Compressive strength of concrete

ACI 209R

f'c(t) = t / (α+βt) f'c(28)

α,β = constants depending on type of cement & curing

t = concrete age in days

Modulus of Elasticity of concrete

AASHTO LRFD 2010

Ec (psi) = 33 K1 wc1.5 sqrt(f'c)

= 109125
K1 = Correction factor
= 1
wc (lb/cu ft) = Unit density for concrete
= 90 & 155 pcf
f'c (psi) = 100 Mpa
= 15 ksi

ACI 318-05 (1992)

Ec (psi) = 33 wc1.5 sqrt(f'c)

CEB-FIP (1990)

Eci (Mpa) = Eco [(fck+Δf)/fcmo]1/3 (@ 28 days)

= 30303 Mpa
Eco = 21500 Mpa

Δf = 8 Mpa

fcmo = 10 Mpa

fck = Characteristic strength

= 20 Mpa
Actual compressive strength of concrete @ the age of 28 days = fcm
20 Mpa
Eci (Mpa) = Eco [fcm/fcmo] 1/3

= 27088 Mpa
Elastic Analysis only

Ec (Mpa) = 0.85 Eci

= 25758 Mpa
Tandros (2003) High Performance Concrete

Ec (ksi) = 33000 k1 k2 (0.14 + fc'/1000)1.5 Sqrt(fc')

= 9641 90th % Upper Bound
= 6120 10th % Lower Bound
k1 = Correction factor for local material variability
= 1
k2 = Correction factor based on the 90th % Upper Bound and 10th % Lower Bound for all data
= 1.224 90th % Upper Bound 0.777 10th % Lower Bound
fc' = in ksi
= 2.9

Creep

εc (to) = σc (to) / Ec (to) (Instantaneous)

εc (t) = σc (to) / Ec (to) [1+ φ (t,to)]

= J(t,to) σc(to)

J(t,to) = creep or compliance function

φ (t,to) = Dimensionless coefficient (depends on the age at loading to)

t = Age at which the total strain is calculated

φ = Creep coefficiennt (creep / Instantaneous strain)

J(t,to) = [1+ φ (t,to)]

Ec (to)

εcr (t,to) = φ (t,to) εel (to)

J(t,to) σc(to)
εel (to) = σc (to) / Ec (to)

to t
Length of the period = t-to

Creep is proportional to the stress level of the concrete up to a point of 40 to 60% of the concrete compressive strength

AASHTO LRFD 2010 (applicable for a concrete strength up to 15.0 ksi)

φ (t,tI) = 1.9 Kvs Khc Kf Ktd ti-0.118

= 0.46
Kvs = 1.45 - 0.13 (v/s) >/= 1
= 1.45
v/s = Volume to surface ratio < 6 inch
=
Khc = Humidity factor for the creep
= 1.56-0.008H
= 1.00
H = Relative humidity of the ambient condition in %
= 70
Kf = factor for the effect of the concrete strength
= 35/(7+fci')
= 1.30
fci' = Specified compressive strength of concrete at the time of prestressing
at the time of initial loading for non prestressed members
= 20
Ktd = Time development factor
= t/(61-0.58fci'+t)
= 0.168
t = Age of concrete when the load is initially applied
= 10 days
ACI 209R (1992)

Vt = t0.6 Vu / 10+t0.6

Vt = Creep coefficient after t days of loading

Vu = Ultimate creep coefficient

= 2.35 γc

t = days after loading

γc = correction factors for conditions other than the standard concrete composition.
= γ1a γλ γvs γs γρ γα
γ1a = correction factor for the loading age
= 1.25t-0.118 for loading ages later than 7 days for moist cured concrete
= 1.13t-0.094 for loading ages later than 1 to 3 days for steam cured concrete

γλ = Correction factor for the ambient relative humidity

= 1.27 - 0.0067 λ for λ > 40

λ = Relative Humidity in %

γvs = corrcetion factor for the average thickness of the member or a volume to surface ratio

Average member tk Not eq. to 6 in

Volume to surface Ratio Not eq. to 1.5 in

A Average Thickness Method

6 in upto 12 to 15 in

γvs = 1.14 - 0.023h During the first year after loading

1.10 - 0.017h For ultimate values

h = Average member thickness in in.

B Volume to surface ratio Method

γvs = 2/3 [1+1.13e-0.54(v/s)]

γs = correction factor for slump

= 0.82 + 0.067s

s = Observed Slump in inches

γρ = correction factor for the fine aggregate Percentage

= 0.88 + 0.0024ρ

ρ = Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by weight expressed as a percentage.

γα = 0.46 + 0.09 α >/= 1.0

α = Air content in percent

Huo (2001)
Same as ACI 209 (1990) with addtl.magnification factor for compressive strength

Vt = t0.6 Vu / Kc + t0.6

Kc = 12 - 0.5 fc'

γst,c = 1.18 - 0.045 fc' correction factor

fc' = 28- day compressive strength in ksi

CEB-FIP (1990)

φ (t,to) = φo βc (t-to)
=
t = Age of concrete in days at which creep is calculated
=
φo = Notional creep coefficient
= φRH β(fcm) β(to)
=
βc = Coefficient to descrbe the development of creep with time after the loading
=
φRH = coefficient of relative humidity and the dimension of member
= 1+ 1- RH/Rho
0.46(h/ho)1/3
= 1.303
RH = Relative humidity of the ambient environment in %
= 70%
Rho = 100%
h = Notional size of the member mm
= 2Ac/u
= 1 m
Ac = Area of cross section
u = perimeter of the member in contact with the atmosphere
ho = 100 mm
β(fcm) = 5.3/(fcm/fcmo)0.5 = 2.65
fcm = Mean compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days (Mpa)
= 40000 kN/m2
= 40 Mpa
fcmo = 10 Mpa
β (to) = 1/[0.1+(to/t1)0.2]
where t1 is taken as 1 day
und for all data
compressive strength
surface ratio
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