Diseño API

Metanol de Oriente, METOR, S.A.
inelectra
METOR EXPANSION PROJECT
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS
Rev. FECHA OBJETO ELABORÓ / BY REVISÓ/ REWD. APROBÓ/APVD.

DATE OBJECT Iniciales/Initials Iniciales/Initials Iniciales/Initials
0 23-NOV-05 Original Issue ADP JGC SP
1 30-MAR-06 Comments Incorporated JGC JGC SP
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 1 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

Metanol de Oriente, METOR, S.A. inelectra
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
INDEX
PART I GENERAL
PART II SITE PREPARATION DESIGN CRITERIA
PART III DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA
PART IV REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA
PART V STEEL STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA
PART VI PIPERACKS DESIGN CRITERIA
PART VII BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN CRITERIA
PART VIII SANITARY INSTALLATIONS DESIGN CRITERIA
ATTACHMENT “A” ANCHOR BOLTS SIZING
ATTACHMENT “B” PIPERACK’S FIGURES

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
PART I
GENERAL

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 5
1.1 Scope 5
1.2 Site Location 5
1.3 Climatic Conditions 6

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
This engineering standard covers the general requirements and conditions

for the design of the following items of Civil and Architectural Works for Metor
Expansion Project:
- Site conditions
- Earthwork, roads and paving
- Drainage system
- Concrete structures
- Steel structures
- Pipe Racks
- Architectural design
- Sanitary installations
METOR Expansion Design Basis Document is based upon INELECTRA’s

standards and criterion. It has been separated in parts with their particular
index, in order to comply as precise as possible with the project needs.
These standards and criterion have been partially adapted for the project,
therefore, they might include items or specifications that will not be applied.
1.2 Site Location
PEQUIVEN Industrial Area - Jose, Venezuela (approximately 30 Km from

Barcelona).
General geology:
Geology of the area of Jose corresponds to quaternary sediments of the El

Pilar Formation, outcrop of the Quiamare Formation and the Quebradon
Formation.
From the view of texture, silty shales are predominant in the area with sandy
shales and shaly sandstones. According to the soil survey, three sectors can
be distinguished: sandstone strings, alluvial slopes and elongated hills or hills
to the south of the slopes.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1.3 Climatic Conditions
- Temperature:
Max. Annual Mean: 31.4 °C

Min. Annual Mean: 22.4 °C
Annual Mean: 26.5 °C
Dry Bulb Temperature: 34 °C
Wet Bulb Temperature: 30 °C
- Atmospheric pressure:
The averages of the means per month during 1970 - 1978 are the following:
1012.6 mb(J), 1012.3 mb(F), 1011.7 mb(M), 1011.6 mb(A),

1011.7 mb(M), 1012.7 mb(J), 1013.1 mb(J), 1012.3 mb(A),
1011.6 mb(S), 1010.3 mb(O), 1010.3 mb(N), 1011.5 mb(D).
- Wind speed and prevailing direction:
Max. Annual Mean: 52.0 km/h

Min. Annual Mean: 6.1 km/h
Prevailing direction during the year:
N: 23.26%
NNE: 20.93%
ESE: 19.60%
- Rainfall data (mm per year):
Annual Mean Precipitation: 369.2 mm

Max. Annual Mean Precipitation: 684.2 mm
Min. Annual Mean Precipitation: 207.3 mm

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
PART II
SITE PREPARATION DESIGN CRITERIA

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 9
1.1 Scope 9
1.2 Language 9
1.3 Measurement Units 9
1.4 Standards 9
2. EARTHWORK 10
2.1 Retaining Walls 10
2.2 Remote Repressing System 11
2.3 Process Areas 11
2.4 Trenches 11
2.5 Control Room Building 11
3. ROADS 12
3.1 Transverse Slope (Pumping) 12
3.2 Road width 12
3.3 Stabilization width 12
3.4 Longitudinal Slope 12
3.5 Curves 13
3.5.1 Horizontal Curves 13
3.5.2 Vertical Curves 13
4. PAVING 13
4.1 Paving ground elevation 13
4.2 Joints 14

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The objective of the following document is to describe the earthwork, road

and pavement works general design criteria, specifically for industrial plants
according to the existing PDVSA standards, in each case they should be
reviewed and adapted to “THE CLIENT’S” particular codes and standards.
1.2 Language
All drawing, calculation sheets, and document will be written in Spanish,

unless expressly indicated that they shall be written in English.
All drawings title, building finish material in general drawings and notes will
be written in Spanish and English.
1.3 Measurement Units
The measurement system will be the Metric System (MKS).
1.4 Standards
The standards and references that will usually be used in the project are the
followings:
- Nationals:
• Norms for the Roads geometric projects, Norvial 1985

Transportation and Communication Ministry (MTC).
• Roads, Studies and Projects.

Jacobo Carciente.
• Fire fighting prevention and protection design norms

Drainage Systems PDVSA.
• Ground dikes for storage tanks

Engineering design manual PDVSA.
• Norms and standards according to the client requirements.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
• Pavement notes USM 1987

Gustavo Corredor.
- Internationals:
• A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 1990

AASHTO
• A Guide for Pavement Design 1993

AASHTO
2. EARTHWORK
In general, the earthwork will be related to the general plant arrangement, the
required levels for the process and the natural drainage of the ground.
Following, some standards and recommendations that must be considered

when projecting an earthwork inside an industrial plant, will be summarized:
2.1 Retaining Walls
For the location and design of the retaining walls and dikes of a
hydrocarbons storage tanks patio, the following requirements should be
followed:
The area around the tank should have a minimum slope of 1% towards the
retaining wall or drainage point.
The minimum distance from the tank’s base towards the wall or dike’s foot
will be 15 meters.
The dike or wall minimum height will be 0.60 meters.
The wall maximum height will be 3 meters.
The dike’s berm will have a minimum width of 1 meter.
The volumetric capacity of the retaining area will be bigger or equal to 150%
of the full tank capacity. If there are several tanks it will be equal to 150% of
the volume of the biggest tank plus the volume occupied by the rest of the
tanks up to the height of the wall.
When the pavement area and the drainage system guarantees a fast drain
off, the area slope could be of 0.5%.
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
In areas for spherical tanks, the minimum slope will be of 2.5% towards a
sump in an accessible and safe place. The area will be defined by a curb in
its perimeter of 0.60 m of maximum height.
2.2 Remote Repressing System
It will serve a maximum of 10 tanks.
The distance between the remote repressing and the nearest tank’s wall will
be of 30m.
The patio minimum slope will be of 1%.
The volume of the whole repressing system will be bigger or equal to 110%
of the capacity of the biggest tank that drains towards it.
The maximum occupied area will be of 1 ha.
2.3 Process Areas
The roads around the process areas should be elevated a minimum of 0.20
m over its tallest point.
The area will have a minimum slope of 1% towards the sumps.
It will be defined with the process group, the design necessities and criterion
to confine zones within the process areas with curbs.
2.4 Trenches
The transverse dripping slope will be bigger or equal to 0.50%. Lengthwise,

the minimum slope will be of 0.30%.
The trench’s highest point should be 0.25m under the top of the sleepers.
When the trench’s width will be bigger than 8 meters, it is convenient to
divide the slope in two directions, locating the highest point in the trench
center.
2.5 Control Room Building
The minimum distance toward the edge of the roads will be of 2m.
The talus slope relation will be of 8H:1V.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The talus edge protection will be of 1.50m.
The entrance of the services and the protection levels against floods will
determine the embankment height.
In areas that have not been indicated, the minimum recommended slope is of
0.50%, in areas where the drainage will be confined by ditches and/or curbs
the slope could be of 0.30%.
The cut and filling talus will depend upon what is recommended on the soil
study and usually they vary between 1.5H:1V to 3H:1V.
3. ROADS
3.1 Transverse Slope (Pumping)
The Transverse Slope will vary from 1% to 3% usually using 2%. In

intersections, the pumping could be reduced up to 0.50% for accomplishing
the pavement curves transitions.
3.2 Road width
The type of vehicle for which it will be designed will determine the road width.
To the width of the vehicle selected 0.50m of lateral spaces will be added to
define the causeway width. The total width of the road will be the sum of the
number of canals in each circulation way plus the lateral spaces, normalizing
the width values to 3, 3.30 or 3.60 by lane.
3.3 Stabilization width
The typical dimension of the stabilization strip is 0.60m it could go up to

1.80m depending on the use that it will have (curbs, ditches, bumpers, etc.).
3.4 Longitudinal Slope
The minimum longitudinal slope will be of 0.30% for drainage purposes. The
maximum could go up to 8%, in short sections and in access and exit ramps.
Tank patio ramps could have 10% of maximum slope.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
3.5 Curves
3.5.1 Horizontal Curves
The minimum curvature ratio towards the border of the causeway will be of
6m, however, it should be according to the design vehicle.
3.5.2 Vertical Curves
Vertical curves will be designed for algebraic deference (A) of longitudinal

slopes bigger than 1%. The minimum longitude for the vertical curve is
around 30m, however, in intersections and small “A” value, the minimum
longitude could be reduced. The following expression will give and estimate
of the minimum value of the longitude of the curve in meters:
L = 0.50 * V; V= project speed <= 50 km/h
4. PAVING
The final finish of internal roads, dikes and tank yard, as well as the various
Plant areas shall comply with the following guidelines, in accordance with the
soils study recommendations:
4.1 Paving ground elevation
The site for ISBL and OSBL
The elevation above MSL (mean sea level) is ranging from 4 m to 11 m,

which is defined as “MSL + 4 m to 11 m”
The grading level shall define the ground level (GL) for each site, i.e.
Process Plant “GL 0” = “MSL + 8 m” Utility “GL 0” = “MSL + 10 m”
Offsite “GL 0” = “MSL + 6 m” Building “GL 0” = “MSL + 10 m”

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
4.2 Joints
Longitudinal Joints
They are built to control the longitudinal cracking, with a spacing of 2.50 to
4m coinciding with the dividing lines of the traffic cross path. It is not
recommended to build longitudinal joints with separations bigger than 4m
unless the local experience indicates that the pavement with those conditions
have satisfactorily behaved.
The depth of the superior groove of these joints can not be less than a forth
(1/4) of the pavement depth. These joints normally have union bars that
impede the separation from its borders. For more than four cross paths it is
convenient to place a tongued and grooved longitudinal joint or free joints
between them.
Transverse Joints
These joints named of contraction, control the longitudinal cracking when

decreasing, (1) traction stresses that originate when the slab shrinks and (2)
the stresses that cause warping produced by temperature differentials and
humidity contents in the thickness of the slab.
Whichever the joint construction procedure will be, the depth of the groove
should be at least equal to a fourth (1/4) of the pavement slab thickness.
The best guide, in respect to the transverse joint separation, is the local
experience towards the pavement behavior in service. If experience can not
be count upon, the following indications can be followed with reasonable
security of obtaining a satisfactory cracking control.
Gross Aggregate Type Maximum separation between

transverse joints
Broken Granite
Broken Calcareous 6.00 m
Gross Grave
Siliceous Grave
Grave smaller than 200 4.50 m
mm (3/4”)
Dross

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The necessity of placing in the transverse joints elements to transfer the

loads (pins), depends on the conditions of the sub-grade and the traffic that
the pavement will hold. The pins will not be necessary in residential roads or
where light traffic takes place, but they should be placed in roads where the
daily traffic is more than 60 or 90 heavy trucks per day, unless the pavement
has a solid treated cement base under it.
Expansion Joints
Their objective is to decrease the compression stresses, leaving a space

between the slabs that permits their movement when they expand.
When the contraction joints have been adequately separated, the necessity
for expansion joints depends on the predominant temperature during the
construction and the gross aggregate characteristics used in the concrete
mixture.
Experimental and theoretical studies with regard to this matter indicate that
with the exception in placing them in front of existing structures and in
irregular intersections, the expansion joints will not be necessary, if:
a) The aggregates used have normal expansion characteristics.
b) The construction takes place in normal temperatures.
c) The contraction joints are placed at intervals that control the transverse
cracking.
d) The contraction joints are kept perfectly sealed.
If the pavement is built in winter or at high temperatures, or if the aggregates

<1> are abnormally expansive, expansion joints need to be placed at a separation
from 18 to 24 m.
According to the process that the product will hold, the pavement surface and
the joints should be protected with specific additives depending on the case.
- Confined Area Delimitation
Besides, the dikes or walls confined storage areas and the trenches areas,
the dangerousness plant study will indicate the areas that should be
delimited within the process area to separate the contaminated and not
contaminated drainage system.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The delimitation could be done placing curbs in its perimeter to hold the flow
of spilled liquids. These should have a concave shape in order to return to
the surrounded area, the overflows occurred. The maximum height will be of
30 cm over the floor level, excluding the curbs around the perimeter of
spherical tanks that could have 60 cm.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
PART III
DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 19
1.1 Scope 19
1.2 Language 19
1.3 Measuring Units 19
1.4 Standards 19
2. CLEAN WATER SYSTEM 20
3. WASTE WATER AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 20
4. OILY WATER SEWERS SYSTEM 20
5. DESIGN FLOW QUANTITIES 21

5.1 Rain Water 21
5.2 Firewater 21
5.3 Process Flow 22
6. PARTICULAR CONSIDERATIONS 22
6.1 Process Area 22
6.2 Tank Yards 22
6.3 Pipe Tracks 23
6.4 Trucks fillers and pumping station 23
6.5 Sumps 23
7. PARTICULAR CRITERIA FOR SUMPS IN PROCESS

AREAS AND CONTAMINATED AREAS 24
7.1 Channels 24
7.2 Piping 25
7.3 Location 25
8. SPECIAL STRUCTURES 26
8.1 Hydraulic seals 26
8.2 Catch Basins 26
8.3 Ventilation 27
8.4 Oil Tramp 27
8.5 Separator 27
8.6 Manhole 27

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The purpose of the present document is to describe the methodology and the
design criteria to be used in the drainage project of the Metor Expansion
plant.
1.2 Language
All drawings, calculation sheets, and documents will be written in Spanish,

1.3 Measuring Units
The project measuring system will be the metric system (M.K.S).
1.4 Standards
The following Venezuelan standards shall be used:
Drainage System (Sistema de drenaje) PDVSA HE-251-PRT/Sep 95.
Sewering Project Standards (Normas e instructivos para el proyecto de

alcantarillados) INOS 1989.
Drainage Manual (Manual de Drenaje) MOP 1967.
Official journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República

de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988.
Road Drainage (Drenaje Vial) MTC/1983.
Official journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República

de Venezuela) Issue No. 36395, February 1998.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
2. CLEAN WATER SYSTEM
- Rain water from areas not developed in the battery limit of the Plant.
- Rain water and firewater from offices and areas free of contamination.
- Rain water of parking lots and roads where it is free of contamination.
- Steam boilers, water form air coolers, without the possibility of

contamination.
3. WASTE WATER AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
It refers to drainage system of rainwater or firewater from:
Bolsters Manifolds
Pipe Tracks
Pipe Racks
Storage yard
Filling yards
The rainwater or firewater of these areas can be potentially or virtually

contaminating. The study of dangerousness of the stored substance will
determine the quality of the residue.
Equally, it will be considered like wastewater, the arising waters from:
- Down water of washing contaminated areas.
- Arising sewage waters of chemical processes or tests from laboratories.
- Acid flows, caustic or other discharges, will not indulge to drain to the
system of sanitary drainage or sewage waters.
4. OILY WATER SEWERS SYSTEM
It corresponds to the system that collects and transport the oil from purges or
others hydrocarbon machinery and equipment.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
5. DESIGN FLOW QUANTITIES
5.1 Rain Water
The rain water volume shall be obtained by the rational method, which is a
function of the rain volume, the area to be drained and the characteristics of
the drained area, and is expressed as follows:
Q = C x I x A (lt./s)
Where:
Q = Design flow (lt./s)

C = Runoff Coefficient
I = Rain volume for a duration equal to the concentration time (l/s/ha or
mm/hr, 1 lt./s/ha = 1 mm/hr x 2,78).
A = Tributary area (ha)
The rain water drainage system within the plant shall be designed for a
10-year return period.
The rain volume values for the region shall be obtained from the attached
volume-frequency-duration curve.
The following values shall be used for the Runoff Coefficient:
In paved areas: buildings and concrete or asphalt paving: 1.00
In non-paved or graveled areas: 0.50
The drainage systems shall operate by the atmospheric pressure. Hence, they
shall be designed to work by gravity, whereby 70% of the filled-up transversal
section shall be capable of transporting the maximum estimated design flow
volume, including future known requirements.
5.2 Firewater
The cumulative flow from the event of firewater will be estimated by the
standard of PDVSA. In the process area it will be calculated by the following
manner:
114 m3/h from each catch basin (sub-laterals).

Lateral piping: the cumulative flow from the catch basins served.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
Main process unit will be the cumulative flow from the laterals and sub-
lateral.
5.3 Process Flow
Only the permanent type flow will be considered in the design. The sporadic
flow will be considered for the design only when it surpasses to the
permanent one.
These waste waters may contain oil or residuals chemical products from the
process or from the laboratory test flows. Additionally, the flows from purges
or the maintenance of equipment have to be considered.
6. PARTICULAR CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Process area
To reduce the cost of the final treatment of the contaminated wastewater, the
contaminating process areas will be confined with curbs. For this case, the
design of the flow will be the biggest of the following combinations:
Storm runoff plus normal continuos process flow

Continuos process flow plus 0,60 firewater flow.
In the unconfined areas the design flow will be the highest between the storm
runoff and 60% of the firewater.
6.2 Tank Yards
The discharge flow of the tank yard must not be added to the maximum
design flow of the section where it will be connected, because its discharge
will be controlled by a gate valve. This valve must be located outside the
tanks area and it will be of easy access and operation.
Depending of the fluid that will be stored, the discharge must be controlled
from one or more valves taking the waste water to the line destined to
conduct the water to its final treatment.
a) The maximum daily rain average (X in mm) drained in 6 hours.
QLL (m3/hr) = Yard area (m²) * X * 10-3 / 6 hr.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
b) The drainage system will have to be tested to guarantee that with the
valve completely open, the maximum level of the confined waters in the
dikes does not exceed in more than 30 cm. the height of the base
support of the tank after 48 hr. of continuous combat of fire.
The remanent flow in the dike is:
Firewater flow-Outlet flow.
h(m) accumulated plate = remanent flow (m3/hr) x 48 hr/ Yard area (m²)
The duration time of a combat of fire fixed by the standards is very long in
comparison with the 6 hr fixed for the storage of the flow for the combat fire.
Thus, the time check up will be 6 hr of duration and the time of the discharge
of 8 hr to 12 hr.
Q = firewater flow (m3/hr) * 6 hr /8 hr.
- The design flow for the outlet of the piping.
It will be the biggest value between the rain water flow and the firewater.
6.3 Pipe Tracks
The storage of the water in the area of the track will be permitted for 1/2 hr. in
the event of rain or fire. The permissible height during this storage must not
be higher than 0,15 m below the top of the sleepers.
6.4 Trucks fillers and pumping station.
The design flow will be the biggest value between rain water flow and 60 %
of the firewater.
6.5 Sumps
The sumps that will collect the water confined in ditches or retained on areas
will be designed in accordance to the capacity of the outlet pipe.
The minimal internal dimension will be 60 x 60 cm adapting to the ditches

that will discharge.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
7. PARTICULAR CRITERIA FOR SUMPS IN PROCESS AREAS AND

CONTAMINATED AREAS
- Minimal capacity: 114 m3/hr (32 l/s).
They will not be located under equipment or staircases.
In process areas, the maximum free air liquid displacement distance will
be 15 m. So the maximum separation between sumps will be 30 m
considering the highest point 15 m from each other.
The individual drainage of equipment, machinery, etc. that discharge in a
sump will be 30 cm under its outlet.
In process areas they will have to be located maximum at every:
280 m² in paved areas.

465 m² in not paved areas
No sump will be able to be connected to another sump, a recollection pipe

will be used for such purposes.
They will not be located less than 9 m away from access roads, control
rooms, hydrogen compressors and hydrators.
7.1 Channels
The channels sizing shall be carried out according to the Manning equation:
Q= 1 S1/2 A R2/3
n
Where:
Q = Design flow (m3/s)

n = Manning roughness coefficient, which depends on the collectors
material
S = Channel longitudinal slope (m/m)
A = Wet transversal section area (m2)
R = Hydraulic Radius = A/P (m)
P = Wet Section Perimeter (m)
The water velocity in the concrete channels shall not exceed 2 m/s.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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7.2 Piping
The piping design, as well as the channels, shall be carried out, by means of
the Manning equation, and meet the following conditions:
Height Velocity
Maximum 0.70 collector diameter 2.0 m/s

Minimum 0.30 collector diameter 0.8 m/s
The minimum collector diameter shall be 0.25 m (10"). The flow regimen for
the calculation shall be considered as permanent and uniform. Concrete
piping according to the INOS CL-C-65 standard shall be used.
The Manning roughness coefficient, "n", values shall be:
Material "n"
Closed concrete collectors
(flat inside)
Diameter ≥ 0.69 m 0.013
Concrete (flat inside)

Diameter < 0.69 m 0.015
Coated concrete channels 0.015
The level indicated on the drawings shall be used in the calculations and shall
be the piping or channel grade line level.
7.3 Location
The collectors will be located underneath the system of potable water at

minimum horizontal distance between them of 1 meter. The vertical distance
between the loin and the level line of these systems will be 0,20 m, the
minimal distance from the level line to the piping loin will be 30 cm. in traffic
restricted areas and 75 cm. in traffic areas.
Channels:
- Minimal free edge: 0, 20 m
- Minimal velocity in lining channels: 0, 75 m/s

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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- The minimal velocity in ground channels

will be equal to the permissible velocity
according to the type of the ground
- Minimal lining: 0, 10 m
- The relation between the base width to

the depth of the water will be 1 to 2.
- The maximal velocity will depend on the lining.
8. SPECIAL STRUCTURES
8.1 Hydraulic seals
It is a device for isolating the diverse parts of a drainage system of

wastewater with hydrocarbons, with the purpose to avoid the movement of
inflammable vapors.
They will be placed:
a) Where the principal piping of drainage arising from tank, process,

integrated stores and equipment areas be connected with the main pipe.
b) Between process units.
c) In a catch basin connected to the main pipe.
d) Before entering to a separator.
8.2 Catch Basins
It is a structure of concrete used for the union of underground collectors, like

sediment traps serving as checkpoints and maintenance access. They will be
located according to these recommendations:
a) At the start of a drainage pipe as a registration point.

b) At intervals no longer than 90 m for main pipes with a diameter of 600
mm or less and at intervals no longer than 150 m for piping of equal
diameter or greater than 600 mm.
c) In the union of the pipes.
d) In changes of direction and longitudinal slope.
e) In integrated plants, the process system of each area will have to be
joined by catch basins with hydraulic seal.
f) In changes of diameter or pipe material.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
g) For big areas of process, the areas will come apart in individual areas of
surfaces not bigger than 5.000 m², separating the systems catch basins
with seal.
8.3 Ventilation
It consists of a pipe with a minimum diameter of 100 mm placed in a catch

basin with a seal and having a hermetic cover, to seal the action of the
atmospheric pressure.
a) Ventilation will be installed in the catch basin with an immersion and

also in the catch basin located immediately upstream.
b) In the highest point of the catch basin the system is provided with seal.
c) They shall not be left under the pipe racks or others equipment
d) They shall be located at distances larger than 30 m from ovens, boilers
or other ignition sources.
8.4 Oil Tramp
It is a device designed to retain the floating oil. It should not be designed for
the segregation of oil in emulsion.
They will be placed in the outlet of compressor rooms, workshops, kitchens,

and fuel station supply.
8.5 Separator
Is a device designed for eliminating the oil in suspension. This design has to
be based on the velocity of the flow and the rate of the overflow. The most
commonly used device is the one recommended by the American Petroleum
Institute (API).
8.6 Manholes
They are spherical catch basins normalized by the “Instituto Nacional de

Obras Sanitarias (INOS)” in relation to the depth and the diameter of the
entrance and outlet pipes for its use in rainwater and sewage waters
systems. The criteria for their location is described in point 8.2.
In super-critical regimen fallen have to be avoided inside the manhole and in

the sub-critical regimen should not be greater than 1 m.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The INOS standard specifies that the maximum separation between manhole
will be 120 m for collectors < 0.30 m (12") and 1.50 m for collectors > 0.30 m
(12”)

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
PART IV
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 32
1.1 Scope 32
1.2 Language 32
1.4 Standards 32
2. MATERIALS 33
2.1 General 33
2.2 Materials and standards 33
3. ALLOWED STRENGTH AND STRESS 34

3.1 Concrete 34
3.2 Reinforced steel 34
3.3 Anchor Bolts 34
4. DESIGN 35
4.1 General 35
4.2 Loads 35
4.2.1 Dead Loads 35
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads 35
4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads 36
4.2.2 Live Loads 36
4.2.2.1 Uniform Loads for Buildings other than Warehouses 36
4.2.2.2 Operation floors in process structures 37
4.2.2.3 Operation floors in compressor buildings 37
4.2.2.4 Warehouses 37
4.2.2.5 Pump stations and equipment areas 37
4.2.2.6 Handrails 37
4.2.2.7 Cranes and material handling equipment 37
4.2.2.8 Overhead cross roads, platforms and ladders 37
4.2.3 Wind Loads 37
4.2.4 Seismic Loads 38
4.2.5 Impact Loads 38
4.2.5.1 Cranes 38
4.2.5.2 Exchangers pullout 39
4.2.5.3 Cases of other weights 39
4.2.6 Friction Loads 40
4.2.7 Operation Loads 40
4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads 40
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads 40
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4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads 40

4.2.8 Vehicle Loads 40
4.2.9 Explosion Loads 41
4.3 Load Combinations 41
4.3.1 Empty equipment or equipment in process of installations 43
4.3.2 Equipment in test 43
4.3.3 Equipment in operation 43
4.3.4 Equipment in maintenance 43
4.4 Reinforced steel protection 44

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
This specification, as well as the documents mentioned herein, establishes

the design requirements for all the concrete structures of the Metor
Expansion Plant Project, owned by Metor, which will be built in Jose,
Anzoátegui State.
1.2 Language
All drawing, calculation sheets, and document will be written in Spanish,

1.3 Measuring Units
The Project measuring system will be the Metric System (M.K.S).
1.4 Standards
The concrete structure design shall meet as first priority the following
Venezuelan Standards:
- Acciones mínimas para el Proyecto de Edificaciones (Minimum Actions

for the Project Buildings), COVENIN-MINDUR 2002-88 (Provisional).
- Estructuras de Concreto Armado, Fabricación y Construcción

(Reinforced Concrete Structures, Manufacturing and Construction),
COVENIN-MINDUR 1753-87.
- Edificaciones Antisísmicas (Seismic Resistant Buildings), COVENIN-

MINDUR 1756-2001.
- Acciones del Viento sobre las Construcciones (Wind effect over

Buildings), COVENIN-MINDUR 2003-89.
- PDVSA Standards

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The following North American standards shall be used:
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
- American Concrete Institute - Building Code Requirements for Reinforced

Concrete (ACI-318-02)
- American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

(AASHTO). Standard Specification for Highway Bridges -1983
2. MATERIALS
2.1 General
The materials to be used shall meet the standards requirements such as

listed in point 2.2. The quality of the materials to be used shall be indicated in
the drawings.
As far as the materials other than the ones specified in the drawings, it will be
possible to use locally available materials, whenever these are suitable in
quality and quantity for the specific use for which they are required.
2.2 Materials and Standards
- Structural Steel and Plates: ASTM A36/PS-25 SIDOR
- Reinforcing Bars: ASTM A615 Grade 60
- Anchor Bolts: ASTM A307 Gr. C, A36 or A193 Grade B7
- Portland Cement: ASTM C150 Type I and/or II
- Electrowelded mesh: With conventional elastic limit fy=5000 kg/cm²
- Other materials: According to each specification.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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3. ALLOWED STRENGTH AND STRESSES
3.1 Concrete
The resistance to the minimum final compression after 28 days and lab-
cured, shall be as follows:
- For lean concrete: 135 kg/cm2

- For reinforced concrete super-structures: 250 kg/cm2
- For major equipment foundations: 250 kg/cm2
- For minor equipment foundations, paving and fire protection: 210 kg/cm2
- For pre-cast concrete: 280 kg/cm2
3.2 Reinforced Steel
ASTM A615 grade 60 (COVENIN 316)
- Minimum yield strength: 4200 kg/cm²
Reinforcement steel of 1" diameter bars or less shall be used whenever

possible.
3.3 Anchor Bolts
ASTM A307 Grade C or ASTM A36
- Allowable tension stress: 1400 kg/cm2

- Allowable shear stress: 700 kg/cm2
- Allowable tension with shear: 1830 - 1.8 fv kg/cm2
- Minimum Diameter: 5/8"
ASTM A193
Allowable tension stress: 2810 kg/cm2 when d<2½”

2430 kg/cm2 when d ≥ 2½”
Allowable tension with shear: 3660 - 1.8 fv kg/cm2 when d<2½”
3170 - 1.8 fv kg/cm2 when d ≥ 2½”
Minimum Diameter: 5/8"
Where, fv = acting shear stress.
For standards sizing of anchor bolts see annex 1.

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Rev. 1
4. DESIGN
4.1 General
The structural design shall be executed according to the fracture theory

method for concrete structures, in accordance with the COVENIN-MINDUR
1753-87 standard.
4.2 Loads
The design loads for buildings and other structures shall follow the
COVENIN-MINDUR 2002-88, with the exception of what is specified herein.
4.2.1 Dead Loads
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads
The following load types shall be treated as dead loads:
The weight of all the structural components, including the fire protection
coating, which is a permanent part of the structure.
The weight of cranes and other equipment used to handle materials.
In order to estimate the weight of piping supported on equipment’s, a value of

10% of the empty equipment weight shall be considered as the piping weight.
In metallic platforms, the supporting structure floor and the floor grid shall
have an estimated dead load value not less than 100 kg/m².
Besides the above weights, the following shall be considered:
25 kg/m2 for building roofs, in order to cover the weight of lighting fixtures,
suspended roofs, air conditioning ducts, piping, etc.
50 kg/m2 for process structure floors, in order to cover the piping and
miscellaneous loads.
100 kg/m2 on the second level and upper floors in buildings where the
partition layout might be relocated.
150 kg/m2 in compressors operation floors, in order to cover the piping,

control panels, and miscellaneous loads.

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4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads
The equipment dead load, excluding external piping, caused by the weight of
equipment such as vessels, fractionating towers, heat exchangers, stacks
and pumps, shall be defined as follows:
a) Dead load of empty equipment in process of installation.
The dead load of the empty equipment in installation will be the

equipment weight, and it will not include the weight of all the internal or
external parts, which are not connected to the equipment before the
installation.
b) Dead load in operation:
The dead load of the equipment in operation shall be the weight of the
wholly assembled equipment including insulation and the fluid within it.
It shall exclude the piping and external structures connected to the
equipment, whenever these have been previously considered.
c) Dead load of empty equipment:
The dead load of the empty equipment will be the same as the
equipment in operation without the operation fluids.
d) Dead load in test:
The dead load in test will be calculated as the dead load of the
equipment in operation, defined in b, excluding the internal and external
insulation, the volume of liquid in operation, as well as any internals
susceptible to damage due to liquid test immersion. The equipment as
well as the piping associated with the test will be considered full of liquid
test.
4.2.2 Live Loads
The following live loads shall be used in the design:
4.2.2.1 Uniform loads for Buildings other than Warehouses
a) Offices: 300 kg/m2

b) Laboratories: 300 kg/m2
c) Control rooms: 300 kg/m2
d) Lockers: 300 kg/m2
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
e) Staircases: 500 kg/m2

f) Mechanical equipment room: 750 kg/m2
g) Electric equipment room: 750 kg/m2
h) Accessible roofs: 150 kg/m2
4.2.2.2 Operation floors in process structures
Use 450 kg/m2; if 25% or more of the bay area shall be covered with
equipment, the distributed uniform load shall be reduced according to the
percentage covered, and this shall be applied as uniform load over all the
bay area together with the equipment load.
4.2.2.3 Operation floors in compressor buildings
Use 500 kg/m2 over the whole area.
4.2.2.4 Warehouses
Use 750 kg/m2; whenever the expected live loads in storage areas shall
exceed 750 kg/m2, the engineer in charge of the calculations shall justify the
applicable value.
4.2.2.5 Pump stations and equipment areas
Use 500 kg/m².
4.2.2.6 Handrails
Use 30 kg/m horizontally applied at the top.
4.2.2.7 Cranes and material handling equipment
Use the total material handling capacity.
4.2.2.8 Overhead cross roads, platforms and ladders
A uniform load of 150 kg/m2 should be used. The ladder steps should be
design with a concentrated load at the center of the step of 130 kg.
4.2.3 Wind Loads
The wind load shall be calculated according to the Venezuelan standard

COVENIN-MINDUR 2003-89 "Wind Effect over Buildings".

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The parameters to be considered for the wind load calculations are:
- Basic wind speed: 145 km/hour

- Exposure type: C
- Priority factor: 1.25 or 1.10
4.2.4 Seismic Loads
In order to calculate reinforced concrete structures, the COVENIN 1756-2001

"Seismic Resistant Building" standard shall be used, considering:
- Seismic zone: 5 (Ao = 0.30)

- Soil profile: S2 (to be confirmed by soil study)
- ϕ Factor: 0.95 (to be confirmed by soil study)
- Occupancy factor (∝): 1.00, 1.15 or 1.30
4.2.5 Impact Loads
In order to calculate the design requirements for structures submitted to

moving loads, the corresponding impact load shall be considered according
to the case.
The impact load shall be considered as a percentage of the moving load and
shall be applied according to the following information.
Whenever the equipment manufacturer shall specify higher loads than the
ones mentioned herein, the ones specified by the manufacturer shall be
used.
4.2.5.1 Cranes
a) Vertical Load
- In the crane supporting beams,

the overloads shall be taken as
the top loads upon the wheels.
- For cab-operated mobile cranes

supporting beams and connectors: 25%
- For supporting beams for cranes

operated by pendant controls and
connectors (trolley): 20%

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- For jibs and beams acting as

supporting points for hooks: 25%
b) Side Load
For mobile cranes supporting beams, a 20% of the sum of the lifted
load weight plus the car load (with the exception of other parts of the
crane) applied to the upper edge of the rails acting in both normal
directions, will be considered; the load will be distributed according to
the supporting structure rigidity.
c) Longitudinal load
Unless otherwise specified, it will be taken as 20% of the maximum

loads on the crane wheels, and it will be considered applied upon the
upper edge of the rails.
4.2.5.2 Exchangers pullout
The horizontal force to be considered in the structure design as a product of

the tube bundle pullout in heat exchangers, will be equal to the product of the
tube bundle weight by a 0.57 friction coefficient and by a 1.5 impact factor;
that is, 86% of the tube bundle weight.
The minimum force to be considered will be 900 kg.
The horizontal force will only be transmitted to the exchanger fixed support.
In the case that the equipment manufacturer specifies higher loads that the
ones previously mentioned these loads should be considered.
4.2.5.3 Cases of other weights
For elevators supporting beams, use 100% of the live load.
For support for light motor or transmission driven machines, use not less than
20% of the machine weight.
For reciprocating equipment or power driven units’ support, use not less than
50% of the machine weight.
Hangers for floors or balconies 33% of live load.

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4.2.6 Friction Loads
The horizontal forces caused by friction shall be considered as the product of

the C friction coefficient multiplied by the corresponding vertical load.
The friction coefficient shall be:
C = 0.3 for steel on steel contact

C = 0.4 for steel on concrete contact
C = 0.1 for Teflon on steel contact
The loads due to equipment or piping acting on fixed or sliding points shall be
considered in the structural design taking into account their real situation.
4.2.7 Operation Loads
In those cases in which these loads shall be applied, the following structure
design requirements shall be considered:
4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads
Requirements on temperature changes in piping, equipment and structures

shall be considered.
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads
Pressure requirements due to the use of piping expansion joints shall be

considered.
4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads
Requirements due to vibrations in equipment or machines, or to fluid flow

within pipes or equipment shall be considered.
4.2.8 Vehicle Loads
The vehicle working loads shall be designated as HS-20 according to

AASHTO specifications. However, when the expected vehicles shall produce
more severe load conditions, these will be determinant.

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4.2.9 Explosion Loads
In case that the explosion-proof control room design shall be specified, the
calculations shall be carried out considering a 17500 kg/m2 uniformly
distributed load acting over the reinforced concrete walls and a 7000 kg/m2
over the roof slab. The intention is to safeguard the personnel and to
maintain the installations operable in such events.
4.3 Load Combinations
The structures shall be designed to withstand the effects of individual loads

and load combinations to which they may be submitted during installation or
when the equipment is empty, during equipment and piping tests as well as
during operation. The loads to be considered in the structure design for each
one of the referred load conditions are given in Table I.
The following points shall be applied to design load combinations in any one
of the load conditions given in Table I.
The loads shall be combined to produce the most critical load conditions to
the structural member design. Those loads that might reasonably occur
simultaneously shall be combined. It is not necessary to carry out load
combinations for non-structural elements such as platforms, step ladders,
etc.
The partial application of the following shall be considered: live and dead
loads which might occur during equipment installation, during equipment
individual parts tests or those which might result from the operation loads
variations in cyclic process equipment to calculate maximum stress in
continuous bents or beams.
Impact, maintenance and other short-term loads shall not be combined with
wind or seismic.
In the crane support structural element design, a single crane in operation

shall be considered, whenever there is no possibility of two simultaneous
cranes.
In the case of supporting elements for tube bundle pullout, one at a time
pullout shall be considered.

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Rev. 1
TABLE I
LOAD CONDITIONS
LOAD CONDITIONS DESIGN LOADS

Equipment in installation or 1. Structure dead loads
empty equipment 2. Equipment dead loads
3. Piping dead loads
4. Impact loads
5. Temporary loads and loads
caused by installation
(including impact).
6. Wind or seismic loads
Equipment in test 1. Structure dead loads
2. Equipment in test dead
loads
4. Live loads
5. Wind loads
Equipment in operation 1. Structure dead loads
2. Equipment in operation
dead loads
4. Live loads
5. Impact loads
6. Operation loads
7. Wind or Seismic loads
Equipment in maintenance Maintenance loads which may
occur during start-up, shut-
down or operation interruption,
along with other loads which
may be reasonably considered
to act simultaneously.

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Rev. 1
The load combinations shall be specified as follows:
4.3.1 Empty Equipment or Equipment in Process of Installation
- 1.4 CM + 1.4 EM or EV
- 0.75 (1.4 CM+ 1.4 EM or EV ± 1.7 W)
- 0.9CM+1.3W
- 0.75 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EM or EV) ± 1.0S
4.3.2 Equipment in Test
- 0.83 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EP)

- 0.75 [(1.4 CM +1.4 EP± 1.7 (0.50 W)]
4.3.3 Equipment in Operation
- 1.4 (CM + EO + T)
- 1.4 (CM + EO + T) + 1.7 CV
- 0.75 (1.4CM +1.4 EO + 1.4 T + 1.7 CV ± 1.7 W)
- 0.75 (1.4CM +1.4 EO + 1.4 T + 1.7 CV) ± S
- 0.9 CM +0.9 EO + 1.4 T ± 1.3 W
- 0.9 CM + 0.9 EO + 1.4 T± S
- 0.75 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EO + 1.4 T± 1.7 W)
- 0.75 (1.4 CM + 1.4 EO + 1.4 T) ±S
4.3.4 Equipment in Maintenance
- 1.4 (CM + EV + FH)
Nomenclature:
CM = Dead load
T = Temperature Load
CV = Live Load
FH = Pullout Load
EM = Equipment in Installation Load
EP = Equipment in Test Load
EO = Equipment in Operation Load
EV = Empty Equipment Load
W = Wind Load
S = Seismic Load

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
4.4 Reinforced Steel Protection
In general, the reinforcement steel shall have a protection layer of 50 mm. for
all super-structural members and foundations.
The designer shall clearly specify what foundations are cast directly against
the ground and leave 75 mm. concrete cover protection in these cases.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
PART V
STEEL STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 48
1.1 Scope 48
1.2 Language 48
1.4 Standards 48
2. MATERIALS 49
2.1 Steel Structures 49
2.2 Bolts 49
2.3 Welding 50
2.4 Floor Plates and Grating 50
<1> 2.5 Galvanizing 50
2.6 Fire Protection 50
3. ALLOWABLE STRESSES 51
4. DESIGN 51
4.1 General 51
4.2 Loads 52
4.2.1 Dead Loads 52
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads 52
4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads 53
4.2.2 Live Loads 53
4.2.3 Wind Loads 54
4.2.4 Seismic Loads 54
4.2.5 Impact Loads 56
4.2.5.1 Cranes 56
4.2.5.2 Other vertical load cases 57
4.2.5.3 Exchangers pull-out 57
4.2.6 Friction Loads 57
4.2.7 Operation Loads 57
4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads 57
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads 58
4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads 58
4.3.1 Empty Equipment or equipment in Process of Installation 60
4.3.2 Equipment in Test 60
4.3.3 Equipment in Operation 60
4.3.4 Equipment in Maintenance 60
4.4 Deflections 61
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Rev. 1
4.5 Connection Design 63

4.6 Connection Details 64

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The present criteria establish the requirements for the steel structures
analysis and design for the project Metor Expansion Plant.
1.2 Language
All drawings, calculation sheets and documents may be written in Spanish,

1.3 Measuring Units
The Project measuring system will be the Metric System (MKS).
1.4 Standards
The steel structures design shall meet the following Venezuelan standards in
their most recent issue:
- "Estructuras de Acero para Edificaciones. Proyecto, Fabricación y

Construcción" COVENIN-MINDUR 1618 for buildings design.
- "Acciones del Viento sobre las Construcciones" COVENIN-MINDUR

2003.
- "Acciones mínimas para el Proyecto de Edificaciones" COVENIN-

MINDUR 2002.
- Edificaciones Antisísmicas (Seismic Resistant Buildings), COVENIN-

MINDUR 1756-2001
- "Escaleras, Rampas y Pasarelas" COVENIN-MINDUR, 2245.
- "PDVSA Engineering Procedures".
Also, the following North-American standards shall be used:

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Rev. 1
- American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC-ASD) for all industrial

steel structures design such as: piperacks, structures supporting
equipments, etc.
- Specifications for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural

Steel for Buildings, "Manual of Steel Construction".
- American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
- American Welding Society (AWS).
2. MATERIALS
With the exception of the requirements of the present specification, all the
materials shall meet the AISC standards.
All the materials shall be brand-new.
2.1 Steel Structures
The structural shapes shall comply with the ASTM A36 or ASTM A572 Gr. 50
standards. The steel plates shall comply with the ASTM A36 standard. The
2
maximum allowable yield strength shall be fy=2530 kg/cm for the A36
2
material and fy=3500 kg/cm for the A572 Gr. 50 material.
The material quality shall be indicated on the drawings.
The steel piping for structural applications shall meet either one of the
following standards: ASTM A-53, types E or S, Grade B or API 5L, Grade B.
2.2 Bolts
High-strength bolts shall be used in the structure, according to the ASTM A-

325, Type I.
Common, low-strength Bolts shall be used in stairways, poles, and other non-
structural elements. These bolts shall meet the ASTM A-307 specifications.
All the bolts shall be galvanized according to ASTM A153 standard.

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2.3 Welding
The welding shall be carried out according to the designer requirements;

weldable materials shall be used.
The welding shall be carried out by means of manual arch, according to the
A5.1 or A5.2 standards, or by submerged arch, according to AWS A5.17. The
E70-XX electrode shall be used.
2.4 Floor Plates and Grating
- Checkered steel plates or grating shall be used in the floor system for
platforms, according to the designer requirements, and shall comply
with the following characteristics:
a) The steel plate platform shall consist of hot-galvanized checkered

plates, 6.0 mm. thickness. Each plate shall contain 17 mm-diameter
drainage holes, each 1.4 m2, approximately; there shall be at least one
drainage hole per plate.
b) The grating (electrowelded steel grating) platforms shall consist of hot-

galvanized plates, measuring 1 1/4" height by 1/8" thickness (1 1/4" x
1/8"), with 5 mm. diameter rods every 2". It shall be hot-galvanized.
- The staircases and railing shall meet the COVENIN 2245

standard.
- The stair step shall be rectangular, grating (1" x 3/16") and the
edge will be non skid checkered plate.
<1> 2.5 Galvanizing
All the steel surfaces shall be hot dip galvanized according with project
document N° 1121-01-90-T09-ESP-001. Galvanizing shall consider vat sizes
of hot-dip galvanizing facilities. Galvanizing process shall be performed at
fabricator’s workshop, and cold galvanizing touch up paint shall be applied at
site during construction stage in those places where the shop’s galvanized
may result damaged due to transportation and/or erection process.
2.6 Fire Protection
Wherever required, fire protection shall be provided in the steel structures by

means of concrete protection, according to the PDVSA standards.

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3. ALLOWABLE STRESSES
The allowable stresses for steel structures shall be the ones specified by the
AISC standard.
The allowable stresses for members and their connection in those load
combinations with wind or earthquake may be increased up to 33%.
The allowable stresses for members and their connections exposed to

hydrostatic test load conditions or to short-term load increases, may be
increased up to 20%.
The maximum allowable traction stress for low-strength bolts (A-307) used as
anchor bolts, shall be based on the square root of the thread area, and shall
2
be 1060 kg/cm for a test or operation load condition, without any additional
increase. As far as empty equipment, or equipment-in-installation conditions,
2
the maximum allowable traction stress for anchor bolts shall be 1270 kg/cm ,
without any additional increase.
4. DESIGN
4.1 General
The steel structure design and details shall be carried out according to the
standards indicated in point N° 1.4, with the following specifications:
The structures shall be designed under Type 2 (simple frames) construction.

Bracing shall be installed to achieve lateral stability.
Those structure in which the bracing may interfere with piping equipment and
staff access, shall be designed according to Type 1 (rigid frames)
construction.
Minor structures such as platforms, footbridges, stairways and safety cages,

can be supplied as part of the equipment and under the supplier's standards.
If this shall not be the case, they will be supplied according to the designer's
requirements and in any case, they shall be designed using the
corresponding building safety standards.

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4.2 Loads
The minimum design loads to be considered in the structure calculations

shall follow the COVENIN-MINDUR 2002 Standard, with the exception of
what is specified herein.
4.2.1 Dead Loads
4.2.1.1 Dead or permanent loads
The following load types shall be treated as dead loads:
- The weight of all the structural components, including the fire-proofing,

which is a permanent part of the structure.
- The weight of cranes and other equipment used to handle materials.
- In order to estimate the weight of piping supported on equipment, a

value of 10% of the empty equipment weight shall be considered as the
piping weight.
- In steel platforms, the supporting structure and the floor grid weight, an
2
estimated dead load value not less than 100 kg/m shall be considered.
- Besides the above, the following weights shall be considered:

2
. 25 kg/m for building roofs, in order to cover the weight of lighting
fixtures, suspended roofs, air conditioning ducts, piping, etc.
2
. 50 kg/m for process structure floors, in order to cover the loads caused
by the piping and other minor installations.
2
. 100 kg/m on the second level and upper floors in buildings where the
partition layout might be relocated.
2
. 150 kg/m in equipment operation floors, in order to cover the loads
caused by piping, control panels, and other installations.

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4.2.1.2 Equipment dead loads
The equipment dead load, excluding external piping, caused by the weight of
equipment such as vessels, fractionating towers, heat exchangers, stacks
and pumps, shall be defined for each load condition as follows:
a) Dead load of the empty equipment or the equipment in process of

installation.
The dead load of the empty equipment will be the equipment load weight,
and it will exclude the weight of the internal or external parts which are not
connected to the equipment before the installation.
b) Dead load in operation.
The dead load of the equipment in operation shall be the weight of the
wholly assembled equipment, including insulation and the fluid within it. It
shall exclude the piping and external structures connected to the
equipment, whenever these have been previously considered.
c) Dead weight of the equipment in test.
The dead load in test will be calculated as per the previous paragraph,
excluding external and internal insulation and the volume of liquid in
operation, as well as any internals susceptible to damage due to liquid test
immersion. The equipment as well as the piping associated with the test
shall be considered full of liquid test.
4.2.2 Live Loads
The following live loads shall be uniformly distributed, and the values are
given in Table I.
In the case of cranes and equipment for material handling, the load shall be
the capacity of these equipments.
Those roofs supporting pipes shall be designed, in the surroundings of such

pipes, with the highest live load of the following options:
a) Roof area load plus piping weight
b) Load in the work area excluding the piping weight

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4.2.3 Wind Loads
The wind load shall be calculated according to the Venezuelan standard

COVENIN-MINDUR 2003 "Acciones del Viento sobre las Construcciones".
The parameters to be considered for the wind load calculations are:
- Basic wind speed = 145 km/h

- Exposure type =C
- Priority factor = 1.00 or 1.25
4.2.4 Seismic Loads
The seismic load shall be calculated according to the COVENIN-MINDUR

1756-2001 Code.
The parameters to be considered for the seismic load calculations are:
- Seismic zone: 5 (Ao = 0.30)

- Soil profile: S2 (to be confirmed by soil study)
- ϕ Factor: 0.95 (to be confirmed by soil study)
- Occupancy factor (∝): 1.00, 1.15 or 1.30

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
TABLE I
DESIGN LIVE LOADS
AREA CLASSIFICATION LIVE LOAD
Deposit and storage area The acting loads

2
(minimum 750 kg/m )
2
Work and Operating Areas 400 kg/m
Platform floor system

2
(grating or checkered plate) 500 kg/m
Staff access areas, such as

2
access and vessel platforms. 250 kg/m
2
Roof areas without access: 100 kg/m (the load shall be applied
correspond to such areas not to the roof horizontal projection area).
used as work or storage areas.
2
Roof area with access Min. 150 kg/m , or according to use.
2
Staircases and landing 365 kg/m , or a
moving load of 460 kg, whichever
produces higher requirements.
The steps shall be designed to support

a 130 kg. concentrated load on the step
center, but not accumulated to the
uniform load.
Vertical ladders 30 kg/m of ladder, but not less than 90

kg in the step center

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Rev. 1
4.2.5 Impact Loads
In order to calculate the design requirements for structures submitted to

moving loads, the impact load shall be considered.
The impact load shall be considered as a percentage of the moving load, and
it shall be applied according to the following information.
In case that the equipment supplier shall specify loads which exceed the one
above exposed, these shall be considered in the design.
4.2.5.1 Cranes
In the crane supporting beams, the overloads shall be taken as the top loads
upon the wheels.
a) Vertical Load
- For cab-operated mobile cranes supporting

beams and connectors 25%
- For supporting beams for mobile cranes
operated by pendant controls and
connectors (trolley) 20%
- For jibs and beams acting as supporting
points for hooks 25%
b) Side Load
For mobile cranes supporting beams, a 20% of the sum of the lifted
load weight plus the car weight (with the exception of other parts of the
crane), applied to the upper edge of the rails, and acting in both
directions normal to the rail, will be considered; the load will be
distributed according to the supporting structure rigidity.
c) Longitudinal load
Unless otherwise specified, it will be considered as 20% of the

maximum loads on the crane wheels, and it will be considered applied
upon the upper edge of the rails.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
4.2.5.2 Other vertical load cases
- For elevators supporting beams, use 100% of the live load.
- For support for light motor or transmission-driven machines, use not

less than 20% of the machine weight.
- For reciprocating equipment or power driven units support, use not less
than 50% of the machine weight.
- Hangers for floors or balconies, 33% of live load.
4.2.5.3 Exchangers pull-out
The design horizontal force to be considered in structures submitted to the

tube bundle pull-out in heat exchangers shall be equal to the product of the
tube bundle weight by a 0.57 friction coefficient and by a 1.50 impact factor;
that is, 86% of the tube bundle weight.
The minimum force to be considered will be 900 kg.
The horizontal force will only be transmitted to the exchanger fixed support.
4.2.6 Friction Loads
The horizontal forces caused by friction shall be considered as the product of

the C friction coefficient multiplied by the corresponding vertical load.
The friction coefficient shall be:
C = 0.3 for steel on steel contact

C = 0.4 for steel on concrete contact
C = 0.1 for teflon on steel contact
4.2.7 Operation Loads
In those cases in which these loads shall be applied, the following structure
design requirements shall be considered:
4.2.7.1 Thermal expansion loads
Requirements due to temperature changes in piping, equipment and

structures shall be considered. For steel, a 0.000012/ °C lineal thermal
expansion coefficient shall be considered.
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Rev. 1
4.2.7.2 Pressure loads
Pressure requirements due to the use of piping expansion joints shall be

considered.
4.2.7.3 Dynamic loads
Requirements due to vibrations in equipment and machines, or to fluid flow

within piping or equipment, shall be considered.
The structures shall be designed to withstand the effects of individual loads,

as well as load combinations, to which they may be subjected during tests of
equipment and piping, as well as during operation. The loads to be
considered in the structure design for each one of the referred load
conditions are given in Table II.
The following points shall be applied to design load combinations in any one
of the load conditions given in Table II.
- The loads shall be combined to produce the most critical load

conditions to the structural member and connection design. Those
loads which might reasonably occur simultaneously shall be combined.
It is not necessary to carry out load combinations for non-structural
elements such as platforms, step ladders, walkways, etc.
- The partial application of the following shall be considered to calculate

the maximum stress in continuous bents or beams: live and dead loads
which might occur during equipment installation, during equipment
individual parts tests, or those which might result from the operation
loads variations in cyclic process equipment.
- The impact, maintenance and other short-term loads shall not be

combined with wind or seismic.
- In the crane support structural element design, a single crane in

operation shall be considered, whenever there is no possibility of two
simultaneous cranes.
- For support elements for tube bundle pull-out, one at a time pull-out
shall be considered.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
TABLE II
LOAD CONDITIONS
LOAD CONDITIONS DESIGN LOADS

Equipment in installation or 1. Structure dead loads
empty equipment 2. Equipment dead loads
4. Impact loads
5. Temporary loads and loads
caused by installation
(including impact).
6. Wind or seismic loads
Equipment in test 1. Structure dead loads
2. Equipment in test dead loads
4. Live loads
5. Wind loads
Equipment in operation 1. Structure dead loads

2. Equipment in operation dead
loads
4. Live loads
5. Impact loads
6. Operation loads
7. Wind or Seismic loads
Equipment in maintenance Maintenance loads which may
occur during start-up, shut-down
or operation interruption, along
with other loads which may be
reasonably considered to act
simultaneously.
The engineer shall revise the following load combinations; not all possible
combinations are included. Therefore the engineer will decide which other
combinations are necessary to be analyzed.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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4.3.1 Empty Equipment or equipment in Process of Installation
- DL + EL
- DL + EL + LL
- 0.75 (DL + EL ± W)
- 0.75 (DL + EL ± 0,72 S)
4.3.2 Equipment in Test
- 0.83 (DL + tL)

- 0.83 (DL + 0.50 LL + tL)
- 0.75 (DL + tL ± 1/2 W)
4.3.3 Equipment in Operation
- DL + OL + TL + FL
- DL + OL + TL + FL + LL
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL + LL ± 0,72 S)
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL + LL ± W)
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL ± 0,72 S)
- 0.75 (DL + OL + TL + FL ± W)
4.3.4 Equipment in Maintenance
- 0.75 (DL + EL + BL)
Where:
DL = Dead Load
LL = Live load
EL = Empty equipment load or load of equipment in installation
tL = Load of equipment in test
OL = Load of Equipment in operation
BL = Tube bundle pull-out force
TL = Thermal load
S = Seismic load
W = Wind load
FL = Friction load

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4.4 Deflections
The following maximum values are recommended for the deflections due to
variable and wind loads:
EDIFICATION DEFLECTION LOAD TYPE MEMBER TYPE RECOMMENDED

TYPE DEFLECTION
INDUSTRIAL VERTICAL VARIABLE Member L/240

BUILDINGS supporting
nonflexible roofs
covering
VARIABLE Members which L/180
supporting
flexible roofs
covering
VARIABLE Members L/300
supporting
floors
Maximum by Beams for L/800
wheel, no mobile cranes
impact with capacity
equal or more
than 25 Ton
Maximum by Beams for L/600
wheel, no mobiles cranes
impact with capacity
less than 25
Ton
LATERAL Cranes Beams for L//600
lateral force mobile crane
support
Crane or Columns (total L/400 to L/200
wind lateral displacement on
force its top area)
Where: L = Span of beam.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
EDIFICATION DEFLECTION LOAD TYPE MEMBER TYPE RECOMMENDED

TYPE DEFLECTION
BUILDINGS VERTICAL VARIABLE Member on L/360

FOR OTHER floors o roofs
USE supporting
crackable
finishes
VARIABLE Members or L/300
floors and roofs
supporting
noncrackable
finishes
LATERAL WIND Floors (total L/400
displacement
due to all the
effects)
WIND Floors (Relative L/500
displacement
between two
consecutive
floors) with
metallic coating
and partitions
without special
precautions to
allow structure
deformations
WIND Same as the L/400
above, but in
floors with
special
precautions to
allow structure
deformations
- Certain non-structural element materials such as masonry walls, certain

types of curtain-walls and concrete coatings around the steel members,
increment the structure rigidity; hence the wind load for the lateral
deflections calculation can be reduced somewhat with respect to the
design wind used in the strength and stability calculations.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The suggested maximum reduction is 15%.
- For the pipe rack structures, the following maximum deflection values
due to variable and wind loads are recommended:
a) Lateral Displacement L/200
b) Vertical displacement capability in bent beams L/200
c) Vertical displacements capability in longitudinal

medium beam which are not a part of the bent L/200
d) Vertical displacement capability in medium

transversal beams (load) which are not a part of the bents.
The deflection shall be the sum of the one coming from the
longitudinal plus the transversal beam at
the intersection point L/160
- In support beams for equipment hoisting L/300
- Relative displacements between levels (under seismic load) shall be

considered according COVENIN-MINDUR 1756-2001.
4.5 Connection Design
The high-strength bolted connections shall be designed with a simple shear,

crushing type, with thread on the shear plane.
All connection shall be designed according to AISC and to the following

recommendations:
- The shear connections in beams and bents shall be designed and

detailed according to AISC, under Type 2 construction. The shear load
at the connections shall be not less than 50% of the allowable element
shear capacity, such as established by AISC.
- The connections in truss members shall be designed to support the

acting stresses, but they have to be able to develop 50% of the
allowable traction capacity.
The allowable traction capacity shall be calculated by using stress without

increments in the gross transversal section area.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
4.6 Connection Details
The connections carried out in the workshop shall be welded, except when
the welding may be impractical or when the designer so indicates.
The connections carried out on-site shall be bolted.
The structural connections shall be carried out with high-strength bolts,

according to the ASTM A-325 standard, and with a minimum 5/8" diameter.
The connections between non-structural elements such as step ladders,

lighting fixtures, handrails, walkways, etc., shall be carried out with Bolts with
ASTM A-307 specification.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
PART VI
PIPERACKS DESIGN CRITERIA

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
INDEX
Page
1. SCOPE 67
2. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS 67

2.1 Pipe Rack 67
2.2 “T” Posts 67
2.3 Rigid Connection 67
2.4 Pinned Connection 67
2.5 Transverse Direction 68
2.6 Longitudinal Direction 68
2.7 Strut 68
2.8 Spandrel Beams 68
2.9 Pipe Friction Loads 68
2.10 Pipe Restraint 68
2.11 Guide 68
2.12 Stop 68
2.13 Pipe Anchor 68
2.14 Bent 69
2.15 Bay 69
2.16 Expansion Joint 69
3. SELECTION OF PIPE RACK STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION 69
4. MATERIAL TYPE 72
5. DESIGN LOADS 73
5.1 Operation Loads 73
5.1.1 Operating gravitational loads of pipes 73
5.1.2 Friction and anchor loads 74
5.2 Hydro Static Test Loads 74
5.3 Wind Loads 75
5.4 Seismic Loads 75
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS 76
7. DEFLECTIONS 77
8. ASSUMPTIONS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 78

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1. SCOPE
This design practice outlines the design process of structuring and analyzing
steel or concrete pipe racks.
It is not covered here the detailing of the structural elements of the pipe rack
nor its foundations.
2. TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
2.1 Pipe Rack.
A pipe rack is, usually, one or more rows of columns, which are alone or
joined by beams. In the case that there is only one row, it is usually formed
by “T” posts. When there are two or more parallel rows, the columns of one
row can be joined to the other columns in the same row through beams
perpendicular to the direction of the pipes that they support forming
transverse elevation frames. These transverse elevation frames can be
joined to each other by longitudinal beams parallel to the direction of the
pipes.
The principal function of the pipe racks is to support the pipes and its related
components; electrical and instrument cable trays. They may also support
aircoolers, maintenance platforms, equipment, etc.
The most common pipe racks are:
Single column pipe racks, also known as “T” posts.

Two row pipe racks, which form a two-column elevation frame.
2.2 “T” posts
It is a support of one column, which can have one or more supporting levels.
2.3 Rigid Connection
It is a connection that has sufficient rigidity to hold virtually unchanged the

angle between connected members.
2.4 Pinned Connection
It is a connection designed to allow relative unrestricted rotation to the

connected members.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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2.5 Transverse Direction
It is the horizontal direction perpendicular to the direction of the pipes.
2.6 Longitudinal Direction
It is the horizontal direction parallel to the direction of the pipes.
2.7 Strut
It is a horizontal member subject only to axial compression or tension loads,

which runs longitudinally between columns and its only function is to work as
part of the longitudinal bracing system.
2.8 Spandrel Beams
They are beams which run longitudinally between column frames and which
function is to give vertical support to the pipes, which enter and exit the pipe
rack, cable trays, etc. Their secondary function is to behave as a strut
forming part of the longitudinal bracing system.
2.9 Pipe Friction Loads
These are forces that act on the frame beams, originated by the pipes do to
their thermal expansion or contraction.
2.10 Pipe Restraint
It is a support that restraints translation and/or rotation of the pipe in one or

more degrees of freedom.
2.11 Guide
It is a support that restraints the pipes translation in the direction

perpendicular to its alignment.
2.12 Stop
It is a support that restraints the pipes longitudinal translation.
2.13 Pipe Anchor
It is a support that restraints the pipes movements in all six degrees of

freedom.
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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2.14 Bent
Individual rigid or braced frame in the perpendicular direction to the main

running pipe direction. This frame is the key structural part of the pipe
support system.
2.15 Bay
The space between two pipe rack bents
2.16 Expansion Joint
Sliding support at one end of a longitudinal beam, which allows a section of

the pipe rack to expand do to thermal loads with out been restrained by the
contiguous pipe rack section, where the beam is supported. This objective
can also be accomplished by suppressing the longitudinal beams between to
consecutive transverse bents.
3. SELECTION OF PIPE RACK STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION
In general, the selection of the structural configuration of the pipe rack should
be based in structural and economical criteria, which minimizes cost of the
structure and its foundations. This design guide aids in the selection of an
economical system.
- When the quantity of pipes, electrical and instrumentation cable trays is

relatively small (requires a support width of less than 3.0 meters), it could
be convenient to support them on “T” posts instead of two column frames.
The “T” post supports are usually made of steel, designed as cantilever in
both directions; transverse and longitudinal. They can be connected
longitudinally with beams to provide intermediate supports, or to allow
them to be braced in that direction.
- When the selected option is a multi-column frame (usually two columns),

by piping, electrical and/or instrumentation requirements, and following
the civil criteria. It is common practice to design them with bent length (L)
between 3.0 and 9.0 meters and a spaced from each other (S) between
6.0 and 10.0 meters.
It could be required to include intermediate beams between bents to support

small diameter pipes and trays.
These beams should be supported or hanged from the longitudinal beams.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The first pipe supporting level generally is located at an elevation between

5.0 and 6.0 meters above ground, with the exemption of the cross roads,
where the overhead clearance is controlled by the vehicles requirements for
the plant in question. See, for example, the design guide by PDVSA N°
0602.1.585, Appendix B: “Minimum Overhead Process and Utility Piping
Clearances”.
The vertical spacing between adjacent levels is, usually, around 2.0 meters.
The first level height could get to be relatively small when there is no space
requirement under the frames for equipment or its maintenance, and on the
other hand there is also no required height for the plants processes. In the
case that only one level is required and the elevation is smaller than
approximately 1.2 to 1.5 meters, it is probably more convenient to support the
pipes on sleepers.
It could occur that a client decides to take provisions for the future of one or
more levels of pipes. In this case, the analysis and design will be executed
with the full level configuration, but making the drawings for the current
construction requirements and leaving the necessary previsions for the future
expansion. It is always convenient, even if no future levels are required, to
leave at least a 15 cm extension at the top end of the column to help prevent
the fall of a loose pipe.
Usually transverse frames (bents) are designed with rigid connections that
are able to resist moments in there plane, for which the columns are oriented
so that its flanges can form a moment connections with the beams (or beams
if it is a multilevel pipe rack) of the frame. They are also connected to the
foundation with a moment connection through a base plate and at least four
anchor bolts. In this case the longitudinal forces (perpendicular to the
transverse frames), which could not be resisted only by the columns, as
independent cantilevers, can be absorbed by a bracing system. This system
can be of type cross “X” or knee “K” connecting the transverse frames to
each other with longitudinal beams, which we will call connectors or struts
when this is their only function. We will call them longitudinal beams when at
the same time, or when their only function is to support vertical pipe loads
that enter and exit the pipe rack, equipment, platforms, etc., or serve as
support for intermediate beams.
The longitudinal beams are usually located at an intermediate level between

corresponding transverse levels, with the purpose of not interfering with the
pipes that enter or exit perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe rack.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
- When connecting transverse frames either with longitudinal beams or

struts, the total length of the pipe rack section should be limited to a value
that reduces the effects of temperature variations (ambient or irradiation of
hot pipes). This due to the fact that the corresponding stresses and strains
generated by the structure increase as the total longitudinal section of the
pipe rack increases.
Usually the maximum length of a longitudinal section of a pipe rack is

limited between 60.0 and 90.0 meters, through expansion joints or
suppressing the longitudinal beams between to transverse frames, which
would make these two the end of the section.
- When the longitudinal forces are absorbed by a bracing system, this one
should have at least one level of struts or longitudinal beams, for each row
of columns in the section. The system should also have at least one span
of braces in “X” or “K” for each row, placed preferably in the same relative
position (one in front of the other). For the maximum recommended length
(60.0 to 90.0 meters), a minimum of two spans of bracing is adequate, and
more could be required in order to minimize the axial forces that act on the
braces and on the foundations.

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Rev. 1
<1> 4. MATERIAL TYPE (STEEL/CONCRETE)
In the selection of the material type that is going to be used for the structure
of the pipe rack, besides the client requirements, the economical aspect must
be considered. This related not only to the material cost and its installation,
but also to execution times, availability according to the zone and plant
location circumstances, etc. In the case the structure is of steel, it is
important to consider if it must be fireproofed.
The steel structures tend, when designed as bolted, to be fabricated in a

shop, which gives better quality control and productivity. An additional
advantage of the steel structures is that it allows previous field modifications
with ease and the members are much lighter than its concrete counterpart.
Concrete structures can be formed of prefabricated elements and even if

they are more expensive than cast in place, sometimes the reduction in
construction time may lead to a more economical solution. A possible
solution could also be a combination of both systems. For example, cast in
place transverse frames with its foundations and connecting them with
prefabricated longitudinal beams supported on corbels, or cast in place only
the columns and its foundations and connect them with prefabricated
transverse and longitudinal beams on corbels.
Concrete structures must incorporate embedded plates to weld supports and

other steel members (for example, diagonal braces) with or without previous
prevision.
All of these aspects mentioned above are not static in time which means that
an evaluation needs to be performed in the detail design stage in order to
compare both concrete and steel solutions. Material of each
Piperack/Structure shall be decided with consideration of all kinds of options
such as economic efficiency, schedule, practicability, etc., at Detail
Engineering Stage.

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5. DESIGN LOADS
5.1 Operation Loads
The operation loads must include the self-weight of the structural elements,
pipes and its contents, insulation, fireproofing, cable trays, equipment,
platforms with its overload, etc. Also friction and anchor loads form part of the
operation loads.
5.1.1 Operating gravitational loads of pipes
The uniform load of pipes in operation (W), can be calculated with enough
approximation in the following manner:
(Units kg, m)
S (75 A + 170B + 245C 1.7 P

W = Wd+Wc Wd = Wc =
A+ B+ C L
Where,
A= Number of pipes ∅ 6” and under

B= Number of pipes ∅ 8” to 12”
C= Number of pipes ∅ 14” to 18”
P= Concentrated load of pipes with ∅ ≥ 20”
S= Spacing between transverse frames or bents.
L= Span of the transverse frame or bents.
The load “W” in this way calculated should not be taken as less than 122*S.
Once obtained the definite loads from the piping group, loads should be
revised and if required perform the necessary modifications in the design.
When there is no information in the drawings of the alignment and diameters

of the pipes to be supported, an average of 170*S (kg/m) for the preliminary
design is adequate.
Also to begin the design of the longitudinal beams (when these have to
support pipes), they can be estimated as a uniform load of 35% of the load of
the adjacent transverse beam.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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In the pipe racks where intermediate beams are required without columns
(they are supported on longitudinal beams), the distribution of weights is not
to be done using tributary area. This is doing to the higher stiffness of the
transverse beams in the frames making them support more loads than the
intermediate beams. If no three-dimensional design is performed, an
approximate solution to this problem can be found in the PDVSA guide N°
0602.1.585 sec. 3.3.1.1.
The empty weight of the pipes can be estimated as 60% of the established
by the formulas in section 4.1.
5.1.2 Friction and anchor loads.
Until a more accurate and definite information is obtained from the flexibility
analysis of the pipes, the following loads can be assumed:
Longitudinal:
The friction and/or anchor loads will be taken as a uniform load in every
transverse beam, equal to 10% of the operating weight of the total pipes
supported or 30% of the weight of the heavier pipe, which ever is greater.
The longitudinal connectors or struts will be designed taking these loads in to
consideration acting on every level on all frames in the structure in the same
direction.
Transverse:
The transverse anchor loads will be taken as 340 kg in each level of the
frame or 5% of the total load applied in that level, which ever is greater. The
load at each level should be applied as a transverse concentrated load in all
levels.
5.2. Hydro Static Test Loads
The beams that support pipes 24” diameter or greater, should be verified for
the load case of the pipe full of water, unless it has been informed that other
type of test will be performed, determined by the corresponding designer
group.
In base of experiences from other projects, it is recommended, to avoid re-

work, that the structures supporting the flare pipe be designed for the hydro-
static load, in addition to the test that has been determined to do.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
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Consider a maximum of 3 pipes in hydrostatic test simultaneously with the

remaining pipes in empty weight condition.
For 30” diameter pipes and greater, verify with the other workgroup leaders
the possibility of decreasing the maximum number of pipes to be tested to
less than 3 simultaneously, if this case is too demanding.
5.3. Wind Loads
Generally the longitudinal wind forces do not control the design.
The transverse wind forces with the pipes empty may generate traction in
elements like columns, anchor bolts and foundations that can be determinant
in the design, so this condition should be checked.
Also the transverse wind forces with pipes in operating condition may control
the design, thus, it is necessary to include this case in the design process,
unless it is determined that the transverse seismic load is greater.
There are codes and proceedings for the calculation of wind loads for a large
variety of structures. Pipe racks do not fit in any of these particular cases,
and should be treated as special structures. Simplified methods have been
developed based on the application of the ANSI standards. See, for example,
the design guides by PDVSA N° 602.1.585, Section 3.3.2.1 or also “Guide to
Pipe Support Design” by C.V. Char de Hydrocarbon Processing, March 6 of
1979.
5.4 Seismic Loads
The effects of transverse and longitudinal seismic forces must be considered

as load combinations in the design, because they may control the design in
zones of medium to high seismic risk. There is no guide or code for the
design of earthquake resistant pipe racks.
It is recommended to generate the seismic loads for the analysis following

the COVENIN-MINDUR 1756-2001 code, since it is very general, it involves
the possibility of analyzing a great range of structural configurations in which
the pipe racks can be satisfactory included.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
In the load combinations for the design of pipe racks the following should be
included:
Case I Empty weight gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent

loads + transverse wind.
Case II Test loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent loads + live

load (on platforms, etc).
Case III Operating gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent

loads + live loads + friction and anchor loads.
Case IV Operating gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent

loads + live loads + friction and anchor loads + transverse wind or
seismic load (whichever is greater).
Case V Operating gravity loads (pipes + equipment) + other permanent

loads + live loads + friction and anchor loads + longitudinal wind or
seismic load (whichever is greater).
- In certain projects it could be required to include additional

combinations, for example, in long pipe rack sections the effects do to
temperature changes can be an important factor in the design.
- The load combinations should be taken as positive and negative when it

is logical to do so, and the corresponding multiplication factors
considered depending if the design is in concrete or steel.
- Multiplication factor for the foundation design should also be

considered.
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The simplification that can sometimes be done in the analysis of pipe racks is
to divide it in several plane structures as simple frames, generally moment
resisting in the transverse direction and braced in the longitudinal direction.
Thus, allowing to incorporate modifications in loading and geometry very
easily (which is frequently necessary, since the design process is usually
started with preliminary information). A three dimensional analysis would
greatly increase the difficulty of incorporating changes to the model.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The structural analysis of pipe racks, because these usually been formed by
orthogonal frames, can be simplified by reducing the structure in, generally,
two or more typical transverse frames and one or more longitudinal frames.
These are analyzed as two-dimensional structures (but are defined as three
dimensional in the computer program in order to be able to introduce out of
plane forces). The common orthogonal frame elements (columns) are loaded
with the forces from the analysis of the orthogonal frame to which they form
part of, in the corresponding load combination. Since, the longitudinal
elevation includes one column from every transverse beam, it is common
practice to analyze this first and later introduce the resulting loads in the
transverse frame analysis. This is greatly simplified when the longitudinal and
transverse beams meet the columns at the same elevation, and additionally
the longitudinal frames are braced. This configuration will result only in the
addition to the transverse frame analysis the axial loads from the longitudinal
directions (no moments or shear forces are developed from the longitudinal
braced frame analysis).
Sometimes these simplifications are not possible, we could have an untypical

structural configuration, require dynamic analysis, or the client might specify
that all structures be analyzed in three dimensional space.
7. DEFLECTIONS
The deflections of the structural elements in a pipe rack must be limited,

since the subsequent displacement of the pipes could cause large stresses
and failure of the associated equipment and its connections. These
deflections if not large enough to cause a failure they could at least cause
incorrect functioning of the plants system. Some frames in certain areas of
the plant could have higher restrictions in their deflections than others;
depending on how susceptible is the associated equipment in the area.
In the construction codes and design standards there are established limits
for the deflections of a general structure, but no specific criteria is found for
pipe racks. These standards, even though they are usually applicable, should
not be used without considering that in some cases we must apply limits to
the deflections for a specific project condition. As an example we suggest the
design guide by PDVSA N° 0602.1.585, section 3.2.2 which establishes the
maximum vertical and horizontal deflections based on fixed quantities that do
not depend on length or height of the elements. This standard sets the
deflections limits between 1” (25 mm) and 2” (50 mm), depending among
other things, if the pipes are directly connected to the equipment at a short
distance from the frame in question, and if the frame was selected as an
anchor.

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The most common limits used in allowable horizontal and vertical deflections,
that have controlled the design in many projects are the following:
Vertical deflections in primary beams: from L/200 to L/500

Horizontal deflection of the frames: H/200
Where,
L= Beams clear span

H= Height of the considered level in the frame
Deflections, generally, are controlled only in steel pipe racks, because in

concrete pipe racks the size of the sections required by strength are usually
large enough to easily comply with the deflection limits required in most
projects.
8. ASSUMPTIONS AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Beams can be considered restraint against lateral torsional buckling at

points where 6” or larger diameter pipes are being supported; unless,
the pipe is sitting on a ledge (often found in concrete beams were there
is a contact bar).
Generally concrete beams are not slender enough to encounter the

need to use this advantage and on the other hand the spacing between
pipes is generally small enough to allow the steel beams to reach its
maximum allowable bending stress with out worrying about the un-
braced length.
- The un-braced length will be taken in calculations of the maximum

bending stress in slender beams as the total length of the element,
unless it is other wise demonstrated in the design for a particular case.
The “k” values used to determine the column slenderness are the ones
established in the ACI, AISC and COVENIN codes in their last editions.
It could serve as an aid in the interpretation of these codes the guides
by several authors, for example “Guide to Support Design” by C.V. Char
1979, figure 7, k factors for frames and “T” posts.

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PART VII
BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN 81

1.1 Building Design Criteria 81
1.2 Building Design Phases 83
1.3 Building Basic Typologies 84
1.3.1 Electrical Sub-Stations 84
1.3.2 Control Rooms 85
1.3.3 Administrative Buildings 85
1.3.4 Dinning Rooms 86
1.3.5 Dressing Rooms and Restrooms 86
1.3.6 Storage Rooms 86
1.3.7 Workshops 86
1.3.8 Laboratories 87
1.3.9 Booths and Pump house 87
1.3.10 Light Roof 87
1.3.11 Small Building 87
1.4 Interactions among work groups 88
1.4.1 Control Rooms 88
1.4.2 Electrical Sub-Stations 89
1.4.3 Administrative Building / Dinning Rooms / Dressing
Rooms / Booths / Storage Rooms and Workshops 89
1.5 Architectural Drawings and Documents Production 90
1.5.1 Drawings 90
1.5.1.1 Levels 90
1.5.1.2 Elevations 91
1.5.1.3 Sections 91
1.5.1.4 Details Drawings 92
1.5.2 Documents 92
1.6 Industrial Buildings usual Finishes 93
1.6.1 External Finishes 93
1.6.2 Internal Finishes 95
1.6.2.1 Office Ambiance 95
1.6.2.2 Ambiance for non sensible equipment 95
1.6.2.3 Ambiance for equipment and sensible operations 96

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1. BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
1.1 Building Design Criteria
For the architectural design of buildings that form an industrial complex, the
following criteria should be evaluated and defined:
- Uses and area programs definition
- Architectural criteria
For example: shape, function, volume, visuals, and group composition,

among others.
- Functional relations
For example: space hierarchy, functioning, and space interrelation,

services location.
- Buildings occupancy levels
For example: turns, personal quantity, and m2 per person.
- Visuals
Study of the best visuals toward the group or toward spaces of interest
between the buildings.
- Levels (Topography)
Study of the optimal implantation level for the buildings within the complex.
- Orientation, Solar Protection, Sunstroke
Study of the solar incidence in the building and its probable solutions and
alternatives.
It is necessary to foresee in all those buildings that have a high rate of human
occupancy, and adequate orientation, that considers the particular
characteristics of sun exposure of these latitudes.

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A suggested orientation is North-East or North for all those sites that are
going to be used as offices, dinning rooms, etc. In case these orientations
can not be used, solar protection elements that are adequate and functional
are recommended.
The building should always offer the biggest facade length toward the
favorable orientation. This generates a smaller area exposed to the sun; the
heat absorption coefficient decreases and avoids the over-design of air
conditioning equipment.
- Applicable verification codes
All the buildings should comply with the codes established for the oil and
petrochemical industry by PDVSA and in special cases, specific standards
established by the client or technology that applies should be considered.
At the same time, is convenient to verify the building specifications and
standards made by MINDUR, COVENIN, and Municipals, which are
adapted to the procedures, materials, and local constructive technology.
- Structure selection criteria
According to the building typology, the optimal structure will be selected,

prevailing the economy and flexibility criterion.
In Administrative buildings it is convenient to refer the structural

modulation to the sub-elements that form it, like: windows, doors, soffits,
aisles, typical offices, with the purpose of rationalizing the building and
avoiding material waste.
The commonly used structural modules are:
- In office buildings: modules of 20 x 20 ft (6.10 x 6.10 m).
- In workshops and storage houses: modules bigger than 30 ft (10 m).
In these types of industrial naves mixed structures are generally used

(infrastructure of concrete and beams, belts and tension elements in
steel). Pre-fabricated elements in pre-tensed concrete PREVENCA´S type
can also be used (Ex. Roof slabs/beams for electrical sub-stations).
- Constructive systems and materials
The alternatives of using high resistance, high quality and low

maintenance material will be studied.
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Uniformity of criterion should always be tried to achieve in selecting

building materials and finishes.
Each of the buildings has a specific typology, which should be reflected in

its component design, the treatment and combination of its constructive
materials.
- Special Equipment Necessities
Adequateness of some equipment within the buildings and its specific

location for maintenance purposes and services connections will be
studied.
The electrical, mechanical and instrumental work groups will define the
basic requirements.
- Service requirements
Particular necessities like services and basic endowment for each building
will be verified for its functioning.
1.2 Building Design Phases
The phases that are usually followed in the architectural building design are
the following:
Conceptual Phase:
Scope and basic requirement definition.
Basic Engineering Phase:
After the plot-plan definition and the final building location, the specific design
for each building will proceed starting with the design of the architectural
“Base Plan” level, with the interaction of all the work groups involved:
- Mechanical entrance: Equipment Location, Pipes, Air Conditioning,

Cranes, etc.
- Electrical entrance: Switchboard Location, Engine Control Center,

Transformers, and electrical benches.

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- Civil entrance:
Structures: structural pre-sizing. This base drawing (with its successive

actualization) will serve as a guide for the other work groups while the
basic and detailed engineering lasts.
The architectural work group, working in parallel with the other work
groups will define the elevations and final elevations of the building, with
the general details and other support documents, to complete the building
design.
- Detail Engineering Phase: General development and the architectural

project as a whole.
To understand the sequence of activities necessary for the architectural

project execution within the Quality Control parameters established by
INELECTRA.
1.3 Building Basic Typologies
Among the most common building typologies in industrial complexes are the
following:
1.3.1 Electrical Sub-Stations (Mains or Locals)
Generally they are reinforced concrete structures with concrete or clay blocks
for the closure, painted or wainscoted, with air conditioning systems, where
the electrical control cabinets of the different equipment and complex
installations are located.
The minimal internal recommended height should be 4.00 meters.
As typical ambiance of these buildings we can identify:
- Electrical room, Cabinets main room, Mechanical room, Batteries room,

Emergency generator room, Transformers area (External).
Some sub-stations have basement and semi-basement for cables

penetrating through openings (sleeves) in the floor slab. Others are
built at floor level and its electrical service connection is channeled
through benches.

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1.3.2 Control Rooms (Remote Stations and Centralized ones)
These are buildings that have the instrumentation centers and industrial
complexes control.
Depending on its physical location in the plant or complex, the Control

Rooms are reinforced concrete structures that can be designed to resist
explosions or with conventional structures (in case they are far apart from the
dangerous equipment).
The external closures generally are concrete blocks with fine rustic wainscot
and painting and in the case where they are the bunker type with concrete
painted walls or masonry not plastered with thickness from 25 to 30
centimeters.
The recommended free internal height from the false floor to the soffit should
be at least 3.10 meters in the control, computing and mechanical places, and
from 2.45m to 2.50m in the other places.
The control buildings will have centralized air conditioning systems (of
precision in some cases) and internal special finishes that guarantee optimal
acoustic, lighting, cleaning and security systems, according to the special
characteristics of the equipment placed in them.
Some of its sites are: Control main room, Computer room, UPS room, Battery
room, Mechanical room, General sanitary installations, Rest rooms, Dinning
rooms and dressing rooms among others.
1.3.3. Administrative Buildings
In general they are reinforced concrete structures with modular structural

spans according to the building specific function (offices) and with closures of
concrete and/or clay blocks of 20 cm of thickness and anodized aluminum
and glass windows.
The free height normally used between the finished floor and the soffit in
these locals is of 2.50 meters
The administrative building will have a centralized air conditioning system. In

general it is convenient to distinguish between the two specific activities that
take place in it:
- Technical and Supervisory Work

- Administrative Work
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It should be foreseen that these two works do not interfere between them
and can cohabit independently inside the same building.
Some of its ambiance’s are: Technical offices, Administrative offices,

Service areas, Reunion rooms, Personal training rooms, booking office,
among others.
1.3.4 Dinning Rooms
They are concrete structures, with a centralized location regarding the

working places in the complexes. As in the administrative building they will
have closures of concrete and/or clay blocks of 20 cm in thickness and
anodized aluminum and glass windows.
It is convenient to define the capacities and the dinning room type to be

designed because in some cases the dinning rooms are conditioned for food
preparation, and more informal dinning rooms just for heating pre-done food,
which do not need special service installations (kitchen, refrigeration, etc.).
1.3.5. Dressing rooms and rest rooms
They are concrete structures, located in a centralized way in the complexes.

They usually have natural ventilation.
Some of its ambiance’s are: Showers areas, Lockers areas, Toilets. In its
design, it is convenient to differentiate between the wet (showers) and dry
(dressing rooms) areas inside the dressing rooms, for cleaning purposes.
1.3.6. Storage rooms
They are usually mixed structures, of concrete (infrastructure) and/or steel,

and aluminum or cement fiber ceiling. The external closure is generally from
concrete or clay blocks, with ventilation spaces from 1.50m to guarantee
adequate internal ventilation.
1.3.7. Workshops
As the storage rooms they can be mixed structures. Sometimes a crane

should be located on top of the steel beams.

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The free internal height is from 4 to 5 meters to the lower border of the crane.
Offices or workshop spaces should be left for specific instruments or electric
equipment. These spaces usually have air conditioning and free height of at
least 3.10m. The workshop internal spaces should have a convenient
ventilation and lighting. Some spaces in the workshops are: Mechanical
area, Instrumentation area, Electrical area, Small piece storage room, and
General deposit, among others.
1.3.8. Laboratories
As the control room they are concrete structures with closures of concrete or
clay blocks, rustic wainscot and painting.
The minimum free height should be approximately 3 meters (in the laboratory
places) and 2.45m or 2.50m in the other ambiance.
Among the places in the laboratory we can name: Main laboratory, Sample
room, Scales’ room, Laboratory workers offices, Bathrooms, Sample storage
room, Sample drop-off room, Chemical deposit area, among others.
1.3.9 Booths and Pump house
Generally they are concrete and/or steel structures with light ceilings in
cement fiber or aluminum. The closure will be with blocks or cement fiber
sheets or light aluminum. The adequate ventilation should be guaranteed.
1.3.10 Light Roof
As the booths, they are structures that its function is to cover minor
equipment like compressors, pumps, etc. Preferably the structure should be
of steel shapes and will not have a closure, unless it requires protection
against the rain.
1.3.11 Small Buildings
They are concrete structures, with closures of concrete or clay blocks and
finishes with fine rustic wainscot and painting. If they have a guarding
function, they will have security windows, air conditioning, bathrooms and
deposits.

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1.4 Interactions among work groups
The interaction among work groups involved in the building projects start with
the conceptual phase, because the information from the other work groups
toward the architecture is a very important part of the adequate development
of alternatives and schemes, that afterwards will conduct the building detailed
design.
As an example the most common interactions will be described, according to

the building typology that applies in each case and the information that will be
provided.
1.4.1 Control Rooms
Interactions among the work groups of:
- Instrumentation:
Equipment, bracket shelves, cabinets and supports location definition.

Entrances and cable routes definition.
- Electrical:
Electric rooms, switchboard, lighting, equipment service connection,

detection installations and fire fighting location definition.
- Civil - Structural:
Structural elements dimension definition.
- Civil - Sanitary:
Service connections, drainage and special gathering tank location.
- Piping:
Interference verification in the location of the control room in the plant or

complex.
- Mechanical: (Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation)
Ventilation, pressurization and air conditioning criterion definition for the

control room.

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1.4.2 Electrical Sub-Stations
Interactions with the work groups:
- Electrical:
Exact location definition of each of the cabinets and sub-station

equipment. Entrances and exits of cables, bar ducts and/or trays.
Lighting, fire fighting detection and alarm criterion definition.
- Civil-Structural:
Structural criterion definition for the floor levels, columns, slabs and
beams. Pre-fabricated elements definition in case they apply.
- Civil-Sanitary:
Definition of general drainage and collectors connections in the

complex.
- Piping (Location)
Interference verification with other plant installations.
- Mechanical (Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation)
Sub-station ventilation schemes and air conditioning definition.

Mechanical room sizing.
Wall openings for ducts.
1.4.3. Administrative building / Dinning rooms / Dressing rooms / Booths / Storage

rooms and Workshops / interaction with the work groups of:
- Civil-Structural:
Definition of the type of structure to be used. General sizing of the

structural elements.
- Civil-Sanitary:
Endowment, service needs and general drainage verification.
- Mechanical: (Air conditioning and mechanical ventilation)

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Definition of the air conditioning system or the building mechanical

ventilation. Routing of the main and secondary duct work.
- Electricity and Instrumentation (Workshop area)
Definition of the necessary areas. Necessities of the general lighting

services. Fire fighting detection and alarm system.
1.5. Architectural Drawings and Documents Production
The purpose of this section is to identify the most important elements to be

developed in an industrial building architectural project from the graphical
representation in drawings and their writing representation in documents.
It is convenient to know the document characteristics and drawings to be

generated, as well as the information that they will contain in order to
facilitate its complete understanding by the other work groups and/or in
construction.
1.5.1. Drawings
In every building architectural project the following drawings should be

generated.
1.5.1.1. Levels
Lower level
They are usually done in 1:50 or 1:100 scale for better detail of the drawing.
All the rooms will be indicated in the plan, using the standard technology
referred to in the general finishes table, which could be in another drawing
page or in the same one. All the measures, internal and external elevations
will be indicated because they will be necessary for its construction.
The building elements that stand out will be indicated, as: stairs, doors,
windows, floor finishes, roof projections and important finishes
Upper Level
As in section 1.5.1.1, all the rooms, elevations and other important elements
will be shown.

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Reflected Soffit Level
It usually serves as a base plan for the luminary, diffusers/grating and others,
distribution. (It is very important to indicate its levels). The common scale for
the reflected soffit drawing is 1:50.
False Modular Floor Level
It usually serves for the location of the equipment, cabinets, distribution of air
conditioning through diffuser gratings, and control rooms and sub-stations
installations. The common scale for this drawing is 1:50.
Location or Roof Level
It is used to define the roof slope and the grating and standpipe distribution
for the rain drainage (Civil/Sanitary work groups). The common scale for this
drawing is 1:50 (It is convenient to indicate the structural slab level and its
different borders/parapets).
For each of these drawings there is an architectural verification form, which

should be filled and checked according to the control and quality assurement
by the indicated personnel.
1.5.1.2. Elevations
The architectural elevations show the characteristics and basic external

finishes of the building.
Some important elements locations are defined in them, as: windows, doors,
openings for equipment or cables access, floor height, and basic
architectonic finishes.
In the elevation drawings it is convenient to use all finishes and its symbols,
according to INELECTRA drawing standards; as well as to indicate all the
necessary notes for its complete understanding.

1.5.1.3. Sections
The architectural sections reflect the internal characteristics in the building

elevations.
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All the important elements of the section are used in them according to its
location in the architectural plan.
It is convenient to indicate all the sections internal elevations, slabs and

beams thickness, internal architectonic finishes, spaces characteristics and
relevant heights with respect to its structural components, as well as the
cable entrances and exits openings, ducts, electric trays, etc
All the internal finishes should be indicated with INELECTRA´s standard

symbols and elaborate a legend table inside the same drawing.

1.5.1.4 Detail Drawings
The detail drawings, which are commonly used in architectural projects, are
the following:
Door and Window Details.

Stair Details.
Bathroom Details.
General Relevant Constructive Details.

1.5.2. Documents
The architectural documents to elaborate in every project are the following:
Descriptive Memories
A basic description of the project is given in them, explaining its most

important elements.
(Areas, rooms, structure and materials for construction)

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Specifications
The architectural specifications will be elaborated according to INELECTRA´s

standards and will reflect in each bill material item, the essential construction
characteristics of the elements that form the building.
Material Take-Off
The architectural material take-off will reflect the material quantities for each
item in the material bill and will be ordered according to Inelectra S.A.
standard, like its numeration and organization.
1.6 Industrial Buildings usual Finishes
According to INELECTRA´s experience in industrial building projects, we will

name a series of practical examples for material’s use and resistant and
quality finishes in industrial buildings.
These materials for construction, in its greatest uses and common practices,
with the accomplishment of the project construction specifications and the
building characteristics table, will serve as a guide to accomplish
standardized finishes, with “heavy duty” (resistant) materials according to the
building type and its use.
1.6.1 External Finishes
Some common external finishes used in industrial buildings are the following:
- Walls: Concrete blocks of 20 cm of thickness.

- Exterior wainscot: Fine rustic wainscot
- Painting: Rubber painting (resistant to outdoors).
(It is convenient to verify the resistance to the sun loss of pigments, if the
wainscot to be used is “kenitex” or similar, and the colors should be specified,
like white, light gray, etc.)
- In structure: masonry not plastered is usually used in all the structural

elements that can be seen in the building. A superficial protection is
recommended, with sealing paint in the concrete surfaces according to the
specifications.

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- Roof waterproofing: Generally, it is recommended to use an asphalt base

as a waterproofing coat, of glass fiber or reinforced asphalt with thickness
ranging between 3 and 4 mm. It is convenient to specify if a cold or hot
installation is needed, and this will depend upon the working conditions
and the type of the closest installations.
- The final finish will be with asphalt paint aluminum color, and in the cases
that need to be walkable roofs, concrete prefabricated slabs will be placed
directly over the asphalt coat, or a “heavy duty” product for walkable
terraces according to the specifications. (Ex. Laykold, Ipa or similar heavy
duty materials).
- Sidewalks: A concrete sidewalk is recommended around the building

perimeter in order to protect it against the rain and for the people
circulation and maintenance. The usual finish for these sidewalks is
brushed concrete.
- Doors: All the exterior doors should be made of steel, and/or template
glass according to the case. They will have enamel paint and the client or
the inspection will specify the color. The ironwork will be the heavy type
for resistant to corrosion and continued use.
- The main entrances in the maintenance and storage rooms are common
to be specified as rolling doors “Santa Maria´s” type with links of a chain
and/or sheets according to their ventilation and/or security requirements.
- Windows: all the windows should preferably be of ionized aluminum, and

in the color specified in the documents.
The thickness of the glass that they will hold will range between 4 and 8
mm. According to the case. (Types: sliding, rocking, glass blade, fixed).
- Solar protection elements: they will be designed for the façades that need
it and that they will have direct or indirect sun according to their
orientation. These can be concrete or steel elements.
If the building exposition has West or East orientation the parasol should
be directly in front of the window in order to protect the internal ambiance
from the sun rays that fall horizontally on the façade. In case the
orientation is North or South, lateral parasols will be used on top of the
windows, projected from 40 to 60 cm from the facade plan.

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- Roof coverings: They will be mainly used in sheds, huts and booths. Fiber
cement sheet are recommended, generally accepted by the oil industry,
corrugated aluminum sheets type “Aceral”, “Acerolit” or “Coberib”, placed
on top of a steel structure formed by belts and truss. The asbestos-cement
sheets will be avoided in the roof.
1.6.2. Internal Finishes
It is convenient to define the finishes of an industrial building, verify the types

of ambiance that they need, either for the equipment or for the personnel
use. Basically, there are three types of internal ambiance that is convenient
to define as well as their finishes.
1.6.2.1. Office Ambiance
They are rooms for human use and occupancy, for either administrative work
or for dinning, dressing or other common industrial rooms.
Floors: vinyl tiles, of ceramic, clay or granite poured on site, are the
commonly used materials for them.
Roofs: Mineral-fiber soffit (acoustic), or vinyl-plaster (in case optimal acoustic

conditions are not needed).
Walls: flat wainscot and washable rubber paint.
Doors: wood with a Formica finish.
Partition Walls: In aluminum structure, filled with Styrofoam and finished in

panel, or half way up glass, placed on top of a 1.00 m high railing where it is
indicated.
Bathrooms: non-slipping ceramic on floors (20x20 cm) and ceramic tiles on

walls up to a 2.10 m high, mineral fiber soffit on roofs.
Baseboards: They will be made out of vinyl with 8 cm high, black or brown.
1.6.2.2. Ambiance for non sensible equipment
They are spaces to locate equipment that do not need special interior
conditioning. (Ex. Machinery room, mechanical room).

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The finishes will be the following:
Floors: Flat cement with hardener.
Walls: Flat or fine rustic wainscot and paint. (In the cases where painted
blocks are specified we will try for them to be as uniform as possible before
painting).
Roofs: Flat wainscot. (If prefabricated beams are going to be used paint will
be applied directly over them, with a surface that has been previously
uniformed).
1.6.2.3. Ambiance for equipment and sensible operations
They are spaces used to locate equipment with special characteristics, which
need a specific finish treatment.
(Ex. Battery room, control centers, motor control room, main and local
electrical sub-station).
Floors: In control rooms false modular floor will be used in 60x60 cm reticule
and the heights ranging between 45 and 60 cm (anti-dust paint in whole
cable basement).
In battery room: depending on the type of battery to be installed and to its

content (acid, base) epoxy paint will be used, chloride rubber or anti-acid tiles
with anti-acid mortar.
In Sub-stations: concrete floor with hardener will be used and/or granite

poured on site.
Walls: In control rooms and sub-stations: flat wainscot with rubber paint and
transparent polyurethane final finish (anti-dust surface). In battery room:
epoxy paint, chloride rubber or anti-acid ceramic tiles. (Depending of the
type of battery to be used).
Roofs: In control rooms: mineral fiber soffit. In battery rooms: chloride

rubber or epoxy paint. In sub-stations: rubber paint with transparent
polyurethane finish.

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PART VIII
SANITARY INSTALLATIONS DESIGN CRITERIA

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INDEX
Page
1. GENERAL 100
1.1 Scope 100
1.2 Language 100
1.4 Standards 100
2. TYPE OF SANITARY INSTALLATION SYSTEM 101

2.1 Type of Potable Water Distribution System 101
2.1.1 Direct Supply System 101
2.1.2 Gravity Supply System with Elevated Tank 101
2.13 Hydropneumatic System 101
3. DESIGN 102
3.1 Design Parameter 102
3.2 Supply Estimation 102
3.3 Flow units 102
3.4 Loss Pressure 102
4. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN 103
5. GRAVITY SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH ELEVATED TANK DESIGN 103
6. HYDROPNEUMATIC SYSTEM DESIGN 104

6.1 Selection of the Hydropneumatic Capacity Equipment 104
7. DISTRIBUTION OF SEWAGE WATERS 106
8. SYSTEM TYPE 106
9. GRAVITY SYSTEM DESIGN 107

9.1 Design Parameter 107
9.2 Discharge Units 107
9.3 Pumping System Design 108
10. DESIGN PARAMETERS 108
11. SEWER VENTILATION 109

11.1 Individual Ventilation 109
11.2 Ventilation as a whole 109
11.3 Humid ventilation 109
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
12. FINAL DISPOSITION OF THE SEWAGE WATER 110

12.1 Scope 110
13. TYPE OF DISPOSITION FOR THE SYSTEM OF SEWAGE WATER 110

13.1 Sewage Collector System 110
13.2 Treatment Plant System 110
14. RAIN WATER RECOLLECTION SYSTEM 110

14.1 Scope 110
14.2 Design 111
14.3 Final Disposition for the Rain Water 112

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
The purpose of the present document is to describe the methodology and the
design criteria to be used for the sanitary installations in the Metor Expansion
plant project.
1.2 Language
All drawings, calculation sheets, and documents will be written in Spanish,

1.3 Measuring Units
The project measuring system will be the metric system (M.K.S).
1.4 Standards
The following specifications, standards and codes shall be used:
- Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la

República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8,
1988.
- Venezuela Commission of Industrial Standard (Comisión Venezolana

de Normas Industriales)/COVENIN.
- National Institute of Sanitary Works (Instituto Nacional de Obras

Sanitarias)/INOS.
- American Society for Testing and materials /ASTM
- American Standard Association/ASA.
- American Water Works Association /AWWA
- Federal Supply Service/FS.
- American National Standard Institute/ANSI

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
2. TYPE OF SANITARY INSTALLATION SYSTEM
The sanitary installation, for a building will be conformed by the following

systems:
- Potable water distribution system.
- Sewage water recollection system.
- Rain water recollection system.
2.1 Type of Potable Water Distribution System.
2.1.1 Direct supply system:
This system takes advantage of the pressure that offers the service
distribution system by INOS, and it guarantees the constant static pressure
service for buildings not higher of three (3) stories.
2.1.2 Gravity Supply System with Elevated Tank
The differences between the System described above and this one is that it
does not guarantee the constant supply or service pressure, so it requires a
storage reservoir for such purpose.
2.1.3. Hydropneumatic System
In this system we must previously determine the maximum and minimum

functioning pressure of the equipment. First, the design stage will proceed to
the selection of the diameters and the determination of the head loss and the
heights will be added to raise the water for each sanitary piece. Once the
most unfavorable piece have been chosen it will be added to this the residual
pressure that it is necessary to maintain in the system, being this value the
minimal pressure that the hydropneumatic equipment will have to produce.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
3. DESIGN
3.1 Design Parameter
In the design for the supply of potable water system, the following factors will
have to be previously considered to proceed with the calculation of the
distribution system for the building: The water supply in lt./day for the
building, the addition of the flows units, by sanitary piece according to the
design or diagram of distribution, the determination of the probable flow for
each bay and the calculation of the pressure loss by friction will be
determined according to what the Official Journal of the Republic of
Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela), Extraordinary
issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988, Chapters VII to XXI, establishes.
3.2 Supply Estimation
The supply will be set according to the buildings destination use and will be
calculated according to the established by the Official Journal of the Republic
of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela), Extraordinary
issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988, Chapter VII.
3.3 Flow Units
This method for calculating the potable water distribution system consists in
assigning to each sanitary piece a unit number pre-established in function of
the real flow. In base of the total number of units of a joint the probable
supply of the joint is determined considering the probability of the
simultaneous use of the pieces. This registration will be controlled by using
the calculation sheet for potable water (see table N° 1).
Once the probable flow is obtained, the diameters of the pipes will be
assigned based on a velocity that oscillates between 0,60 and 3 m/s for
pressure pipe.
3.4 Loss Pressure
With the probable supply and the diameters assigned, the loss of pressure
will be calculated and will determine the residual pressures of each sanitary
piece. Checking the requirements with the pressures required for the
convenient function of each piece, the diameters will be increased or
decreased until the residual pressure obtained and it will guarantee the
convenient functioning of the system. The pressure registration will be
controlled by using the calculation sheet for potable water (see table N° 2).

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
4. DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN
- Supply, will be calculated according to point 3.2.

- Flow units, will be calculated according to point 3.3.
- Economic diameter, calculation:
From the equation of loss, Darcy-Weisbach
L V2
hf (m) = f ⋅ ⋅
D 2g
Where:
V = velocity in m/s.
L = piping longitude in m.
D = interior diameter in mm.
g = gravity acceleration 9.81 m/s².
f = friction factor.
hf = friction loss in m.
For the determination of the diameter the Hazen Williams formula will be
used:
1756,574 ⋅ Q n
J ( m) = ,
C n ⋅ D 4,87
hf(m)=J x L
C = Runoff coefficient (depends of the type of the material).

Q = Flow in lt./s.
n = 1,85 - 2,00
J = loss of load in m/m.
5. GRAVITY SUPPLY SYSTEM WITH ELEVATED TANK DESIGN
- Supply, will be calculated according to point 3.2

- Flow unites, will be calculated according to point 3.3
- Economic diameter, calculation:

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
The distribution of the service supply will be by gravity using the Manning
formula according to the flow:
1
Q(l / s ) = ⋅ A ⋅ R 2 / 3 ⋅ So1 / 2
n
n = Manning roughness coefficient.

A = Area of the piping in m².
R = hydraulic radio of the pipe in m.
So = longitudinal slope of the piping in m/m.
Q = Flow in m3/s.
The roughness coefficient (n) varies according to the type of the pipe material
according to the following values:
Material "n"
PVC 0,012
Galvanized steel 0,012
Copper 0,012
It is recommended for gravity piping a velocity between 0,90 and 1,80 m/s.
6. HYDROPNEUMATIC SYSTEM DESIGN
- Flow units, will be calculated according to point 3.3
- Economic diameter, will be calculated according to point 4.
- Loss of head, will be calculated according to point 4.
- Choose the most unfavorable piece and add it to the value obtained
from the loss head, the residual pressure that is necessary to
maintain, being the minimal pressure of 7 m and a maximum of 14 m
depending of the sanitary piece type (valve or a tank).
6.1 Selection of the Hydropneumatic Capacity Equipment:
Capacity of the pump:
Hb(m)= hs+h+hf(s)+ hf(d)+hf(L) +(7 or 14)+14 = Pmin+ hf(s)+hf(d) + 14

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
Where:
Suction height hs (m).
Height of the building h (m).
Pump Suction loss hf (s).
Pump discharge loss hf (d).
Loss from the most unfavorable piece of the hydropneumatic hf (L).
The most unfavorable Pressure in the piece (7 to 14) m.
Differential pressure 14 m (∆P).
Pump power
Q ⋅ Hb
P( pump ) =
75 ⋅ E
Q (lt./s) = N°. of Pieces to serve. x K (Only valid for the Peerles method).
Q = Flow (lt./s)
Depending of the case flow, the pumping will be calculated by the method of
probable flow (Hunter method) chapter XIII of the Official Journal of the
Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela),
Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8, 1988 or by the Peerles pump
division method (see table N° 3 for the consumption factor "K").
Where:
Hb = height of the pump (m).

E = pump efficiency.
Motor power:
PM (HP) = 1, 44 P (pump)
Pressure Tank Capacity
Minimum Volume of Water = 10 %

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
0,90 ⋅ ∆P
∆V =
Min.Vol.Water + PMIN + ∆P
Max. Vol= Min Vol. Water+ ∆V
900 ⋅ Q(lt / s )
TankCapacity ( galon) =
N ⋅ ∆V
Where:
N = Starting number of times
With the value of the capacity of the tank according to Table N° 4 from the
division of Peerles Pump, the dimensions of the pressure of the tank can be
selected.
Calculation of the Compressors
C.F .M ⋅ Pmax
Power( hp ) =
0,75 ⋅ 85
C. F. M = Compressors displacement in cubic feet (see Table N° 4).
7. DISTRIBUTION OF SEWAGE WATERS
It is considered sewage water, those that have been used for domestic
purpose coming from the shower, washbasin, kitchen sinks, cleaning, etc,
considering that its volume is approximately equal to the potable water
destined for the edification.
8. SYSTEM TYPE
According to the Sanitary Standards a separate system will be considered for

the conduction of the sewage waters without including the conduction of the
rainwater.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
9. GRAVITY SYSTEM DESIGN
9.1. Design Parameter
By being a system that will have to work by gravity it is necessary to consider

that during the individuals discharge in the stack and some of the pieces like
the toilet and kitchen sink this volume will be bigger, due to this and other
characteristics of the hydraulic functioning minimal diameters, slopes,
longitude and velocities for each piece and straight track of pipe have been
established (see tables N° 39 and 41), also see the articles 329 and 330 of
the Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la
República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988
Chapters XXII to the XXV respectively.
9.2. Discharge Units
By means of this method it assigns certain number of discharge units to each

sanitary piece according to Table N° 40 and 41, of the Official Journal of the
Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8, 1988. As to the diameters for
each one of the pieces and stretches that will be selected on the basis of the
total number of discharge units that will serve. The minimum slope to be
employed in the minimum diameters of 4" will be the 2 %, for bigger
diameters or equal to 4" it will be 1 %.
A calculation sheet will be used for the sewage waters (discharge units) with
the purpose to control the discharge units that will be incorporated to the
principal branch of the system, see Table N° 5.
For the horizontal stack, it shall be considered the number of units that the
pipe will discharge through the Table N° 42 of the Official Journal of the
Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8, 1988, indicates these values.
It must be mentioned that the loosen gases from the sewage waters shall be
extracted to impede that these invade the vital atmospheres of the building,
for this reason the efficient and economic way to carry it out, is using a
hydraulic seal in each entrance of the system. This consists on the
installation of a siphon in each of sanitary pieces that needed one. This
mechanism is a tube in form of "U" where the water is stored in the bottom
impeding the pass of the gases and smells.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
9.3 Pumping System Design
If the sewage water generated in the building is under the level of the street,
these will be conduced by gravity to a sewage water tank. These waters will
be pumped to a break head catch basin, integrating this flow of sewage
waters to the final system or device designed for such purpose. (see chapter
XXX of the Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la
República de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8,
1988).
10. DESIGN PARAMETERS
Retention Time
The retention time is checked for the minimum volume of the catch basin,
with the maximal flow generated by the discharge units in the building and
the volume that is obtained for a maximum retention time of 30 minutes.
TR = Retention time in minutes.
QAN = Flow of S.W. Obtained from the total discharge units.
VTank = QAN x TR
Design of the Equipment
Qpumping = 1,25 x QAN
It is recommended that the TR of this design be between 10 and 30 minutes.
Pump Height
Hb (m) = Ground level - Tank cover level + HTank + Hf (m)
Hf (m)= longitudinal loss
Pump Power
Qb ⋅ H b
Pb( HP) =
45

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
Motor Power
Qb⋅ H b
Pb( HP) =
45
PM (HP) = 1, 44 x Pb
11. SEWER VENTILATION
The water seal of all sanitary pieces will have to be protected against
siphonage. We can accomplish this by the adequate use of ventilation
branches, guaranteeing atmospheric pressure all the time. The different
types of ventilation commonly used are: individual ventilation, ventilation as a
whole, humid ventilation or a combination of these. (See chapter XXVI of the
Official Journal of the Republic of Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República
de Venezuela), Extraordinary issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988, Table N°
44 and 45). The registration of the discharge units for the ventilation will be
taking on a calculation sheet (Ventilation discharge unit), see Table N° 6.
11.1 Individual Ventilation
Each sanitary piece will be provided with a ventilation branch, but for different
reasons, of space or architectural design sometimes it is not possible to
install a branch for each siphon. However, those sanitary pieces that, for its
form of discharge are exposed to the autosiphonage, or that have a violent
discharge must be supplied with individual ventilation.
11.2 Ventilation as a Whole
This case is when several pieces are connected directly or at a short

distance to a common horizontal collector, making use of this way to connect
the ventilation branch to the utmost of the collector. This method is
preferably used when there is a sanitary piece battery of the same type.
11.3 Humid Ventilation
It is used when a sanitary piece can be ventilated through a branch that, in

addition to serve as a ventilation pipe, receives the discharge of other pieces,
normally they take advantage of the vertical branches of washbasin and
kitchen sinks, etc. to connect to the ventilation pipe, the pieces served must
be a have few discharge units.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
12. FINAL DISPOSITION OF THE SEWAGE WATER
12.1 Scope
The disposition of the sewage waters effluents of the buildings will be made
in accordance with the availability of an existent infrastructure or with the
construction of a structure that is approved according to the characteristics of
the Project.
The first alternative consists of a system of existent collectors in the area to

develop. In the case that the collectors do not exist the disposal can be done
through a septic tank and sump, absorption fields, or by filters of sand. The
last mentioned are more complex systems, since it has to do with structures
that shall count on equipment and personnel that have to operate a treatment
plant.
13. TYPES OF SWAGE WATER DISPOSITION SYSTEM
13.1 Sewage Collector System
The system works in atmospheric pressure with a constant slope from branch
to branch, locating a manhole in each point where the slope or the direction
of the branch changes. This is done according to the "Normas e Instructivos
para Proyecto de Alcantarillado" INOS 1989.
13.2 Treatment Plant System
This system is used when a sewage water disposition system does not exist
or when the waters are of industrial type and require special treatment
14. RAIN WATER RECOLLECTION SYSTEM
14.1 Scope
The water arising of the rainfalls will be collected and driven to the existent
drainage system. In the case that this mechanism does not exist the waters
will be drained freely toward the zones of the natural drainage (rivers) or to
the sumps in the street. Since most of the rainwater comes from the roofs,
flat roofs and patios is important to design the conduction mechanisms that
has an adequate final disposition system having to be capable of functioning
for any duration of the rainfall.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
14.2 Design
Using the Manning formula the following parameters, will be determined.
R 2 / 3 ⋅ So1/ 2
V ( m / s) = ;
n
Q (lt./s) = V x A
Where,
A = Pipe area (m²).

V = Velocity of the flow (m/s).
R = Hydraulic radiant of the piping in m.
So = Longitudinal slope of the piping.
n = Manning roughness coefficient.
Q = Flow (lt./s).
Comparing this design capacity with the real flow that it is considered, we are
able to determine if the slopes and the diameters selected are enough and
adequate.
This design is recommended by the Official Journal of the Republic of

Venezuela (Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela), Extraordinary
issue N°. 4.044, September 8 1988. chapter XXXII and Tables N° 46, 47, 48.
For the calculation of the real flow the following rational method formula will
be used:
Where, Q = C ⋅ I ⋅ A (lt / s )
360
Q = Design flow (l/s)

C = Runoff Coefficient
I = Maximal rain volume for a specific return period (l/s/ha).
A = Tributary area (ha)
The return period for the estimation of the design rain will depend on the
return period of the zone in the building area. It is recommended to use a
5-year return period and 10 minutes of concentration time, if there is no data
available.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
14.3 Final Disposition for the Rain Water
In the case that there is an existing system for the disposition of the rain
waters they will be discharged in it, all waters arising from roofs, paved and
unpaved green areas that are located in the adjacencies of the buildings in
the project. In the case of being necessary to discharge to a stream of water,
the disposal must comply previously with what is stipulated in the
environmental standards. If none of the previously mentioned alternatives are
possible, a particular system drainage for rain water must be developed and
will be ruled by the Normas e Instructivos para el Proyecto de Alcantarillado
INOS 1989.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
ATTACHMENTS

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
ATTACHMENT “A”
ANCHOR BOLTS SIZING

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
Rev. 3
PERNOS DE ANCLAJE NORMALIZADOS DIMENSIONAMIENTO
1. NOMENCLATURA DE LOS PERNOS
2. PROYECCIONES DE LOS PERNOS
INECAD INE03103 / R.A.R. / 25-09-97 / DISCO #

K:\GRUPOS\CIVIL\903\DOCUMENT\PERNOS
C31GU031/6/14/01/mrp/SP 3 de 17 IN-0038MSW/13/Sep.99.R4C
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
3. DISTANCIAS AL BORDE
TIPO “JN” TIPO “JP”

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
4. DETALLES TIPICOS
TIPO JN1 TIPO JP1 Y JA1
TIPO JN2 TIPO JP2 Y JA2

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
DETALLES TIPICOS
TIPO IN1, HN1 TIPO IP1, HP1, IA1, HA1
TIPO IN2, HN2 TIPO IP2, HP2, IA2, HA2

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
DETALLES TIPICOS

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
DETALLES TIPICOS
TIPO CN1 / CN2

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
5. DIMENSIONES DE ARREGLOS DE PERNOS DE ANCLAJE (MM)
TABLA N°1

inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
6. NOTAS GENERALES
6.1 El espesor de las camisas de acero será el mínimo comercial y la tolerancia en diámetro
(Ext.) será + 0 y - 10 mm.
6.2 En caso de utilizar camisa de diámetro exterior diferente al indicado en el standard, el

fabricante deberá pedir aprobación al cliente y éste (el diseñador), deberá revisar el
anclaje del perno.
7. TABLA DE PESOS DE PERNOS DE ANCLAJE
PESOS DE PLACA CAMISA PESO DE ARANDELA TUERCA

CUADRADA
PESO (Td) (Ti) PESO SIMPLE ENDURECIDA PESO
DIAMETRO BARRA PESO PESO
pulg mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)

3/8" 10 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0032 0.0036 0.0115
1/2" 12 0.0009 0.4239 0.6782 0.3062 0.0081 0.0092 0.0169
5/8" 16 0.0016 0.7290 0.9720 0.4155 0.0124 0.0189 0.0329
3/4" 20 0.0025 0.7132 1.1886 0.4155 0.0203 0.0227 0.0633
7/8" 22 0.0030 1.1644 1.8194 0.4155 0.0295 0.0347 0.0766
1" 25 0.0039 1.4287 2.2859 1.2892 0.0371 0.0434 0.1080
1 1/4" 32 0.0063 2.2608 3.6173 1.2892 0.0726 0.0692 0.2850
1 1/2" 38 0.0089 4.0694 6.1855 2.7843 0.1060 0.1009 0.4950
1 3/4" 44 0.0119 5.5580 9.7821 2.7843 0.2269 0.1823 0.7900
2" 50 0.0154 8.7076 14.5127 3.4030 0.2860 0.2279 1.1900
2 1/4" 57 0.0200 14.7659 18.4573 3.4030 0.3762 0.3037 1.4200
2 1/2" 64 0.0253 18.2155 29.1447 7.7063 0.4358 0.3916 1.9500
3" 76 0.0356 29.5879 49.9706 7.7063 0.5874 0.6005 4.2700
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS JN1
En el peso de los pernos JN1 se incluye el peso de una arandela y una tuerca.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)
DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA JN1
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
3/8" 10 180 0.0006 0.0032 0.0115 0.172 0.194 0.218 0.249
1/2" 12 225 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.291 0.322 0.358 0.402
5/8" 16 330 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.685 0.740 0.803 0.882
3/4" 20 405 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 1.267 1.354 1.452 1.576
7/8" 22 480 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.762 1.867 1.986 2.135
1" 25 560 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 2.592 2.727 2.881 3.074
1 1/4" 32 710 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 5.314 5.535 5.787 6.103
1 1/2" 38 875 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 9.059 9.370 9.726 10.172
1 3/4" 44 1015 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 14.027 14.445 14.923 15.519
2" 50 1170 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 20.666 21.205 21.822 22.592
2 1/4" 57 1360 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 30.541 31.242 32.044 33.045
2 1/2" 64 1550 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 43.423 44.306 45.317 46.579
3" 76 1780 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 70.916 72.163 73.587 75.368
PESOS DE PERNOS JN2
En el peso de los pernos JN2 se incluye el peso de una arandela y dos tuercas.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA JN2
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
3/8" 10 180 0.0006 0.0032 0.0115 0.183 0.205 0.230 0.261
1/2" 12 225 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.308 0.339 0.375 0.419
5/8" 16 330 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.717 0.773 0.836 0.915
3/4" 20 405 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 1.331 1.417 1.516 1.639
7/8" 22 480 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.839 1.943 2.063 2.212
1" 25 560 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 2.700 2.835 2.989 3.182
1 1/4" 32 710 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 5.599 5.820 6.072 6.388
1 1/2" 38 875 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 9.554 9.865 10.221 10.667
1 3/4" 44 1015 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 14.817 15.235 15.713 16.309
2" 50 1170 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 21.856 22.395 23.012 23.782
2 1/4" 57 1360 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 31.961 32.662 33.464 34.465
2 1/2" 64 1550 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 45.373 46.256 47.267 48.529
3" 76 1780 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 75.186 76.433 77.857 79.638
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS JA1
En el peso de los pernos JA1 se incluye el peso de la camisa de acero, la placa cuadrada,
y el peso de una randela y de una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA JA1
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 405 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 1.181 1.204 1.240 1.284
5/8" 16 535 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 2.148 2.204 2.267 2.346
3/4" 20 610 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.894 2.980 3.079 3.202
7/8" 22 685 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 3.945 4.049 4.169 4.318
1" 25 840 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 6.381 6.516 6.670 6.863
1 1/4" 32 990 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 10.596 10.817 11.069 11.385
1 1/2" 38 1145 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 18.283 18.594 18.951 19.396
1 3/4" 44 1270 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 25.292 25.710 26.188 26.784
2" 50 1475 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 37.418 37.958 38.574 39.345
2 1/4" 57 1650 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 54.429 55.130 55.931 56.933
2 1/2" 64 2005 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 80.775 81.659 82.669 83.932
3" 76 2160 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 121.591 122.838 124.262 126.043
PESOS DE PERNOS JA2
En el peso de los pernos JA2 se incluye el peso de la camisa de acero; en la placa

cuadrada; y el peso de una arandela y de dos tuercas en la proyección.

DIAMETRO L BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA JA2
1/2" 12 405 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 1.198 1.229 1.265 1.309
5/8" 16 535 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 2.186 2.241 2.304 2.383
3/4" 20 610 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.965 3.051 3.150 3.273
7/8" 22 685 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 4.031 4.135 4.254 4.404
1" 25 840 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 6.497 6.632 6.786 6.979
1 1/4" 32 990 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 10.916 11.137 11.390 11.706
1 1/2" 38 1145 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 18.811 19.123 19.479 19.924
1 3/4" 44 1270 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 26.203 26.621 27.099 27.695
2" 50 1475 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 38.667 39.207 39.824 40.594
2 1/4" 57 1650 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 55.939 56.640 57.442 58.443
2 1/2" 64 2005 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 82.785 83.669 84.679 85.941
3" 76 2160 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 126.013 127.259 128.684 130.464
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS IN1
En el peso de los pernos IN1 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada; y una
arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA IN1
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.692 0.723 0.759 0.803
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 1.304 1.360 1.423 1.502
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 1.637 1.723 1.822 1.945
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 2.332 2.436 2.556 2.705
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 3.339 3.474 3.628 3.820
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 5.618 5.839 6.092 6.407
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 10.240 10.552 10.908 11.353
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 14.288 14.706 15.183 15.780
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 21.932 22.471 23.088 23.859
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 31.904 32.605 33.406 34.408
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 44.395 45.279 46.289 47.552
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 70.409 71.656 73.080 74.861
PESOS DE PERNOS IN2
En el peso de los pernos IN2 se incluye el peso de una tuerca, la placa cuadrada; y de
una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
PESO ARANDELA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA IN2
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.709 0.740 0.776 0.820
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 1.337 1.393 1.456 1.535
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 1.700 1.787 1.885 2.008
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 2.408 2.513 2.632 2.781
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 3.447 3.582 3.736 3.928
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 5.903 6.124 6.377 6.692
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 10.735 11.047 11.403 11.848
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 15.078 15.496 15.973 16.570
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 23.122 23.661 24.278 25.049
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 33.324 34.025 34.826 35.828
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 46.345 47.229 48.239 49.502
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 74.679 75.926 77.350 79.131
PESOS PERNOS CN1 = PESOS DE PERNOS IN1 - PESO PLACA

PESOS PERNOS CN2 = PESOS DE PERNOS IN2 - PESO PLACA
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS IA1
En el peso de los pernos IA2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la camisa
de acero y una arandela y una arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.

DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA IA1
Pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 0.998 1.029 1.065 1.109
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 1.720 1.775 1.838 1.917
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.052 2.139 2.237 2.361
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 2.747 2.852 2.971 3.120
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 4.628 4.763 4.917 5.110
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 6.907 7.128 7.381 7.697
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 13.024 13.336 13.692 14.137
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 17.072 17.490 17.967 18.564
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 25.335 25.874 26.491 27.262
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 35.307 36.008 36.809 37.811
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 52.102 52.986 53.996 55.258
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 78.116 79.362 80.786 82.567
PESOS DE PERNOS IA2
En el peso de los pernos IA2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la camisa
de acero; y una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
DIAMETRO H BARRA SIMPLE TUERCA PLACA CAMISA IA2
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0081 0.0169 0.4239 0.3062 1.015 1.046 1.082 1.126
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0124 0.0329 0.7290 0.4155 1.753 1.808 1.871 1.950
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0203 0.0633 0.7132 0.4155 2.116 2.202 2.301 2.424
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0295 0.0766 1.1644 0.4155 2.824 2.928 3.048 3.197
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0371 0.1080 1.4287 1.2892 4.736 4.871 5.025 5.218
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0726 0.2850 2.2608 1.2892 7.192 7.413 7.666 7.982
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1060 0.4950 4.0694 2.7843 13.519 13.831 14.187 14.632
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.2269 0.7900 5.5580 2.7843 17.862 18.280 18.757 19.354
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2860 1.1900 8.7076 3.4030 26.525 27.064 27.681 28.452
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3762 1.4200 14.7659 3.4030 36.727 37.428 38.229 39.231
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.4358 1.9500 18.2155 7.7063 54.052 54.936 55.946 57.208
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.5874 4.2700 29.5879 7.7063 82.386 83.632 85.056 86.837
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS HN1
En el peso de los pernos HN1 se incluye el peso de la tuerca y placa cuadrada; y de una
arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA HN1
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.938 0.970 1.005 1.049
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 1.544 1.599 1.663 1.741
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 2.111 2.197 2.296 2.419
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 2.980 3.085 3.204 3.353
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 4.194 4.328 4.483 4.675
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 6.945 7.166 7.419 7.735
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 12.319 12.631 12.987 13.432
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 18.386 18.804 19.281 19.878
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 27.633 28.173 28.789 29.560
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 35.447 36.148 36.949 37.951
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 55.193 56.076 57.087 58.349
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 90.596 91.843 93.267 95.048
PESOS DE PERNOS HN2
En el peso de los pernos HN2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca y placa cuadrada; y de

una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)
DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA HN2
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.964 0.996 1.031 1.075
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 1.587 1.642 1.705 1.784
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 2.178 2.264 2.363 2.486
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 3.069 3.173 3.292 3.442
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 4.310 4.445 4.599 4.792
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 7.256 7.477 7.730 8.045
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 12.846 13.158 13.514 13.959
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 19.257 19.675 20.153 20.749
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 28.869 29.408 30.025 30.795
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 36.943 37.644 38.445 39.447
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 57.231 58.114 59.125 60.387
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 95.075 96.322 97.746 99.527
inelectra INEDON
903-3050-C31-GUD-031
Rev. 3
PESOS DE PERNOS HA1
En el peso de los pernos HA1 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la

camisa de acero; y una arandela y una tuerca en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)

DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA CAMISA HA1
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.3062 1.254 1.285 1.320 1.365
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 0.4155 1.969 2.025 2.088 2.167
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 0.4155 2.530 2.617 2.715 2.839
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 0.4155 3.408 3.512 3.631 3.781
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 1.2892 5.491 5.626 5.780 5.973
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 1.2892 8.260 8.481 8.734 9.050
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 2.7843 15.135 15.447 15.803 16.248
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 2.7843 21.252 21.669 22.147 22.744
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 3.4030 31.082 31.621 32.238 33.008
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 3.4030 38.926 39.627 40.428 41.430
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 7.7063 62.987 63.871 64.881 66.143
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 7.7063 98.511 99.758 101.182 102.963
PESOS DE PERNOS HA2
En el peso de los pernos HA2 se incluye el peso de la tuerca, la placa cuadrada, la

camisa de acero; y una arandela y dos tuercas en la proyección.
PESO ENDURECIDA PESO PESO PESO PESO TOTAL DE PERNOS (kg)
DIAMETRO H BARRA PESO TUERCA PLACA CAMISA HA2
pulg mm mm (kg/mm) (Kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) P=75 P=110 P=150 P=200
1/2" 12 180 0.0009 0.0092 0.0169 0.6782 0.3062 1.271 1.302 1.337 1.382
5/8" 16 240 0.0016 0.0189 0.0329 0.9720 0.4155 2.002 2.058 2.121 2.200
3/4" 20 240 0.0025 0.0227 0.0633 1.1886 0.4155 2.594 2.680 2.779 2.902
7/8" 22 255 0.0030 0.0347 0.0766 1.8194 0.4155 3.484 3.589 3.708 3.857
1" 25 355 0.0039 0.0434 0.1080 2.2859 1.2892 5.599 5.734 5.888 6.081
1 1/4" 32 355 0.0063 0.0692 0.2850 3.6173 1.2892 8.545 8.766 9.019 9.335
1 1/2" 38 495 0.0089 0.1009 0.4950 6.1855 2.7843 15.630 15.942 16.298 16.743
1 3/4" 44 505 0.0119 0.1823 0.7900 9.7821 2.7843 22.042 22.459 22.937 23.534
2" 50 610 0.0154 0.2279 1.1900 14.5127 3.4030 32.272 32.811 33.428 34.198
2 1/4" 57 620 0.0200 0.3037 1.4200 18.4573 3.4030 40.346 41.047 41.848 42.850
2 1/2" 64 790 0.0253 0.3916 1.9500 29.1447 7.7063 64.937 65.821 66.831 68.093
3" 76 815 0.0356 0.6005 4.2700 49.9706 7.7063 102.781 104.028 105.452 107.233
1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001
Rev. 1
ATTACHMENT “B”
PIPERACK’S FIGURES

inelectra INEDON
903-P3050-C41-TEC-036
Rev. 0
CRITERIOS DE DISEÑO PARA PUENTES DE TUBERIAS
9. FIGURAS
PUENTES DE TUBERIAS DE UNA SOLA HILERA DE COLUMNAS

(USUALMENTE EN ACERO)
INECAD IND04101/J.F./18-05-96/DISCO
K:\GRUPOS\CIVIL\903\DOCUMENT\METALICA
C41te036/6/18/01/mrp/SP 14 de 16 IN-0038MSW/13/Sep.99.R4C
inelectra INEDON
903-P3050-C41-TEC-036
Rev. 0
PUENTES DE TUBERIAS FORMADOS POR PORTICOS (2 HILERAS DE

COLUMNAS)
K:\GRUPOS\CIVIL\903\DOCUMENT\METALICA
inelectra INEDON
903-P3050-C41-TEC-036
Rev. 0
PUENTES DE TUBERIAS EN PASO DE VIA (ELEVACION DE TUBERIAS PARA

LA ALTURA LIBRE)
K:\GRUPOS\CIVIL\903\DOCUMENT\METALICA.

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Metanol de Oriente, METOR, S.A.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

Rev. FECHA OBJETO ELABORÓ / BY REVISÓ/ REWD. APROBÓ/APVD.

0 23-NOV-05 Original Issue ADP JGC SP

1 30-MAR-06 Comments Incorporated JGC JGC SP

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 1 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

PART II SITE PREPARATION DESIGN CRITERIA

PART III DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

PART IV REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

PART V STEEL STRUCTURES DESIGN CRITERIA

PART VI PIPERACKS DESIGN CRITERIA

PART VII BUILDING ARCHITECTURE DESIGN CRITERIA

PART VIII SANITARY INSTALLATIONS DESIGN CRITERIA

ATTACHMENT “A” ANCHOR BOLTS SIZING

ATTACHMENT “B” PIPERACK’S FIGURES

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 2 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 3 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 4 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

This engineering standard covers the general requirements and conditions

METOR Expansion Design Basis Document is based upon INELECTRA’s

1.2 Site Location

PEQUIVEN Industrial Area - Jose, Venezuela (approximately 30 Km from

Geology of the area of Jose corresponds to quaternary sediments of the El

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 5 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

1.3 Climatic Conditions

Max. Annual Mean: 31.4 °C

1012.6 mb(J), 1012.3 mb(F), 1011.7 mb(M), 1011.6 mb(A),

- Wind speed and prevailing direction:

Max. Annual Mean: 52.0 km/h

- Rainfall data (mm per year):

Annual Mean Precipitation: 369.2 mm

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 6 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

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CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

The objective of the following document is to describe the earthwork, road

All drawing, calculation sheets, and document will be written in Spanish,

1.3 Measurement Units

The measurement system will be the Metric System (MKS).

• Norms for the Roads geometric projects, Norvial 1985

• Roads, Studies and Projects.

• Fire fighting prevention and protection design norms

• Ground dikes for storage tanks

• Norms and standards according to the client requirements.

1121-01-90-C09-TEC-001.DOC/31/03/2006/jgc/ 9 de 115 INE-DOCUMENTO

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

• Pavement notes USM 1987

• A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 1990

• A Guide for Pavement Design 1993

Following, some standards and recommendations that must be considered

2.1 Retaining Walls

The dike or wall minimum height will be 0.60 meters.

The wall maximum height will be 3 meters.

The dike’s berm will have a minimum width of 1 meter.

CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN BASIS

2.2 Remote Repressing System

It will serve a maximum of 10 tanks.