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Combinations of
Transformations
An anamorphosis is an image that can only be seen
correctly when viewed from a certain perspective.
For example, the face in the photo can only be seen
correctly in the side of the cylindrical mirror. To be
viewed correctly, this image requires reflections and
stretches to occur simultaneously. In mathematics,
situations are rarely described by simple
relationships, and so by combining translations, reflections, stretches, and compressions, you can
model many different scenarios.
Investigate Tools
• grid paper
Does the order matter when performing transformations?
A: Translations Optional
• graphing calculator
1. Given the function f (x) 5 x2, graph each pair of transformed or
functions on the same set of axes. • graphing software
a) g (x) 5 f (x) 3 and h(x) 5 g(x 6)
b) m(x) 5 f (x 6) and r(x) 5 m(x) 3
4. Reflect Compare the graphs of h(x) and r(x) and the equations of
h(x) and r(x). What does this tell you about whether the order of the
translations matters? Explain your reasoning.
B: Stretches
1. Given the function f (x) 5 x2, graph each pair of transformed
functions on the same set of axes.
a) b(x) 5 5f (x) and p(x) 5 b _ x
( )
1
4
b) n(x) 5 f _ x and s(x) 5 5n(x)
( )
1
4
2. Describe each stretch in step 1.
4. Reflect Compare the graphs of p(x) and s(x) and the equations of
p(x) and s(x). What does this tell you about whether the order of the
stretches matters? Explain your reasoning.
Example 1
Combinations of Transformations
Describe the combination of transformations that must be applied to the
base function f (x) to obtain the transformed function. Then, write the
corresponding equation and sketch its graph.
a) f (x) 5 x2, g (x) 5 _ f [4(x 3)] 2
1
__ 2
b) f (x) 5
x , g (x) 5 2f (3x 15) 4
Solution
a) Compare the transformed equation to y 5 af [k(x d)] c to
determine the values of the parameters a, k, d, and c.
For g (x) 5 _ f
1 [4(x 3)] 2, a 5 _ 1 , k 5 4, d 5 3, and c 5 2.
2 2
The function f (x) is vertically compressed by a factor of _ ,
1
2
horizontally compressed by a factor of _ , and then translated 3 units
1
4
right and 2 units down.
vertical compression vertical translation of
_
5 1 (16x 96x 144) 2
2 —2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
2 —2
5 8x2 48x 72 2
5 8x2 48x 70
horizontal horizontal
compression by translation of
a factor of _
1 5 units left
3
g (x) 5 2f [3(x 5)] 4 y
________ 4
f(x) = x
5 23(x 5)
4
________ 2
5 23x 15 4
—8 —6 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8x
p(x) = —f(x)
—2
h(x) = 2p(3x)
g(x) = h(x + 5) + 4
—4
= —2f(3x + 15) + 4
= —2 3x + 15 + 4
Solution
a) There are five curves to graph: one representing Eve and four
representing Byron given each head start.
Eve E (t ) = 10t 2 Drag Race
Distance (m)
Finish Line B4 B3 E B2 B1
Byron with 1-s head start B1(t) = 5(t + 1)2 400
300
Byron with 2-s head start B2(t) = 5(t + 2) 2
200
Byron with 3-s head start B3(t) = 5(t + 3)2 100
Byron with 4-s head start B4(t) = 5(t + 4)2 —4 —2 0 2 4 6 8 t
Time After Eve Starts (s)
d) The equation for Eve’s car has a 5 10 while the equations for Byron’s
car have a 5 5. Thus, the acceleration of Eve’s car is twice that of
Byron’s car.
Stretches, compressions, and reflections can be performed in any order before translations.
Ensure that the function is written in the form y 5 af [k(x d)] c to identify specific
transformations.
The parameters a, k, d, and c in the function y 5 af [k(x d)] c correspond to the
following transformations:
a corresponds to a vertical stretch or compression and, if a 0, a reflection in the x-axis.
k corresponds to a horizontal stretch or compression and, if k 0, a reflection in the y-axis.
d corresponds to a horizontal translation to the right or left.
c corresponds to a vertical translation up or down.
C2 A student describes the function g (x) 5 f (3x 12) as a horizontal compression by a factor
of _
1 followed by a horizontal translation of 12 units left of the base function f (x).
3
Explain the mistake this student has made.
A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 4, refer to (_12 )
e) g (x) 5 f x 3
Example 1. _1
f) g (x) 5 f (3x) 6
4
1. Compare the transformed equation to
y 5 af [k(x d)] c to determine the values 3. Describe, in the appropriate order, the
of the parameters a, k, d, and c. Then, transformations that must be applied
describe, in the appropriate order, the to the base function f (x) to obtain the
transformed function. Then, write the
transformations that must be applied to a
corresponding equation and transform the
base function f (x) to obtain the transformed
graph of f (x) to sketch the graph of g (x).
function. __
b) g (x) 5 _ f (x) 1
1 a) f (x) 5
x , g (x) 5 4f (3x)
a) g (x) 5 4f (x 3)
b) f (x) 5 _
3 1 , g (x) 5 f (x 1) 2
c) g (x) 5 f (x 5) 9 d) g (x) 5 f _ x 2
( )1 x
e) g (x) 5 f (5x) 2
4
f) g (x) 5 2f (x) 7
1
4[
c) f (x) 5 x2, g (x) 5 f _ (x 2) ]
d) f (x) 5 x, g (x) 5 5f (x) 3
2. Repeat question 1 for each transformed
function g (x). 4. Repeat question 3 for f (x) and the
a) g (x) 5 3f (2x) 1
transformed function g (x).
a) f (x) 5 x, g (x) 5 _ f [2(x 1)] 3
1
b) g (x) 5 2f (x) 1 2
_1
c) g (x) 5 f (x 4) 5 b) f (x) 5 x2, g (x) 5 2f [3(x 4)] 1
2 __
d) g (x) 5 f (3x) 4 x , g (x) 5 _
c) f (x) 5
2 2 [
1 f _
]
1 (x 3) 5
d) f (x) 5 _
1 , g (x) 5 2f [(x 3)] 4
x
a) b(x) 5 10x 8
a) g (x) 5 3f (x 4)
b) e(x) 5 3x2 5
b) g (x) 5 f (4x) 3
c) h(x) 5 (5x 20)2
______ c) g (x) 5 f (2x 12)
d) j(x) 5 2 x 7
d) g (x) 5 5f (0.5x 1) 6
e) m(x) 5 __
5
x8
8. The siren of an ambulance approaching
f) r(x) 5 __
2
1 you sounds different than when it is
3x
moving away from you. This difference
B Connect and Apply in sound is called the Doppler effect. The
Doppler effect for a 1000-Hz siren can be
6. Two skydivers jump Reasoning and Proving
modelled by the equation
out of a plane. The
f 5 1000 __ (
332
)
Representing Selecting Tools
first skydiver’s motion , where f is the
332 v
can be modelled by Problem Solving
frequency of the sound, in hertz; v is the
the function Connecting Reflecting
speed of the ambulance, in metres per
g (t) 5 4000 5(t 10) .
2
Communicating
second; and the positive sign () is used
The second skydiver jumps out a few
when the ambulance is moving away from
seconds later with a goal of catching up to
you and the negative sign () when it is
the first skydiver. The motion of the second
moving toward you.
skydiver can be modelled by
h(t) 5 4000 5t2. For both functions, the a) For an ambulance travelling at a speed
distance above the ground is measured of 20 m/s, what is the difference in
in metres and the time is the number of frequency as the ambulance approaches
seconds after the second skydiver jumps. and passes you?
a) Graph the functions on the same set of b) Assuming an ambulance cannot travel
axes. faster than 40 m/s, determine the
domain and range of this function.
b) Will the second skydiver catch up to
the first before they have to open their 9. Although a Reasoning and Proving
parachutes at 800 m? transformed Representing Selecting Tools
c) State the domain and range of these function is
Problem Solving
functions in this context. traditionally written
in the form Connecting Reflecting