TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

FINAL REPORT: TRAFFIC CONCEPTS AND

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CONCEPTS

Teacher: Sanchez Navarro, Alex Manuel

Student’s Name:

 Cadillo Ramírez, Nivardo Anibal 1412479

 Díaz Vasquez, Oscar Humberto 1411665

 Peralta Palacios, Samuel Fabrizio 1420596

 Quevedo Zanabria, Renzo Eduardo 1312453

 Rivera Juarez, Pool Alexander 1312585

 Viguria Salazar Milagros 1321369

Lima – Perú
2016 – 2
 INDEX

I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………. 3

II. CHAPTER I

1.1. General Concepts…………………………………………….. 4

1.2. Location………………………………………………………… 4

III. CHAPTER II

2.1. Traffic Concepts……………………………………………….. 5

2.1.1. Traffic Data Collected……………………………………. 5
2.1.2. Calculation of Traffic Concepts…………………………. 6
2.1.3. Density…………………………………………………….. 9

IV. CHAPTER III

3.1. Speed Study……………………………………………………. 10

3.1.1. Process of Speed Data………………………………….. 10
3.1.2. Time Mean Speed………………………………………... 13
3.1.3. Space Mean Speed………………………………………. 16
3.1.4. Comparison of Speed……………………………………. 16

V. CHAPTER IV

4.1. Capacity………………………………………………………… 17
4.2. Diagram Speed Vs. Density…………………………………. 19
4.3. Diagram Flow Vs. Density…………………………………… 20
4.4. Diagram Speed Vs. Flow…………………………………….. 21

VI. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CONCEPTS……………………. 22

VII. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………. 44

VIII. ANNEXED………………………………………………………………. 45

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 2
 INTRODUCTION

In the course of introduction to transport engineering, through the analysis of the

elements of the volume of traffic characteristics and the behavior of transit, can
be understood basic requirements for planning, design and operation of roads,
streets and its complementary within the transport system works. With the
application of the laws of physics and mathematics, analysis of traffic volume
describes the form as circulating vehicles on any highway, which allows to
determine the level of efficiency of operation.

One of the most useful results of the traffic volume is the development of
microscopic models that relate their different variables such as volume, speed,
density, the interval and the spacing. These models have been based on the
development of the concept of capacity and service levels applied to different
types of road elements.

The impact these models is also quite high, making it necessary to have an
adequate road infrastructure to understand this kind of demand, moreover,
commercial transportation and other either passengers or goods by road has
become the most popular and economical.

Therefore, that although our career for this study is part of a subject, the reality
goes beyond a simple theme for the social management of a city and even a
country or community. By such THE TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING sense,
takes us to some of the most important studies within the territorial development
of any society.

It is such sense, the objective to the per traffic volume, is to present some
methodologies and research and their most relevant applications in this work,
with particular emphasis on the aspects that relate the variables of the volume of
traffic with probabilistic description or casual traffic flow, the distribution of
vehicles in a viability and statistical distributions used in project and traffic control.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 3
CHAPTER I

1.1. GENERAL CONCEPTS

 Design Hour Volume (DHV):Traffic volume used for design

calculations(30th highest is most common)
 Peak Hour Factor (PHF): peak-hour traffic volume in evaluating
capacity and other parameters because it represents the most
critical time period. Common practice is to use a peak 15-minute
rate of flow
 Directional Distribution Factor (D): Factor reflecting the
proportion of peak-hour traffic traveling in the peak direction, often
there is much more traffic in one direction tan the other
 Annual average daily traffic (AADT): Annual traffic averaged on
a daily basis
 K factor: Ratio between DHV and AAD

1.2. LOCATION:

This study was performed in La Fontana Avenue, which is located at

La Molina District, between Ingenieros Avenue and Arequipa Street.

Fig. 1 Location

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 4
CHAPTER II

2.1. TRAFFIC CONCEPTS

In this case we count vehicles for two hours during morning from 7:00 to
9:00 a.m.

2.1.1. THE TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTED.

 Total number of vehicles in both directions: 4833

2.1.2. ESTIMATE : PHF, DHV, D and PT

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 5
 TIME LEFT DIRECTION RIGHT DIRECTION
7:00 - 7:15 257 272
7:15 - 7:30 264 277
7:30 - 7:45 275 347
7:45 - 8:00 250 377
8:00 - 8:15 318 385
8:15 - 8:30 311 255
8:30 - 8:45 318 323
8:45 - 9:00 315 289
TOTAL NUMBER
OF VEHICLES 2308 2525

Calculate:
TIME LEFT DIRECTION RIGHT DIRECTION
7:00 - 8:00 1046 1273
7:15 - 8:15 1107 1386
7:30 - 8:30 1154 1364
7:45 - 8:45 1197 1340
8:00 - 9:00 1262 1252

 LEFT DIRECTION:

The Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

PHV: From 8:00 to 9:00 a.m

𝑃𝐻𝑉 = 1262

𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑷𝑯𝑭 =
𝟒 × 𝑽𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔

1262
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0.99
4 × 385

Desing Hour Volume (DHV)

𝐾 = 0.12
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝑲 × 𝑨𝑫𝑻
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 0.12 × 1262 = 151.44

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 6
 Percentage of Trucks (PT)

88
𝑃𝑇 = × 100 = 3.81%
2308

 RIGTH DIRECTION

The Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

PHV: From 7:15 to 8:15 a.m

𝑃𝐻𝑉 = 1386
𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑷𝑯𝑭 =
𝟒 × 𝑽𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
1386
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0.90
4 × 385

Desing Hour Volume (DHV)

𝐾 = 0.12
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝑲 × 𝑨𝑫𝑻
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 0.12 × 1386 = 166.32

Percentage of Trucks (PT)

120
𝑃𝑇 = × 100 = 4.75%
2525

So, we have:
LEFT DIRECTION RIGHT DIRECTION
ADT 2308 2525
PHF 0.99 0.90
DHV 151.44 166.32
D - -
PT 3.81% 4.75%

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 7
 In both directions,
TIME LIGHT VEHICLES HEAVY VEHICLES TOTAL
7:00 - 7:15 509 20 529
7:15 - 7:30 519 22 541
7:30 - 7:45 596 26 622
7:45 - 8:00 593 34 627
8:00 - 8:15 675 28 703
8:15 - 8:30 542 24 566
8:30 - 8:45 617 24 641
8:45 - 9:00 574 30 604
TOTAL 4625 208 4833

TIME VEHICLES
7:00 - 8:00 2319
7:15 - 8:15 2493
7:30 - 8:30 2518
7:45 - 8:45 2537
8:00 - 9:00 2514

The Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

PHV: From 7:45 to 7:45 a.m

𝑃𝐻𝑉 = 2537
𝑷𝑯𝑽
𝑷𝑯𝑭 =
𝟒 × 𝑽𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
2537
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0.92
4 × 703

Desing Hour Volume (DHV)

𝐾 = 0.12
𝑫𝑯𝑽 = 𝑲 × 𝑨𝑫𝑻
𝐷𝐻𝑉 = 0.12 × 2537 = 304.44

Directional Factor (D)

2525
𝐷= × 100 = 52.24%
4833
Percentage of Trucks (PT)

208
𝑃𝑇 = × 100 = 4.30%
4833

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 8
 In general, we have:

ADT 4833
PHF 0.92
DHV 304.44
D 52.24%
PT 4.30%

2.1.3. DENSITY (K):

𝒏
𝑲= ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝒍
𝒏 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝒍 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑚)
We took a photo each lane.

Direction from West to East:

DATE: 15/09/16 At 14:54 pm.

𝒏 = 3 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 ; 𝒍 = 35 𝑚

𝒏 3 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 1000 𝑚
𝑲= ⤇𝑲= ∗
𝒍 35 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚

𝒌 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟕𝟏 𝒗𝒆𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔/𝒌𝒎 Fig. N° 2: Direction from West to

East

Direction from East to West:

DATE: 15/09/16 At 14:59 pm,

𝒏 = 4 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 ; 𝒍 = 40 𝑚

𝒏 4 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 1000 𝑚
𝑲= ⤇𝑲= ∗
𝒍 40 𝑚 1 𝑘𝑚
𝒌 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔/𝒌𝒎

Fig. N° 3: Direction from East to

West

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 9
CHAPTER III

3.1. SPEED STUDY

In this part of our work we have to explain the data collection process
about the speed, we have been account 30 vehicles to do this data.

We have:

3.1.1. THE PROCESS HOW COLLECT THE SPEED DATA

Well, in the beginning the teacher gives an avenue Called La Fontana

between Los Ingenieros Av. to Arequipa Street.; so in our opinion take only
40 meters of whole the road of investigation, because we have more facility
in the process of collect our data. Exactly from Cerro de Pasco Street to
40 meters more for the east.

Fig. 4: La Fontana between los Ingenieros Avenue to

Arequipa Street.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 10
 Fig. 5: Location of Speed Study

Fig. 6: The Workplace

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 11

•We have to decide how
many people can account
the speed of vehicles.
•So, we have to define an
specific distance to have a
reference, this segment
avenue will be evaluated
for diferents methods.
Organization
and Defining
We take the data from 30 observations in both directions, and for be sure that are
the same vehicles were comparing the plates, then we calculate the average
speed with next formulas.
Where:
 Vi: Speed
 e: Space, length in m
 tf: Final time
 ti: Initial time
 n: Number of vehicles or number of observations.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Apliacation of one
•We have getting the
method. speed with a formula
that we know.
•When we find the segment avenue,
three members of the group must
organize to do differents thing, for •finally we have to apply
example: the formula to know
•Take a photo
how fast the car was
•Select two points
going to this roadway
•Account the vehicles in one point and
the other person y the other point to in the intervale of time.
know and check the plates.
•Collect the data and think about the
answer.
Finally
12
3.1.2. DETERMINE THE SPACE MEAN SPEED AND TIME MEAN SPEED.

This part of work is the most important because you can see the data
collection about speed:

Direction from East to West

License Distance Time Speed Speed
OBS Plate (m) Time of Pto. A Time of Pto.B (s) (m/s) (Km/h)
1 551 40 07:20:46 a.m. 07:20:49 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
2 567 40 07:20:55 a.m. 08:20:55 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
3 066 40 07:21:02 a.m. 07:21:08 a.m. 6.00 6.67 24.00
4 432 40 07:21:37 a.m. 07:21:42 a.m. 5.00 8.00 28.80
5 796 40 07:22:16 a.m. 07:22:21 a.m. 5.00 8.00 28.80
6 571 40 07:22:30 a.m. 07:22:34 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
7 640 40 07:22:39 a.m. 07:22:43 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
8 432 40 07:22:51 a.m. 07:22:53 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
9 706 40 07:23:03 a.m. 07:23:06 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
10 496 40 07:23:16 a.m. 07:23:21 a.m. 5.00 8.00 28.80
11 467 40 07:23:34 a.m. 07:23:37 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
12 052 40 07:24:16 a.m. 07:24:18 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
13 729 40 07:24:47 a.m. 07:24:53 a.m. 6.00 6.67 24.00
14 203 40 07:24:56 a.m. 07:25:00 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
15 341 40 07:25:14 a.m. 07:25:18 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
16 707 40 07:25:21 a.m. 07:25:23 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
17 167 40 07:25:37 a.m. 07:25:40 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
18 049 40 07:26:00 a.m. 07:26:06 a.m. 6.00 6.67 24.00
19 556 40 07:26:09 a.m. 07:26:12 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
20 076 40 07:26:15 a.m. 07:26:17 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
21 577 40 07:26:22 a.m. 07:26:24 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
22 216 40 07:26:50 a.m. 07:26:54 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
23 377 40 07:27:02 a.m. 07:27:08 a.m. 6.00 6.67 24.00
24 697 40 07:27:18 a.m. 07:27:22 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
25 294 40 07:27:21 a.m. 07:27:24 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
26 191 40 07:27:39 a.m. 07:27:42 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
27 544 40 07:27:57 a.m. 07:28:02 a.m. 5.00 8.00 28.80
28 902 40 07:28:40 a.m. 07:28:44 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
29 303 40 07:28:51 a.m. 07:28:53 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
30 731 40 07:29:22 a.m. 07:29:25 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
Average speed Time Mean Speed 12.18 43.84

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 13
 Direction from West to East
License Distance Time Speed Speed
OBS Plate (m) Time of Pto. A Time of Pto.B (s) (m/s) (Km/h)
1 045 40 07:42:31 a.m. 07:42:37 a.m. 6.00 6.67 24.00
2 185 40 07:42:58 a.m. 07:43:01 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
3 423 40 07:43:02 a.m. 07:43:07 a.m. 5.00 8.00 28.80
4 745 40 07:43:23 a.m. 07:43:27 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
5 181 40 07:43:31 a.m. 07:43:33 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
6 074 40 07:43:38 a.m. 07:43:43 a.m. 5.00 8.00 28.80
7 594 40 07:43:45 a.m. 07:43:49 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
8 350 40 07:43:57 a.m. 07:43:59 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
9 792 40 07:44:02 a.m. 07:44:05 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
10 652 40 07:44:16 a.m. 07:44:19 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
11 499 40 07:44:20 a.m. 07:44:23 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
12 118 40 07:44:37 a.m. 07:44:41 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
13 247 40 07:44:57 a.m. 07:45:00 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
14 528 40 07:45:16 a.m. 07:45:18 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
15 870 40 07:45:23 a.m. 07:45:27 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
16 388 40 07:45:35 a.m. 07:45:38 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
17 316 40 07:45:53 a.m. 07:45:55 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
18 732 40 07:45:59 a.m. 07:46:02 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
19 347 40 07:46:06 a.m. 07:46:10 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
20 388 40 07:46:15 a.m. 07:46:20 a.m. 5.00 8.00 28.80
21 074 40 07:46:30 a.m. 07:46:37 a.m. 7.00 5.71 20.57
22 149 40 07:46:44 a.m. 07:46:47 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
23 546 40 07:46:51 a.m. 07:46:55 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
24 597 40 07:46:57 a.m. 07:46:59 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
25 038 40 07:47:17 a.m. 07:47:20 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
26 019 40 07:47:57 a.m. 07:48:00 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
27 542 40 07:48:10 a.m. 07:48:16 a.m. 6.00 6.67 24.00
28 361 40 07:48:31 a.m. 07:48:34 a.m. 3.00 13.33 48.00
29 493 40 07:48:35 a.m. 07:48:37 a.m. 2.00 20.00 72.00
30 335 40 07:48:42 a.m. 07:48:46 a.m. 4.00 10.00 36.00
Average speed Time Mean Speed 12.66 45.57

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 14
We have:

FREE FLOW SPEED:

 From East to West: 72 km/h

 From West to East: 72km/h

So, the general free flow speed is: 72 km/h

Analyzing:

We can observe that both lane 1 and 2 have 43.84 km/hr and 45.57 km/hr of
average speeds respectively. In this case we will use the next equation for time
mean speed.

 Equation for calculate TIME MEAN SPEED

So, we have only two directions catch the information necessary, and our time
mean speed for the whole road is:

𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝒎⁄𝒉 + 𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟕 𝒌𝒎⁄𝒉

= 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝟐

And finally we have 44.71km/h such as time mean speed.

On the other hand, for the calculate space mean speed exists had a different
method of calculation, as we know space mean speed is the speed harmonic
speed in which the vehicles travel the road at a certain time. So we had to get the
time at which they completed the whole section of the road.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 15
First off we divided the factors in order to get the amount of time in wich the
section was done. Afterwards we added up the seconds and calculate an average
of time spent doing the 40 meter.

 Equations to calculate SPACE MEAN SPEED

 From East to West:

𝟏𝟏𝟐𝒔 𝟒𝟎𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 𝒌𝒎
= 𝟑. 𝟕𝟑 𝒔𝒑𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔
𝟑𝟎𝒗 𝟑. 𝟕𝟑𝒔𝒑𝒗 𝒔 𝒔 𝒉

 From West to East: 107s/30v =

𝟏𝟎𝟕𝒔 𝟒𝟎𝒎 𝒎 𝒎 𝒌𝒎
= 𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝒔𝒑𝒗 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟕
𝟑𝟎𝒗 𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝒔𝒑𝒗 𝒔 𝒔 𝒉

Finally we have an average for both directions:

𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒎
𝟑𝟖. 𝟔 + 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟕
𝒉 𝒉 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝒎/𝒉
𝟐

And finally we have 39.49km/h such as time mean speed

3.1.3. COMPARISON BOTH SPEED

As we can see the results of the space mean speed (SMS = 39.49km/h)
and time mean speed (TMS = 44.71 km/h). These values are different
because for TMS we measure average of instantaneous speed from
taking at a specific point meanwhile SMS is measured from a segment of
roadway the average of harmonic speed. On the other hand, we also
have the maximum speed of the La Fontana Ave., which is 60km/h.
Comparing the space mean speed and time mean speed with the last
one is within expectations thus we can say that the drivers are respecting
the speed limit.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 16
CHAPTER IV

4.1. CAPACITY

From our data collection, we have the following results. We have ordered
the speed high to low.

Speed from East to Speed from West to

West (Km/hour) East (Km/hour)
72.00 72.00
72.00 72.00
72.00 72.00
72.00 72.00
72.00 72.00
72.00 72.00
48.00 48.00
48.00 48.00
48.00 48.00
48.00 48.00
48.00 48.00
48.00 48.00
48.00 48.00
48.00 48.00
36.00 48.00
36.00 48.00
36.00 48.00
36.00 36.00
36.00 36.00
36.00 36.00
36.00 36.00
36.00 36.00
28.80 36.00
28.80 36.00
28.80 28.80
28.80 28.80
24.00 28.80
24.00 24.00
24.00 24.00
24.00 20.57

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 17
  We can observe that the high speed in both directions is 72.00 Km/hour.
So, the “Free flow speed (𝝁𝒇 ) is it.
 According to the information provided for this homework, we have that
the capacity is 1800 veh/hour per lane. In the section analyzed for us,
La Fontana Avenue has 4 lanes. Hence:

𝒒𝒎 = 𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

With this information, let us calculate the optimal speed(𝝁𝒎 ), the optimal
density (𝒌𝒎 ) and the jam density (𝒌𝒋 ).

 Optimum speed (𝝁𝒎 )

72.00 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝝁𝒇 𝝁𝒎 =
2
𝝁𝒎 =
𝟐 𝝁𝒎 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒎/𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓

 Optimal Density (𝒌𝒎 )

𝒒𝒎
𝒒𝒎 = 𝒌𝒎 ∗ 𝝁𝒎 𝒌𝒎 =
𝝁𝒎

7200 𝑣𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝒌𝒎 =
36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝒌𝒎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒌𝒎

 Jam Density (𝒌𝒋 )

𝒌𝒋 𝒌𝒋 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝒌𝒎
𝒌𝒎 =
𝟐

𝒌𝒋 = 2 ∗ 200 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑘𝑚

𝒌𝒋 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒆𝒉/𝒌𝒎

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 18
 4.2. DIAGRAM SPEED VS. DENSITY

We know the equation:

𝒌
𝝁 = 𝝁𝒇 (𝟏 − )
𝒌𝒋
Dates:

 𝝁𝒇 = 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
 𝒌𝒋 = 400 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑘𝑚
𝑘
𝜇 = 72 (1 − )
400

𝜇 = 72 (1 − 0.0025 𝑘)

𝝁 = 𝟕𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝒌

Table 1. Speed Vs. Density

80
75
70
65
60
55
SPEED (km/hour)

50
45
40
u =72 - 0.18 k
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
DENSITY ( veh/km)

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 19
 4.3. DIAGRAM FLOW VS. DENSITY

We know the equation:

𝒌𝟐
𝒒 = 𝝁𝒇 (𝒌 − )
𝒌𝒋
Dates:

 𝝁𝒇 = 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
 𝒌𝒋 = 400 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑘𝑚
𝑘2
𝑞 = 72 (𝑘 − )
400

𝑞 = 72 (𝑘 − 0.0025 𝑘 2 )

𝒒 = 𝟕𝟐 𝒌 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝟐

Table2. Flow Vs. Density

8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
q =72k - 0.18 k2
5500
FLOW (veh/hour)

5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

DENSITY ( veh/km)

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 20
 4.4. DIAGRAM SPEED VS. FLOW

We know the equation:

𝝁𝟐
𝒒 = 𝒌𝒋 ( 𝝁 − )
𝝁𝒇
Dates:

 𝝁𝒇 = 72 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
 𝒌𝒋 = 400 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑘𝑚
𝜇2
𝑞 = 400 (𝜇 − )
72

𝑞 = 400 (𝜇 − 0.01389 𝜇 2 )

𝒒 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝝁 − 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝝁𝟐

Table 3. Speed Vs. Flow

80
75
70
65
60
SPEED (km/hour)

55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
FLOW (veh/hour)

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 21
 HOMEWORK No 2: Transportation Planning Concepts

Include a new development project, which will be located at the main street of the
network.

The characteristics of this project are:

 The project has a gross area of 6800 m2

 It includes the construction of 650 apartments divided into 3 buildings of
18 floors.
 This project includes the construction of pedestrian ramps to provide
access for people with disabilities.
 The land use is ZRE.
 The project complies with the RNE requirements.

Using the data collected in Homework No 1, we determine:

1. The traffic volume that this new development will generate.

 Number of apartments : 650
 Data of the abaco : 0.62
 So:

V=650*0.62
V=403 veh/hr

 The volumen total after the Project is:

Total Volume= 2537 + 403
V = 2940 veh/hr

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 22
 Fig. 7: Table of Trip Generation

2. Determine the existing LOS (Level of Service)

 From the first report we know that volume from west to east is
1386 vph.

 Also we know:

 PHF = 0.90
 BFSS = 70 mph
 Percentage of Trucks = 4.75 %
 Grade = <3%
 Level Terrain

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 23
  Determine FFS

 BFFS = 70 mph

 fLW – The lane width = 11 ft, so:

fLW = 1.9 mph

 fLC - The roadway has not right-shoulder lateral clearance, so:

fLC = 3.6 mph

 fN – The number of lanes in one direction is 2, so:

fN = 4.5 mph

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 24
  fIC – Interchange density adjustment is 1 inter/mile, so:

fIC = 2.5 mph

 Calculate of FFS

FFS = 70 – 1.9 – 3.6 – 4.5 – 2.5

FFS = 57.5 mph
FFS = 57.5 mph

 Determine Flow rate

Where:

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 25
  ET, Passenger – Car Equivalents

ET = 1.5
So,
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = = 0.98
1 + 0.0475(1.5 − 1)
Then, 𝑓𝑃 = 1

1386
𝑉𝑃 = = 785.71
0.90 × 2 × 0.98 × 1

𝑽𝑷 = 𝟕𝟖𝟔 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒉𝒑𝒍

 Of the diagram, we obtain S, where FFS = 57.5 mph and

V = 786 pcphpl

So, S = FFS = 57.5 mph

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 26
  Determine Density

𝟕𝟖𝟔
𝑫= = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝟕 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒎𝒑𝒍
𝟓𝟕. 𝟓

 Finally, we find the LOS

The Level of Service is “B”

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 27
 3. Determine de LOS with the inclusion of the project.

3.1. Location of the project

The project will be located in La Fontana Avenue, which is located

at La Molina District, between Ingenieros Avenue and Arequipa
Street

Fig. 8: Location of the project

3.2. Calcute of LOS

 From the question 1, we know that the numbers of trips that the project
will generate is:

N. trips = 403 trips

 Now, we need to know how many vehicles per hour that the project
generate, so we looked for information on the web page of the
“Peru21” newspaper, it is an information recollected of the
“Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones”.

Link:http://peru21.pe/economia/78-peruanos-va-al-trabajo-
transporte-publico-2112618

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 28
 Fig. 9: Peru 21 newspaper - 2015

 According to thisinformation, we know that in Lima, there are

22% of people that use their own vehicle to transport.
 So, we calculate:

#𝑽𝒆𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐% ∗ #𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒔

#𝑉𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 22% ∗ 403 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑠

#𝑽𝒆𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 𝒗𝒑𝒉 = 𝟖𝟗 𝒗𝒑𝒉

 From the first report we know that volume from west to east is
2537 vph, so the new volume including the project, will be:

𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 1386 + 89

𝑵𝒆𝒘 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝒗𝒑𝒉

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 29
  Also we know:

 PHF = 0.90
 BFSS = 70 mph
 Percentage of Trucks = 4.75 %
 Grade = <3%
 Level Terrain

 Determine FFS

 BFFS = 70 mph

 fLW – The lane width = 11 ft, so:

fLW = 1.9 mph

 fLC - The roadway has not right-shoulder lateral clearance, so:

fLC = 3.6 mph

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 30
  fN – The number of lanes in one direction is 2, so:

fN = 4.5 mph
 fIC – Interchange density adjustment is 1 inter/mile, so:

fIC = 2.5 mph

FFS = 70 – 1.9 – 3.6 – 4.5 – 2.5

FFS = 57.5 mph
FFS = 57.5 mph
 Determine Flow rate

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 31
 Where:

 ET, Passenger – Car Equivalents

ET = 1.5
So,
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = = 0.98
1 + 0.0475(1.5 − 1)
Then, 𝑓𝑃

1475
𝑉𝑃 = = 836.17
0.90 × 2 × 0.98 × 1

𝑽𝑷 = 𝟖𝟑𝟔 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒉𝒑𝒍
 Of the diagram, we obtain S, where FFS = 57.5 mph and
V = 836 pcphpl

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 32
 So, S = FFS = 57.5 mph

 Determine Density

𝟖𝟑𝟔
𝑫= = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒎𝒑𝒍
𝟓𝟕. 𝟓
 Finally, we find the LOS

The Level of Service is “B”

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 33
 4. Estimate the LOS after 5, 10, 15 years of the implementation of the project.
Consider that after implementation the project will be operating at 100%.

 According to INEI, the factor is estimate per rate of population.

Fig. 10: Table of Annuale Increasing of Peru - INEI

Traffic parameters: Growth Factor

𝑮𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = (𝟏 + 𝑮)𝒏
Where:
 G = Annual Growth rate
 n = number of years

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 34
  We have to calculate the annual Growth rate per year:

After Year (n) 5 10 15

Rate 1.3% 1.3% 1.3%

𝑮𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = (𝟏 + 𝑮)𝒏 1.0667 1.1379 1.2138

 Calculating the new volume per each year

Volum after n year

Volume in 2016 GF
(𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑥 𝐺𝐹)
1475 1.0667 1573
1475 1.1379 1678
1475 1.2138 1790

 Considering the data from question 3, we have:

 PHF = 0.90
 BFSS = 70 mph
 Percentage of Trucks = 4.75 %
 Grade = <3%
 Level Terrain

So, we have:

FFS = 70 – 1.9 – 3.6 – 4.5 – 2.5

FFS = 57.5 mph

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 35
  Calculate of LOF after 5 years

So,
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = = 0.98
1 + 0.0475(1.5 − 1)
Then, 𝑓𝑃

1573
𝑉𝑃 = = 891.72
0.90 × 2 × 0.98 × 1

𝑽𝑷 = 𝟖𝟗𝟏 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒉𝒑𝒍

 Of the diagram, we obtain S, where FFS = 57.5 mph and

V = 891 pcphpl

So, S = FFS = 57.5 mph

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 36
  Determine Density

𝟖𝟗𝟏
𝑫= = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒎𝒑𝒍
𝟓𝟕. 𝟓

 Finally, we find the LOS

The Level of Service is “B”

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 37
  Calculate of LOF after 10 years

So,
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = = 0.98
1 + 0.0475(1.5 − 1)
Then, 𝑓𝑃

1678
𝑉𝑃 = = 951.24
0.90 × 2 × 0.98 × 1

𝑽𝑷 = 𝟗𝟓𝟏 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒉𝒑𝒍

 Of the diagram, we obtain S, where FFS = 57.5 mph and

V = 951 pcphpl

So, S = FFS = 57.5 mph

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 38
  Determine Density

𝟗𝟓𝟏
𝑫= = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒎𝒑𝒍
𝟓𝟕. 𝟓

 Finally, we find the LOS

The Level of Service is “B”

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 39
  Calculate of LOF after 15 years

So,
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 = = 0.98
1 + 0.0475(1.5 − 1)
Then, 𝑓𝑃

1790
𝑉𝑃 = = 1014.74
0.90 × 2 × 0.98 × 1

𝑽𝑷 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒉𝒑𝒍

 Of the diagram, we obtain S, where FFS = 57.5 mph and

V = 1015 pcphpl

So, S = FFS = 57.5 mph

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 40
  Determine Density

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝑫= = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟓 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒎𝒑𝒍
𝟓𝟕. 𝟓

 Finally, we find the LOS

The Level of Service is “B”

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 41
 5. Assume that this building has one entry and one exit controlled by an
automatic gate, which can serve 360 vehicles per hour. Determine the
length of queue and waiting time, considering M/M/1.

 Queue Analysis-Numerical

Average length of queue (Q)

𝑷𝟐 ƛ
𝑸= ; 𝑷= 𝒑 < 𝟏. 𝟎
𝟏−𝑷 𝒖

ƛ = 𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ; 𝑢 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Average time waiting in queue (w)

𝟏 ƛ
𝒘= ∗( )
𝒖 𝒖−ƛ

 From the question 1, we know that the numbers of trips that the project
will generate is:

N. trips = 403 trips

 Now, we need to know how many vehicles per hour that the project
generate, so we looked for information on the web page of the
“Peru21” newspaper, it is an information recollected of the
“Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones”.

Link:http://peru21.pe/economia/78-peruanos-va-al-trabajo-
transporte-publico-2112618

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 42
  According to thisinformation, we know that in Lima, there are
22% of people that use their own vehicle to transport.
 So, we calculate:

𝑷𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒄 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 = 𝟕𝟖% ∗ 𝟒𝟎𝟑 = 𝟑𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟒 𝒗𝒑𝒉

𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐% ∗ 𝟒𝟎𝟑 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 𝒗𝒑𝒉

 Departure rate (u)

360 𝑣𝑒ℎ 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

𝑢= ∗ = 6 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛

 Arrival rate (ƛ)

𝑣𝑒ℎ 1ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
ƛ = 88.66 ∗ 80% = 70.93 ∗ = 1.18 𝑣𝑒ℎ/𝑚𝑖𝑛
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Determining the Average length of queue (Q)

ƛ 1.18
𝑷= = = 0.1967
𝒖 6

𝑷𝟐 0.19672
𝑸= →𝑄= = 0.048 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝟏−𝑷 1−0.1967

Average time waiting in queue (w)

𝟏 ƛ 1 1.18
𝒘= ∗( ) →𝑤= ( ) = 0.041 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝒖 𝒖−ƛ 6 6 − 1.18

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 43
 CONCLUSION

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 44
 ANNEXED

Fig. 11: Lane from West to Fig. 12: Count Vehicle

East

Fig. 13: Lane from East to Fig. 14: Workplace

West

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 45