1) What is the electrolyte of a lead-acid battery?

2) What is used to neutralise a lead-acid battery electrolyte spill?

3) What is the correct sequence for tightening battery leads during installation in an aircraft?
4) A battery is charged to 80% is charged for 20hrs with 3A. How long will the battery take to
discharge at a 2AH rate?
5) What is the substance that is lost from a nicad cell as a result of gassing?
6) How can the state of a nicad battery be determined?
7) What is the cause of gassing in a lead acid battery on charge?
8) What is the specific gravity of the electrolyte of a fully charged lead acid battery?
9) Under what conditions is the maximum EMF most accurately indicated for an aircraft battery?
10) What are the symptoms of thermal runaway in a battery?
11) What happens to the electrolyte level of a nicad battery during charging?
12) What are the comparative advantages of a nicad battery?
13) When determining the capacity of a lead acid battery, what is the standard discharge time?
14) What is used to neutralise nicad battery electrolyte spills?
15) When recharged by a DC generator, lead acid batteries are charged by what method?
16) What factor determine the rated capacity of a lead acid battery?
17) What main feature of a nicad battery gives it better starting current?
18) When measuring electrolyte specific gravity, when is it not necessary to make temperature
corrections?
19) How is a lead acid battery compartment treated to protect it from corrosion?
20) How high should the electrolyte level be in a properly serviced lead acid battery?
21) The EMF of a primary cell will be indicated accurately when?
22) During discharge, what happens to the SG of the electrolyte in a nicad cell?
23) What is the electrolyte used in a nicad sintered plate battery?
24) Will the SG of electrolyte in a lead acid battery increase or decrease with temp rise?
25) At what voltage is a cell of a lead acid battery considered satisfactory during the high
discharge rate test?
26) On what/which plates will lead sulphate form during when a lead acid cell is discharging?
27) The reaction at the positive plate of the lead acid battery during discharge is?
28) What is the difference between a primary and a secondary cell?
29) Can a battery provide current flow in both directions?
30) What is the ammeter in the charging circuit for?
31) Why will a fully charged lead acid battery not freeze at low temperatures?
32) What will determine the amount of current which will flow through the battery while it is
being charged by a constant voltage source?
33) What method is used to rapidly charge a nicad battery?
34) If an aircraft ammeter shows a full charging rate but the battery remains in a discharged state,
the most likely cause is?
35) Which condition is an indication of improperly torqued cell link connections in a nicad
battery?
36) What does the presence of small amounts of potassium carbonate deposits on the top of nicad
battery cells that have been in service for a long time indicate?
37) What is the servicing and charging of nicad and lead acid batteries together in the same
service area likely to result in?
38) When is the electrolyte of a nicad battery at its lowest?
39) Why do nicad batteries that have been stored for a long period of time show low fluid levels?
40) What may result if water is added to a nicad battery when it is not fully charged?
41) What does a rise in cell temperature in a nicad battery cause?
42) What is likely to cause thermal runaway in a nicad battery?
43) If a DC generator output voltage is too low, how would you adjust the voltage regulator?
44) An aircraft alternator is driven through a constant speed drive at 6000rpm and has a frequency
of 400Hz, how many poles would the alternator have?
45) While ground running, the generator online circuit breaker trips and will not reset. What’s
wrong?
46) When adjusting the voltage of a DC generator, what is the preferred load condition?
47) How does a voltage regulator control generator voltage?
48) What 3 things must be synchronised before an aircraft AC generator is placed on the same bus
with another AC generator?
49) What is meant by flashing the field of a generator?
50) What is a compound wound DC generator?
51) What type of current is produced in the armature of a DC generator?
52) What is the typical resistance of a DC shunt wound generators field windings?
53) What is the most common type of DC generator?
54) What is the purpose of a commutator in a DC generator?
55) What is armature reaction in a generator and how is it corrected?
56) What is the cause of generator brush arcing?
57) In a generator, what eliminates any sparking to the brush guides?
58) To what depth is the mica insulation between the commutator bars of a DC generator
undercut?
59) During ground operation, generator cooling is usually accomplished by?
60) The voltage output of an alternator may be regulated by controlling what?
61) The overvoltage control automatically protects the generator system when excessive voltage is
present by?
62) The most common method of regulating the voltage output of a compound DC generator is to
vary the?
63) If any one generator shows low voltage, the most likely cause is?
64) Aircraft that only have AC generators as a prime source of power normally provide current
suitable for battery charging how?
65) How are the field windings in a shunt wound generator connected?
66) What is the formula for the frequency of an alternator?
67) Why are poles of a generator laminated?
68) Residual voltage is a result of magnetism in the?
69) CSD (constant speed drive) generators are usually cooled how?
70) If a CSD has been disconnected in flight (due to a malfunction), when can it be reconnected?
71) How is a CSD disconnect usually accomplished?
72) How do you rate the output of a generator and an alternator?
73) What type of motor is most suitable as a starter motor?
74) What are the types of losses in DC motors?
75) What type of DC motor is normally used to power a linear actuator motor and why?
76) The speed of a DC series motor is dependant on what?
77) What is the effect of reducing the series field current on DC motor speed?
78) What is the purpose of a relay connected in series with the speed control element of a DC
shunt wound motor?
79) How do you reverse the direction of rotation of a DC motor?
80) What are the advantages of an AC motor over a DC motor?
81) What parameters are specified when rating an AC motor?
82) Disadvantages of single phase AC motor?
83) How do you reverse the direction of rotation of a single phase AC motor?
84) Purpose of a growler test?
85) Which motor is most likely to have an armature brake?
86) How does a magnetic brake stop armature rotation?
87) What is meant by the term paralleled generators?
88) If the polarity of a generator is reversed, the remedial action is to?
89) What does a reverse current relay incorporate?
90) A generator installation that has been reported producing only one or two volts usually has?
91) When does the differential type of reverse current relay operate when used in a generator
system?
92) If the points in a vibrator type voltage regulator stick closed while the generator is operating,
what will be the probable result?
93) A voltage regulator in a generator circuit regulates voltage by?
94) When does a voltage regulator connect a generator to an electrical bus system?
95) When does a voltage regulator disconnect a generator from an electrical bus system?
96) What is the most commonly used method for controlling generator outputs for paralleling and
load sharing?
97) Why will terminal voltage drop off in a shunt wound generator as electrical load increases?
98) Why is a shunt wound generator started off load?
99) Where is the current to energise the field in a shunt wound generator taken from?
100) What is a major disadvantage of shunt wound generators?
101) (Circuit diagram question) What is the purpose of a resistor connected in parallel across a
solenoid operated on/off switch in a starter motor circuit?
102) What is the purpose of carbon discs in a carbon pile voltage regulator?
103) What dictates how long the voltage regulator points remain open for in a vibrator type
voltage regulator?
104) For each revolution of a motor, how many cycles of AC voltage will be produced if there is
a six pole alternator?
105) How does a CSD unit drive a generator?
106) What is the component that makes up the field assembly?
107) What phase and rectification method will provide the smoothest output?
108) Why is a double field winding (split field) used in some DC electrical motors?
109) What is the limiting resistor in a turbine engine starter motor circuit used for?
110)What is the primary use for shunt wound DC motors?
111)What is the purpose of the selection of derated switches for known continuous load
applications?
112)Purpose of a fuse?
113)Fuses are rated in?
114)What is the difference between a 2.5A ‘normal’ fuse and a 2.5A slow blow fuse?
115)A CB is installed in an aircraft primarily to protect the?
116)What is a current limiter?
117)Three types of circuit protection devices that are used in aircraft?
118)Advantages of a CB over a fuse?
119)Can automatic reset CB’s be used in aircraft?
120) What is the throw of a switch? What is a pole?
121) What kind of switch would you use in a single wire circuit that required the switch to be
held in the manually ON position?
122) What is the minimum bend radius for a wire bundle?
123) When is a grommet used regarding aircraft wiring?
124) What is the spacing of wiring identification?
125) What does the ratcheting of the crimpers indicate?
126) Other guidelines regarding wiring installation (5)?
127) Recommended minimum resistance when testing a bonding point?
128) Classes of AN connectors (5)?
129) Al wire must be stripped carefully because?
130) Which factors are considered when determining wire size for aircraft installation?
131) When selecting hardware for attaching bonding connections to aircraft structure, which
factors are considered?
132) Max number of splices between two connectors is?
133) The pin section of an AN/MS connector is normally installed on?
134) One purpose of grounding?
135) During inspection of terminal strips of an aircraft electrical system, it should be determined
that?
136) If a wire is installed so that it may come into contact with a moving part, what protection
should be given to the wire?
137) The strength of a terminal-to-cable connection should be?
138) What is normally used to bond stainless steel components?
139) When replacing copper wire with aluminium wire, what gauge of wire should be selected?
140) How are aluminium terminal lugs protected against oxidation?
141) What are two types of fuse holder normally mounted in aircraft?
142) Calculate: AWG 18 wire has the following characteristics. Max current 16A when in free
air or 10 when bundled. Resistance of 6.44 / 1000ft at 20C and an area of 1779 cubic mm.
The voltage drop for this piece of cable if it was 100ft long and carrying 10A is?
143) Why are junction boxes usually installed so that when the cover is removed, the open face is
downward or vertical?
144) How would you best describe an ignition cable?
145) What causes an out of balance in a wheatstone bridge circuit?
146) What is the purpose of a metallic braided sheath?
147) Why are soldered joints not preferred?
148) What is used to check insulation?
149) What do you do to test an insulation tester before using it?
150) What sort of results should be achieved with good insulation?
151) Why are static port surrounds left unpainted?
152) What is the alternate switch used for in a pitot/static system?
153) What does a VSI sense?
154) What does QFE, QNH and QNE mean?
155) Why are static vents on either side of the fuselage?
156) What are the compensation factors used by a true airspeed indicator to provide TAS?
157) What are ICAO standard atmosphere parameters?
158) What are the markings on an airspeed indicator (red, yellow, blue, white)?
159) Which flight instruments require pitot and static pressure?
160) What is mach number?
161) If a pitot system is tested on the ground “S” but gives erroneous readings in flight, what
could be the fault?
162) What is used to measure pitot tube angle of incidence?
163) What would a steady rate of vacuum applied to a static system indicate?
164) If while on the ground, an altimeter is set to 1013.25mb and the ambient pressure is
1013.25, what will the altimeter read?
165) What will happen to the reading of the ASI if while descending, the static port becomes
blocked?
166) What will a partially blocked calibrated leak in a VSI cause?
167) Why do rate of climb indicators have an airtight case?
168) What would happen to the reading of an altimeter if one of the capsules were punctured?
169) How is optimum accuracy obtained from a radio altimeter between 0 –50,000ft?
170) An ASI that is corrected for instrument error and position error will read?
171) What is the basic principle of operation of a VSI or ROC indicator?
172) What is the difference in shape of the pitot head between high and low speed aircraft?
173) Why do IFR aircraft have a heater?
174) Why is the scale of a ASI indicator expanded at higher speeds?
175) Why do some altimeters have a vibrator?
176) What is the purpose of temperature compensation in an instrument?
177) How does a radar altimeter indicate height?
178) What does a radar altimeter indicate?
179) What is the max altitude loss during an instrument static system check?
180) What will a leak in the manifold pressure gauge line on a turbo charged engine show up as?
181) What type of pressure does the manifold pressure gauge measure when the engine is
operating?
182) What is done to make bellows able to read higher pressure?
183) Define differential, absolute and gauge pressures?
184) What sort of pressure does a bourdon tube measure?
185) What is the purpose of a restrictor in a manifold pressure gauge capillary tube?
186) What is the operating mechanism in most hydraulic pressure gauges?
187) What will happen to the reading produced by a thermocouple cylinder head temp gauge
when there is a malfunction in the electrical system?
188) Power for EGT gauges comes from?
189) What determines the amount of current flow in a thermocouple circuit?
190) What is the international standard colour code for thermocouple wires?
191) Why are thermocouples connected in parallel?
192) What radius should the bends in a flexible drive shaft from an engine to a mechanical type
tachometer or generator be?
193) What type of motor is used for rotational speed measurement?
194) What are drag cup tachometer indicators operated by?
195) What are the two adjustable contacts for in a simple liquidometer fuel quantity gauge?
196) A DC powered fuel contents measuring system operates on what principle?
197) What is the basis of operation of a capacitance type fuel quantity indicating system?
198) What type of remote reading fuel quantity indicating system has several probes installed in
each tank?
199) Why is a capacitance type quantity indicating system more accurate than a float type one?
200) What is one advantage of the capacitive (electronic) fuel quantity indicating system?
201) What are the four general types of fuel quantity gauges?
202) What is an advantage of electrical and electronic type fuel quantity indicators?
203) What is the rotor in the indicator of a DC synchro instrument system?
204) How would you check a manifold pressure gauge for accuracy?
205) What pressure is measured by a manifold pressure gauge during engine operation?
206) What is the pressure sensing element in a manifold pressure gauge?
207) Oil pressure, fuel pressure, vacuum suction, hydraulic pressure, de-icing pressure, manifold
pressure. Which of these gauges is most likely to use a Bourdon tube?
208) A bourdon tube instrument may be used to measure?
209) Can thermocouple leads be altered or repaired?
210) What type of thermocouple materials are used for – turbine engine?
Radial engine?
211)When are resistance thermometers or ratiometers used instead of thermocouples?
212) What would likely cause the needle of an electrical oil temp gauge to peg on the high side
of the instrument dial?
213) When removing a thermocouple type meter from the aircraft, what precaution should you
take?
214) How will gauge indicate if an open circuit occurred in the thermocouple of a CHT (cylinder
head temperature) gauge which uses a bimetallic compensator?
215) A thermal resistance bulb system employs what type of electrical circuit?
216) What is the advantage of a ratiometer indicating system?
217) A typical electric tachometer indicating system would be made up of what components?
218) In what units is the tachometer used on a turbine engine calibrated?
219) Why is a dual tachometer used on a single engine helicopter?
220) State the elements of a mechanical tachometer system?
221) In a mechanical tacho system, what could cause a) erratic indication b) under-reading?
222) Flexidrive normally rotates at what fraction of engine RPM?
223) What type of wire is used in a capacitive fuel gauge system?
224) What is the comparative capacitance of fuel probes immersed in avgas, jet fuel and air?
225) What is the purpose of the compensator probe in capacitive fuel quantity system?
226) What is a “direct reading” fuel gauge?
227) Elements of a DC selsyn indicating system?
228) Power requirements for a) selsyn b) magnesyn c) synchro indicating system?
229) With reference to torque synchro type indicating systems, what is meant by electrical zero?
230) Applications of synchro-type remote indicating instruments?
231) Two common types of fuel flow transmitter?
232) Why is rotor speed control important in a rate gyro?
233) Normal erection rate for a light aircraft air driven gyro?
234) What is an earth gyro referenced to?
235) Function of pressure relief valve in a vacuum system?
236) Function of suction relief valve in a vacuum system?
237) Source of venturi vacuum? Limitations of venturi system? Vacuum requirements for flight
instruments?
238) In the vacuum system of a light aircraft, you would expect to find the vacuum air filter and
air/oil separator arranged how?
239) The Definition of precession?
240) What could most likely cause excessive vacuum in a vacuum pump?
241) Precaution with dry type vacuum pumps with carbon vanes?
242) What type of gyro has an attitude sensing limitation?
243) What is the purpose of precession with regard to artificial horizon indicator?
244) What is the power supply for “standby” instruments in a commercial air transport aircraft?
245) What is the difference between a turn and slip indicator and a turn co-ordinator?
246) What does the gyro in a slaved magnetic compass do?
247) Why are non-return valves incorporated in the pump lines of a dual pump vacuum system?
248) What principle does the venturi tube operate on?
249) What effect does an increase in gyro RPM have on precession when torque is applied?
250) What principle do the altitude and rate instruments operate on?
251) What effect will a low gyro RPM have?
252) What is the lubber line on a gyro used to indicate?
253) What instruments are controlled by gyroscopes?
254) What is the main purpose of a Directional Gyro (DG)?
255) What are ILS frequencies, ranges and channel spacing?
256) VHF comms has what freq band and channel spacing?
257) VOR uses what band?
258) What is the marker Beacon frequency?
259) What is the freq band for HF comms?
260) What parameters verify correct matching of an antenna to a transmitter?
261) What is the purpose of antenna matching unit?
262) What is the relationship between V and I in a resonant halfwave antenna?
263) What is the impedance of RG58A/U coax cable?
264) What component matches unbalanced coax cable to balanced antenna?
265) What is one frequency in the VHF band that you would not use for normal radio
transmissions?
266) What will a capacitor in series with a radio aerial do (occurs in the coupler)?
267) What type of antenna uses a ground plane to produce an image antenna?
268) What are the characteristics of an antenna which is of correct length and proper feed?
269) If the voltage of an unbalanced transmission is 75V and the balanced antenna accepts 70V,
what is the VSWR?
270) What is the preferred location of a DME antenna?
271) On light aircraft, the VOR antenna should be located where?
272) What characteristics of the installation of a rigid antenna on a vertical stabiliser should be
evaluated?
273) What type of antenna is used for VHF, ADF, ATC?
274) What is the main purpose of an aircraft bonding system?
275) What is the main reason for dischargers being located at extremity points on the wing and
fin?
276) What is the meaning of pick-up with regards to radio interference?
277) Regarding engine ignition systems, where shielding proves inadequate, how may noise be
reduced in audio receivers?
278) What are the scale graduations and applied voltage requirements of a bonding tester?
279) Impedance of a typical aircraft headset?
280) What are the different types of aircraft microphones and what are their characteristics?
281) Approval of an aircraft radio station in NZ is normally done how?
282) What is the difference between an aircrafts transmit and receive polar diagrams?
283) HF aerials on a light aircraft are usually?
284) What type of wire is used between the output of an aircraft VHF transmitter and antenna?
285) What is the space above an electromagnetic radiator known as?
286) Why should the swinging of RF loop aerials not be made at night?
287) What are some of the factors affecting the VSWR between a UHF antenna, its feeder and
the transmitter aerial circuit?
288) How is installed radio equipment prevented from damage due to jolts or vibration?
289) What must be displayed on aircraft equipped with a two way radio?
290) Symbols for AC/DC generator/motor
291) Purpose of electrical schematic diagrams?
292) Symbol for CB’s etc.
293) A bundle of unsupported wire 1cm in diameter is bent around some structure with a bend
radius of 10 cm. You would?
294) At what distance should coax cable be secured between securing devices?
295) When making bonding tests on aircraft of metallic construction, the resistance between
extremities of fixed portions of the aircraft should not exceed?
296) The effectiveness of bonding between an engine and the main aircraft structure can only be
checked accurately by?
297) Aircraft static wick dischargers provide a known controlled discharge path for the high
potentials generated due to static charges acquired in flight because?
298) What does a UJT do in a circuit and what sort of circuts is it used in?
299) What is another name for an SCR?
300) Is a photodiode forward or reverse biased when installed in a circuit?
301) If an ESDS item is exposed to an ESD, will it continue to operate for a normal lifespan?