motion used to perform the jump shot is physical characteristics of the player,
playing experience, basket height and ball size/weight, fatigue, shooting distance, additional
basketball skills and movements that occur before the jump shot, field of view and the
presence of an opponent trying to block the shoot.

Final discussion

A comprehensive review of the literature on basketball shooting revealed a number of factors

that influence shooting performance under a variety of conditions. The analysis of the
trajectory of the ball during the basketball jump shot suggests that a higher release angle and
release height in combination with a lower release velocity are the preferred combination
when executing a successful jump shot. Using a higher release, angles provide a greater target
area for the ball to pass through the basket’s circumference area to produce a successful shot.
In addition, higher release heights result in less horizontal distance travelled by the ball
during flight and decreases the demand placed on the player to produce force and generate
velocity to apply to the ball at release. Lower release velocities result in greater movement
consistency and shooting accuracy.

5.0 CONCLUSION

Investigations into the shooting performance of successful jump shots revealed the following
segmental movement variables that result in greater release height which includes reduced
backward inclination of the trunk, greater shoulder flexion and elbow extension at release,
and synchronising ball release with the peak of the jump. Additional aspects related to the
performance of expert basketball jump shots include aligning the trunk close to vertical at
release, aligning the shoulder, elbow, and wrist in the same plane of motion, releasing the ball
at the highest point of the jump, reducing horizontal displacement of the centre of gravity
during the shooting motion, increasing movement time used by the shooter to select the

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control parameters used in the shooting motion, keeping the ball close to the body during the
preparation phase, and generating less velocity by the lower limbs, upper limbs, and trunk to
release the ball. Understanding the interaction of all the variables that influence the
movement pattern used by a player when executing a jump shot demonstrates the complexity
that defines the performance of this important movement skill in the sport of basketball.
Coaches and teachers should consider these variables during the time they spend with their
players in instruction and practice to optimise the players’ shooting performance. Additional
research that analyses the relative importance of the variables identified on learning how to
perform the basketball jump shot under different types of practice organisational structures
will result in greater understanding of the relative importance of each variable to the
development of players who can execute successful basketball jump shots.

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Knudson, D. V., & Morrison, C. S. (2002). Qualitative Diagnosis of Human Movement 3rd
Edition. Human kinetics.

Knudson, D. (1993). Biomechanics of the basketball jump shot—Six key teaching

points. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 64(2), 67-73.

Barrett, K. R. (1979). Observation for teaching and coaching. Journal of Physical Education
and Recreation, 50(1), 23-25.

Dhirendra, T., & Usha, T. (2011). A Movement Pattern Of Basketball Jump Shot As
Performed By Indian Basketball Players. International Journal of Sports Sciences and
Fitness, 1(2), 172-176.

Okazaki, V. H. A., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2012). Increased distance of shooting on basketball

jump shot. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 11, 231-237.

OKAZAKI, V. H. A., RODACKI, A. L. F., & SATERN, M. N. (2015). A review on the

basketball jump shot. Sports Biomechanics, 14(2), 191-205.

Button, C., Macleod, M., Sanders, R., & Coleman, S. (2003). Examining movement
variability in the basketball free-throw action at different skill levels. Research Quarterly for
Exercise and Sport, 74, 257–269.

Chase, M., Ewing, M., Lirgg, C., & George, T. (1994). The effects of equipment modification
on children’s self-I and basketball shooting performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise
and Sport, 65, 159–168.

Elliott, B. C. (1992). A kinematic comparison of the male and female two-point and three-
point jump shots in basketball. The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24,
111–118.

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