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Introduction

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Basic components of an Aircraft

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Basic components of an Aircraft


Fuselage

Wings

Empennage (Tail)

Landing gear

Powerplant

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Functions of components

● Fuselage
– It carries passengers, cockpit crew and cabin crew
● Wings and Empennage
– Aerodynamic control of aircraft is provided by wings
● Landing Gear
– Used for landing and takeoff of an aircraft
● Powerplant
– The forward force is provided by the powerplant

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Users

● The user of the aircraft are


– Passengers
– Cockpit crew
– Cabin crew
– Maintenance personnel
● Everyone has its own requirements
● So a process is required to fulfill those
requirements
● This process can be called as Aircraft system

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User Requirements

● Passenger requirements
– Temperature/Humidity control
– No outside noise (like engine)
– Seat
– Comfortable breathing
– Water and Waste (Lav)
– In-flight entertainment
– Strong (reliable) structure

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User Requirements (contd.)
● Cockpit Crew requirements
– Don't have to fly manually
– Distortion free Communication
– Don't have to use excessive power for control
– Defect free aircraft
● Cabin crew requirements
– Proper equipment
– Distortion free communication
● Maintenance personal requirements
– Easy diagnosis and maintenance

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Solution
Requirements (Passengers) System installed
Temperature/Humidity control

Air-conditioning
Comfortable breathing

No noise Structure (panels)

Seats Equipment/Furnishing

Water and Waste (Lav) Water and waste system

In-flight entertainment Cabin system

Strong (reliable) structure Structure

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Solution
Requirements (Crew) System Installed
No manual controls Auto Flight System
Distortion free communication
(both cockpit and cabin crew) Communication System
Don't have to use excessive Hydraulic and Pneumatic
power System
Proper Equipment Equipment and Furnishing

Easy diagnosis and Onboard Maintenance System


maintenance

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Aircraft systems -Aerospace 1

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System

● A system is a regularly interacting or


interdependent group of units forming an
integrated whole
● As an example, different control surfaces
working together to stabilize the aircraft. The
integrated whole is know as Flight Control
system

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Aircraft Systems

Aircraft systems is a complex system. In the


design stage and in the operating process to
ensure continued airworthiness of the aircraft. It is
broken down into simpler sub systems that carry
out homogeneous functions

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Essential Aircraft Systems

● All aircraft have a requirement for essential


systems such as the engine, propeller,
induction, ignition systems as well as the fuel,
lubrication, cooling, electrical, landing gear, and
environmental control systems to support flight.
● Understanding the aircraft systems of the
aircraft is critical to its safe operation and
proper maintenance

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Course Learning outcomes


Essentials of Aircraft systems

Theory of subsonic flight

Theory of supersonic flight

General aircraft/Airframe structure

Assembling techniques and protection of
airframe structure

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Course Learning outcomes(contd.)


Structure of fixed wing aircraft
● Control surfaces of fixed wing aircraft
● Air conditioning
● Cabin pressurization

Safeties ,warning indicators and devices of air
conditioning and cabin pressurization
● Equipment and Furnishing
● Fire protection system of Airframe
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Theory of Flight


Subsonic flight: Less than Mach 1. This is the
speed traveled by most of the commercial
airplanes that carry people and cargo

Transonic flight: At or about Mach 1

Supersonic flight: Greater than Mach 1. Flight
greater than speed of sound. Most of the fighter
jets fly in this region

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Structure

● Structure is the part of an aircraft that provides


fixing points to different elements and systems
and supports load produced in static and flight
conditions
● Structure respond to aerodynamic and
mechanical resistance requirements and
reliability conditions

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Flight Control

● Aircraft is equipped with moveable aerofoil


surfaces that provide control in flight. Controls
are normally divided into
1.Primary flight control
2.Secondary flight control

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Air Conditioning

● Air conditioning systems control both the


temperature and humidity of the air within the
cabin, cockpit and freight areas (cargo)
● It also supply adequate movement of air
through the aircraft for ventilation as well as
provide a means of removing smoke (by smoke
detectors and compartment isolation) and
odours

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Air Conditioning

● It consists of following sections


– Air supply
– Heating
– Cooling
– Temperature control
– Distribution

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Equipment/Furnishing

● System in aircraft must have following


capabilities
– Prevent emergency situation
– Limit passenger and structural damage in case of
accident or incident
● It is divided into two categories
– Active safety: Reduce the accidental risk
– Passive safety: Reduce consequences in case of
incident or crash

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Equipment/Furnishing

● Items in equipment and furnishing include


– Seats
● Cockpit seats
● Passenger seats
● Cabin crew seats
– Life Jackets
– Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
– Galley installations
– Cargo handling

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Fire Protection

● Fire is one of the most dangerous threats to an


aircraft
● Fire can be caused by
– Different heat sources present on-board
– Short circuit in the electrical system
● Manufacturers installs a variety of overheat, fire
and smoke detection devices as well as
extinguishing equipment for protecting the
aircraft against fire

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Aircraft Documentation

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ATA Chapters
● ATA (Air transportation Association) published a
numbering system to learn and understand the
technical features of an Aircraft. ATA chapters
makes it easy to categorize technical
information.
● ATA 100 contains the reference to the ATA
numbering system which is a common
referencing standard for commercial aircraft
documentation
● This standard numbering system was published
by the Air Transport Association on June 1,
1956
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ATA iSpec 2200

● In 2000 the ATA Technical Information and


Communications Committee (TICC) developed
a new consolidated specification for the
commercial aviation industry, ATA iSpec 2200
● In simple words it is advance version of ATA
100

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Objective of this System

● Current iSpec 2200 comprises a suite of data


specifications and data modules for the digital
representation and exchange of technical data
its objective is to
– Minimize cost and effort expended by operators and
OEMs
– Improve information quality and timeliness
– Ensure that manufacturers provide data that meets
airline operational needs

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Example

● TASK N 05-22-60-600-001
– 1st part (05) represent : ATA (System)
– 2nd part (22) represent : Section (subsystem)
– 3rd part (60) represent : Sub-section (Sub-
subsystem)
– 4th part (600) represent : Function code, E.G. 600 :
INSPECTION CHECK
– 5th part (001) represent : Unique identification of
discrete tasks

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Page Block

● 001 Description and operation


● 201 Maintenance practices
● 301 Servicing
● 401 Removal/Installation and
Deactivation/Reactivation
● 501 Adjustment/Test
● 601 Inspection/Check
● 701 Cleaning/Painting
● 801 Repair
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Aircraft systems

● Air Conditioning ● Ice and Rain


● Auto Flight protection
● Communications
● Indicating/Recording
system
● Equipment/Furnishing ● Landing Gear
● Fire protection ● Lights
● Flight Controls ● Navigation
● Fuel ● Oxygen
● Hydraulic power ● Pneumatic

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Aircraft systems (contd.)

● Vacuum ● Power plant


● Water/Waste ● Engine
● Onboard – Fuel and control
Maintenance system – Ignition
● APU – Air
● Structure (doors, – Control
Fuselage, – Indication
Nacelles/pylon, – Exhaust
stabilizers,windows, – Oil
wings)
– Starting
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EASA Module 11a – Turbine
Text Book Aircraft Aerodynamics Structure
and Systems

● Airframe & Systems (JAA ATPL


Reference Material theory)
● FAA Airframe

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