Muhammadu Buhari

Muhammadu Buhari - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari
Muhammadu Buhari
Muhammadu Buhari GCFR (born 17 December 1942) is a
Muhammadu Buhari
Nigerian politician currently serving as the President of Nigeria, in
GCFR
office since 2015. He is a retired major general in the Nigerian
Army and previously served as the nation's head of state from 31
December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power in a military
coup d'état.[4][5] The term Buharism is ascribed to the Buhari
military government.[6][7]
He unsuccessfully ran for the office of president of Nigeria in the

2003, 2007, and 2011 general elections. In December 2014, he
emerged as the presidential candidate of the All Progressives
Congress for the March 2015 general elections. Buhari won the
election, defeating the incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan.
This marked the first time in the history of Nigeria that an
incumbent president lost to an opposition candidate in a general
election. He was sworn in on 29 May 2015. In February 2019,
Buhari was re-elected President, defeating his closest rival Atiku
7th and 15th President of Nigeria
Abubakar by over 3 million votes.
Incumbent
Buhari has stated that he takes responsibility for anything over Assumed office
which he presided during his military rule, and that he cannot 29 May 2015
change the past. He has described himself as a "converted Vice President Yemi Osinbajo
democrat".[8]
Preceded by Goodluck Jonathan
In office
31 December 1983 – 27 August 1985
Contents Vice President Tunde Idiagbon
Early life Preceded by Shehu Shagari
Early military career Succeeded by Ibrahim Babangida
Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966
Civil war
Federal Minister of Petroleum
Resources
After the war
Incumbent
Participation in July 1975 coup
Assumed office
Governor of North Eastern State
11 November 2015
Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural
Resources Deputy Emmanuel Ibe
Back in military service Kachikwu
Chadian military affair Preceded by Diezani Allison-
December 1983 military coup Madueke
Head of state (1983–85) In office
Policies and initiatives March 1976 – June 1978
Economic policy
Foreign policy
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Muhammadu Buhari - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari
War on corruption President Murtala Mohammed

War Against Indiscipline Olusegun Obasanjo
53 suitcases saga Governor of Borno State
Human rights In office
1985 coup and detention 3 February 1976 – 15 March 1976
In retirement Preceded by Office established
Civilian life
Succeeded by Mustapha Amin
Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund
In office
Presidential campaigns and elections
2003 presidential elections 1 August 1975 – 3 February 1976
2007 presidential elections North-Eastern State
2011 presidential elections Preceded by Musa Usman
2015 presidential elections
Succeeded by Office abolished
Abolishing the office of the First Lady
Freedom of religion Personal details
Presidency (2015–present) Born 17 December 1942

Economy Daura, Northern
Anti-corruption Region, British
Foreign policy Nigeria[1][2]
Niger Delta (now Daura, Katsina
Plagiarism scandal
State, Nigeria)
Boko Haram and Chibok girls
Health issues Nationality Nigerian
2019 re-election bid Political party All Progressives
Security challenges Congress (after 2013)
Personal life Spouse(s) Safinatu Yusuf
(m. 1971; div. 1988)
Awards
Aisha Halilu (m. 1989)
See also
References Children 10
Sources Alma mater Nigerian Military
External links Training College
Mons Officer Cadet
School
Early life U.S. Army War
College[3]
Muhammadu Buhari was born to a Fulani family[9] on 17
December 1942, in Daura, Katsina State, to his father Hardo Website www.mbuhari.ng
Adamu, a Fulani chief, and mother Zulaihat.[1][2] He is the twenty-
(http://www.mbuhari.ng)
third child of his father. Buhari was raised by his mother, after his Military service
father died when he was about four years old.[10] Branch/service Nigerian Army
Years of 1961–1985
Early military career service
Buhari enrolled at age 19 in the Nigerian Military Training College Rank Major general
(NMTC) in 1962.[11] In February 1964, the college was upgraded to
an officer commissioning unit of the Nigerian Army and renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) (prior to
1964, the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly
Commonwealth military academies[12][13][14] for officer cadet training). From 1962 to 1963, Buhari underwent
officer cadet training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot in England.
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In January 1963, at age 20, Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed Platoon Commander of
the Second Infantry Battalion in Abeokuta, Nigeria. From November 1963 to January 1964, Buhari attended the
Platoon Commanders' Course at the Nigerian Military Training College, Kaduna. In 1964, he facilitated his military
training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer's Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in
Borden, United Kingdom.
From 1965 to 1967, Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and appointed brigade major,
Second Sector, First Infantry Division, April 1967 to July 1967.
Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966

In July 1966 Lieutenant Muhammadu Buhari was one of the participants in the "July Rematch" or so called
"Counter-Coup", led by Lt-Col Murtala Muhammed, that overthrew and assassinated Nigeria's first self-appointed
military Head of State General Aguiyi Ironsi, who had assumed leadership of the Nigerian government after a
failed coup attempt on 15 January 1966, which overthrew the elected parliamentary government of Nigeria (also
known as first republic). Other participants in the coup on 28 July 1966 included 2nd Lieutenant Sani Abacha,
Lieutenant Ibrahim Babangida, Major Theophilus Danjuma, Lieutenant Ibrahim Bako among others. The coup
was a reaction to the January coup where a group of mostly Igbo officers led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna
Nzeogwu overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Many
Northern soldiers were aggrieved by the murder of senior politicians, Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa,
northern regional premier, Ahmadu Bello, and four senior officers from northern Nigeria: Brigadier Zakariya
Maimalari, Colonel Kur Mohammed, Lt-Cols Abogo Largema and James Pam.[15] The counter-coup was very
bloody leading to the murder of mostly Igbo officers. Among the casualties were the first military head of state
General Aguiyi Ironsi and Lt Colonel Adekunle Fajuyi, the military governor of the Western Region.
Civil war
Buhari was assigned to the 1st Division under the command of Lt. Col Mohammed Shuwa,[16] the division had
temporarily moved from Kaduna to Makurdi at the onset of the Nigerian Civil War. The 1st division was divided
into sectors and then battalions [17] with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo
who was later replaced by Theophilus Danjuma. Buhari's initial assignment was as Adjutant and Company
Commander 2 battalion unit, Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division. The 2 battalion was one of the units that
participated in the first actions of the war, they started from Gakem near Afikpo and moved towards Ogoja with
support from Gado Nasko's artillery squad.[18] They reached and captured Ogoja within a week with the intention
of advancing through the flanks to Enugu, the rebel capital.[19] Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion's Commander
and led the battalion to Afikpo to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through
Nkalagu and Abakaliki. However, before the move to Enugu, he was posted to Nsukka as Brigade Major of the 3rd
Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar.[20] Buhari
stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle
experiences. Instead of swift advances, the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of
communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army
depots in Abeokuta and Zaria.[20] In 1968, he was posted to the 4 Sector also called the Awka sector which was
charged to take over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2. The sector's operations was within the Awka-
Abagana-Onitsha region which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply. It
was in the sector that Buhari's group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect food supplies route of the rebels
along Oji River and Abagana.[21]
After the war
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From 1970 to 1971, Buhari was Brigade Major/Commandant, Thirty-first Infantry Brigade. He then served as the
Assistant Adjutant-General, First Infantry Division Headquarters, from 1971 to 1972. He also attended the Defence
Services Staff College, Wellington, India, in 1973.[22]
From 1974 to 1975 Buhari was Acting Director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and
Transport Headquarters.[23]
Participation in July 1975 coup

Then Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers[24] (led[25] by Colonels Ibrahim Taiwo, Joseph
Garba, Abdulahi Mohammed, Anthony Ochefu, Lieutenant Colonels Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Ibrahim Babangida
and Alfred Aduloju) who overthrew the Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon.
Governor of North Eastern State

From 1 August 1975 to 3 February 1976, General Murtala Mohammed, appointed Buhari as Governor of the North-
Eastern State, to oversee social, economic and political improvements in the state. Buhari also briefly served as
Governor of Borno state from 3 February 1976 to 15 March 1976.
On 3 February 1976, the North Eastern state was divided by the Military Government into Bauchi, Borno and
Gongola states. In August 1991, Yobe state was created from Borno state, while Gongola state was split into two
states, Taraba and Adamawa. In October 1996, Gombe State was created from Bauchi State.
Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural

Resources
In March 1976, the Head of State, General Olusegun Obasanjo, appointed Buhari as the Federal Commissioner
(position now called Minister) for Petroleum and Natural Resources. When the Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation was created in 1977,[26] Buhari was also appointed as its Chairman, a position he held until 1978.
During his tenure as Commissioner, 2.8 billion dollars allegedly went missing from the accounts of the NNPC in
Midlands Bank in the United Kingdom. Former President Ibrahim Babangida allegedly accused Buhari of being
responsible for this fraud.[27][28][29]
However, in the conclusion of the Crude Oil Sales Tribunal of Inquiry headed by Justice Ayo Irikefe to investigate
allegations of 2.8 billion Dollars misappropriation from the NNPC account, the tribunal found no truth in the
allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts.[30]
During Buhari's tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources, the government
invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures. The government built about 21 petroleum storage
depots all over the country from Lagos to Maidugiuri and from Calabar to Gusau; the administration constructed a
pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots. Also, the
administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in Kaduna and an oil pipeline that will connect
the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery.[31]
Back in military service

From 1978 to 1979, he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the Supreme
Military Council from 1978 to 1979. From 1979 to 1980, at the rank of colonel, Buhari (class of 1980) attended the
US Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the United States, and gained a Masters Degree in Strategic
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Studies.[3][32][33] Upon completion of the on-campus full-time resident program lasting ten months and the two-
year-long, distance learning program, the United States Army War College (USAWC) college awards its graduate
officers a master's degree in Strategic Studies.
Other roles include:
General Officer Commanding, 4th Infantry Division, August 1980 – January 1981[34]
General Officer Commanding, 2nd Mechanised Infantry Division, January 1981 – October 1981[35]
General Officer Commanding, 3rd Armed Division Nigerian Army, October 1981 – December 1983
Chadian military affair

In 1983, when Chadian forces invaded Nigeria in the Borno State, Buhari used the forces under his command to
chase them out of the country, crossing into Chadian territory in spite of an order given by President Shagari to
withdraw.[36] This 1983 Chadian military affair led to more than 100 victims and "prisoners of war".[36]
December 1983 military coup

Major-General Buhari was one of the leaders of the military coup of December 1983 that overthrew the
democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari. At the time of the coup plot, Buhari was the
General Officer Commanding (GOC), Third Armored Division of Jos.[37] With the successful execution of the coup
by General Buhari, Tunde Idiagbon was appointed Chief of General Staff (the de facto No. 2 in the administration).
The coup ended Nigeria's short-lived Second Republic, a period of multi-party democracy started in 1979.
According to The New York Times, the officers who took power argued that "a flawed democracy was worse than
no democracy at all". Buhari justified the military's seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as
hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended Nigeria's 1979 Constitution. Another rationale for the coup was to
correct economic decline in Nigeria. Sani Abacha in the military's first broadcast after the coup linked ' an inept
and corrupt leadership'[38] with general economic decline. In Buhari's New Year day speech, he too mentioned the
corrupt class of the second republic but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in the society.[38]
Head of state (1983–85)

The structure of the new military leadership which was also the fifth in Nigeria since independence resembled the
last military regime, the Obasanjo/Yaradua administration. The new regime established a Supreme Military
Council, a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States.[39] The number of ministries was trimmed to 18 while
the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police. It
retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers. In addition, the new military
administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim. These laws included the Robbery and Firearms (Special
Provisions) Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases, the State Security (Detention of Person) Decree
which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing
economic adversity.[40] Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree which
constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service.[40]
Policies and initiatives
Economic policy
In order to reform the economy, as Head of State, Buhari started to rebuild the nation's social-political and
economic systems, along the realities of Nigeria's austere economic conditions.[41] The rebuilding included
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removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure, obliterating or removing completely, corruption
from the nation's social ethics, shifting from mainly public sector employment to self-employment. Buhari also
encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials.[41] However,
tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below
capacity.[42]
However, Buhari's bid to re-balance public finances by curbing imports led to many job losses and the closure of
businesses.[43]
Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund, when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira
by 60%. However, the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the
IMF.[44][45]
On 7 May 1984, Buhari announced the country's 1984 National Budget. The budget came with a series of
complementary measures:
A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers

Raising of Interest rates
Halting Capital Projects
Prohibition of borrowing by State governments
15 percent cut from Shagari's 1983 Budget
Realignment of import duties
Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports
It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and
industry.
Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade, currency change, price reduction of goods and
services.
Buhari's economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of
military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices.[46]
Foreign policy
Buhari's military government continued largely with the foreign policy it inherited from Shehu Shagari. In January
1984, in his new year broadcast speech, Buhari stated that he would maintain and enhance diplomatic relations
with all countries and international organisations such as the OAU, UN, OPEC, ECOWAS and the Commonwealth
of Nations. He also stated that he would honour all treaty obligations entered into by previous governments, which
he did.
Buhari's foreign policy also focused on Africa, mostly Nigeria's neighbours due to financial commitments.[47]
War on corruption
Buhari mounted an offensive against entrenched interests. In 20 months as Head of State, about 500 politicians,
officials and businessmen were jailed for corruption during his stewardship.[43][48] Detainees were released after
releasing sums to the government and agreeing to meet certain conditions.
The Umaru Dikko Affair was another defining moment in Buhari's military government. Umaru Dikko, a former
Minister of Transportation under the previous civilian administration of President Shagari who fled the country
shortly after the coup, was accused of embezzling $1 billion in oil profits. With the help of an alleged former
Mossad agent, the NSO traced him to London, where operatives from Nigeria and Israel drugged and kidnapped
him. They placed him in a plastic bag, which was subsequently hidden inside a crate labelled as "Diplomatic
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Baggage". The purpose of this secret operation was to ship Dikko off to Nigeria on an empty Nigerian Airways
Boeing 707, to stand trial for embezzlement. The plot was foiled by British airport officers.[49]
Buhari's administration enacted three decrees to investigate corruption and control foreign exchange. The Banking
(Freezing of Accounts) Decree of 1984, allotted to the Federal Military Government the power to freeze bank
accounts of persons suspected to have committed fraud. The Recovery of Public Property (Special Military
Tribunals) Decree permitted the government to investigate the assets of public officials linked with corruption and
constitute a military tribunal to try such persons. The Exchange Control (Anti-Sabotage) Decree stated penalties
for violators of foreign exchange laws.[50]
War Against Indiscipline

One of the most enduring legacies of the Buhari government has been the War Against Indiscipline (WAI).
Launched on 20 March 1984, the policy tried to address the perceived lack of public morality and civic
responsibility of Nigerian society. Unruly Nigerians were ordered to form neat queues at bus stops, under the eyes
of whip-wielding soldiers. Civil servants[51] who failed to show up on time at work were humiliated and forced to
do "frog jumps". Minor offences carried long sentences. Any student over the age of 17 caught cheating on an exam
would get 21 years in prison. Counterfeiting and arson could lead to the death penalty.[52]
53 suitcases saga
Buhari's administration was embroiled in a scandal concerning the fate of 53 suitcases with unknown contents.[53]
The suitcases were being transported by the Emir of Gwandu, whose son was Buhari's aide-de-camp, and were
cleared through customs on 10 June 1984 without inspection during his return flight from Saudi Arabia.[54]
Human rights
According to Decree Number 2 of 1984, the state security and the chief of staff were given the power to detain,
without charges, individuals deemed to be a security risk to the state for up to three months.[55] Strikes and
popular demonstrations were banned and Nigeria's security agency, the National Security Organization (NSO) was
entrusted with unprecedented powers. The NSO played a wide role in the cracking down of public dissent by
intimidating, harassing and jailing individuals who broke the interdiction on strikes. By October 1984, about
200,000 civil servants were retrenched.[56]
The regime also jailed its critics, as in the case of Nigeria's most popular artist and one time presidential contender,
afro-beat singer Fela Kuti.[57] He was arrested on 4 September 1984 at the airport as he was about to embark on an
American tour. Amnesty International described the charges brought against him for illegally exporting foreign
currency as "spurious". Using the wide powers bestowed upon it by Decree Number 2, the government sentenced
Fela to five years in prison. He was released after 18 months,[57] when the Buhari government was toppled in a
coup d'état.
In 1984, Buhari passed Decree Number 4, the Protection Against False Accusations Decree,[58] considered by
scholars as the most repressive press law ever enacted in Nigeria.[59] Section 1 of the law provided that "Any
person who publishes in any form, whether written or otherwise, any message, rumour, report or statement [...]
which is false in any material particular or which brings or is calculated to bring the Federal Military Government
or the Government of a state or public officer to ridicule or disrepute, shall be guilty of an offense under this
Decree".[60] The law further stated that offending journalists and publishers will be tried by an open military
tribunal, whose ruling would be final and unappealable in any court and those found guilty would be eligible for a
fine not less than 10,000 naira and a jail sentence of up to two years. Tunde Thompson and Nduka Irabor of The
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Guardian were among the journalists who were tried under the decree.[59]
Decree 20 on illegal ship bunkering and drug trafficking was another example of Buhari's tough approach to
crime.[61] Section 3 (2) (K) provided that "any person who, without lawful authority deals in, sells, smokes or
inhales the drug known as cocaine or other similar drugs, shall be guilty under section 6 (3) (K) of an offence and
liable on conviction to suffer death sentence by firing squad." In the case of Bernard Ogedengebe, the Decree was
applied retroactively.[62] He was executed even if at the time of his arrest the crime did not mandate the capital
punishment, but had carried a sentence of six months imprisonment.[62]
In another prominent case of April 1985, six Nigerians were condemned to death under the same decree: Sidikatu
Tairi, Sola Oguntayo, Oladele Omosebi, Lasunkanmi Awolola, Jimi Adebayo and Gladys Iyamah.[63]
In 1985, prompted by economic uncertainties and a rising crime rate, the government of Buhari opened the
borders (closed since April 1984) with Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon to speed up the expulsion of 700,000
illegal foreigners and illegal migrant workers.[64] Buhari is today known for this crisis; there even is a famine in the
east of Niger that have been named "El Buhari".[65]
His regime drew criticism from many, including Nigeria's first Nobel Prize winner Wole Soyinka, who, in 2007,
wrote a piece called "The Crimes of Buhari"[66] which outlined many of the abuses conducted under his military
rule.
Ahead of the 2015 general election, Buhari responded to his human rights criticism by saying that if elected, he
would follow the rule of law, and that there would be access to justice for all Nigerians and respect for fundamental
human rights of Nigerians.[67]
1985 coup and detention

In August 1985, Major General Buhari was overthrown in a coup led by General Ibrahim Babangida and other
members of the ruling Supreme Military Council (SMC).[2] Babangida brought many of Buhari's most vocal critics
into his administration, including Fela Kuti's brother Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, a doctor who had led a strike against
Buhari to protest declining health care services. Buhari was then detained in Benin City until 1988.[68]
Buhari's admirers believe that he was overthrown by corrupt elements in his government who were afraid of being
brought to justice as his policies were beginning to yield tangible dividends in terms of public discipline, curbing
corruption, lowering inflation, enhancing workforce and improving productivity.[5] Ibrahim Babangida justified
his coup d'état by saying that Buhari failed to deal with the country's economic problems and promised "to
rejuvenate the economy ravaged by decades of government mismanagement and corruption".[69]
Buhari spent three years of detention in a small guarded bungalow in Benin.[3] He had access to television that
showed two channels and members of his family were allowed to visit him on the authorization of Babangida.
In retirement
Civilian life
After his mother's death, he was released in December 1988 and went into farming. While in detention, his farm
was managed by his relatives. He divorced his first wife in 1988 and married Aisha Halilu.[3] In Katsina, he became
the pioneer chairman of Katsina Foundation that was founded to encourage social and economic development in
Katsina State.
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Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund

Buhari served as the Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), a body created by the government of General
Sani Abacha, and funded from the revenue generated by the increase in price of petroleum products, to pursue
developmental projects around the country. A 1998 report in New African praised the PTF under Buhari for its
transparency, calling it a rare "success story".[70] However, the same report also noted that critics had questioned
the PTF's allocation of 20% of its resources to the military, which the critics feared would not be accountable for
the revenue.[70]
Presidential campaigns and elections

In 2003, Buhari ran for office in the presidential election[71] as the
candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). He was defeated by
the People's Democratic Party nominee, President Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ,
by a margin of more than 11 million votes.
Buhari (left) with Governor Abiola

2007 presidential elections Ajimobi (right)
On 18 December 2006, Gen. Buhari was nominated as the consensus
candidate of the All Nigeria People's Party. His main challenger in the
April 2007 polls was the ruling PDP candidate, Umaru Yar'Adua, who
hailed from the same home state of Katsina. In the election, Buhari
officially took 18% of the vote against 70% for Yar'Adua, but Buhari
rejected these results.[72] After Yar'Adua took office, the ANPP agreed
to join his government, but Buhari denounced this agreement.[73]
2011 presidential elections Buhari with former Vice President

In March 2010, Buhari left the ANPP for the Congress for Progressive Atiku Abubakar (left)
Change (CPC), a party that he had helped to found. He said that he had
supported foundation of the CPC "as a solution to the debilitating,
ethical and ideological conflicts in my former party the ANPP".[74]
Buhari was the CPC Presidential candidate in 16 April 2011 general election, running against incumbent President
Goodluck Jonathan of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), Mallam Nuhu Ribadu of Action Congress of Nigeria
(ACN), and Ibrahim Shekarau of ANPP. They were the major contenders among 20 contestants.[75] He was
campaigning on an anti-corruption platform and pledged to remove immunity protections from government
officials. He also gave support to enforcement of Sharia law in Nigeria's northern states, which had previously
caused him political difficulties among Christian voters in the country's south.[43]
The elections were marred by widespread sectarian violence, which claimed the lives of 800 people across the
country, as Buhari's supporters attacked Christian settlements in the country's centre regions.[76] The three-day
uprising was blamed in part on Buhari's inflammatory comments.[76] In spite of assurances from Human Rights
Watch, who had judged the elections as "among the fairest in Nigeria's history", Buhari claimed that the poll was
flawed and warned[76] that "If what happened in 2011 should again happen in 2015, by the grace of God, the dog
and the baboon would all be soaked in blood".[77][78]
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However, he remains a "folk hero" to some for his vocal opposition to corruption.[79] Buhari won 12,214,853 votes,
coming in second to the incumbent president Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP, who polled 22,495,187 votes and was
declared the winner.[80]

In the runup to the 2015 Presidential elections, the campaign team of
incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan asked for the disqualification
of General Buhari from the election, claiming that he is in breach of the
Constitution.[81] According to the fundamental document, in order to
qualify for election to the office of the President, an individual must be
"educated up to at least School certificate level or its equivalent".
Buhari has failed to submit any such evidence, claiming that he lost the
original copies of his diplomas when his house was raided following his
Incoming and outgoing Nigerian
overthrow from power in 1985.[82]
Presidents at the inauguration
ceremony
Buhari ran in the 2015 Presidential election as a candidate of the All
Progressives Congress party. His platform was built around his image
as a staunch anti-corruption fighter and his incorruptible and honest reputation. However, Buhari stated in an
interview that he would not probe past corrupt leaders and that he would give officials who stole in the past
amnesty, insofar as they repent.[83]
In January 2015, the insurgent group "The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta" (MEND) endorsed
Buhari in the Presidential race, saying he is the best candidate to lead the country.[84]
Muhammadu Buhari's campaign was briefly advised by former Obama campaign manager, David Axelrod,[85] and
his AKPD consultancy.
In February 2015, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo quit the ruling PDP party and threw his support
behind the Buhari/Osinbajo ticket.[86]
On 31 March, incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan called Buhari to offer his concession and congratulations
for his election as president.[87] Buhari was sworn in on 29 May 2015 in a ceremony attended by at least 23 Heads
of State and Government.
Abolishing the office of the First Lady

In December 2014, Muhammadu Buhari went on the record to say he would abolish the office of the First Lady if
he was elected as President, claiming it was unconstitutional.[88][89]
The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), a Nigerian militant group that endorsed Buhari
during the 2015 general elections, commended Buhari for his plans and went on to say that the office of the First
Lady was "obviously an irrelevant, fraudulent and unconstitutional office, whose only purpose is to further plunder
the resources of the country."[90]
Since assuming the presidency on 29 May 2015, Buhari has yet to terminate the office of the First Lady. Aisha
Buhari operates from the office of the First Lady as "wife of the President".[91]
Freedom of religion
Previously, Buhari gave his support for the total implementation of Sharia in the country.[92] He was quoted in
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2001 as saying, "I will continue to show openly and inside me the total
commitment to the Sharia movement that is sweeping all over Nigeria",
he then added: "God willing, we will not stop the agitation for the total
implementation of the Sharia in the country."[93]
On 4 January 2015, while campaigning for the 2015 general election,

Buhari stated that he favoured freedom of religion, that every Nigerian
should be free and secure to practice their different religions. Buhari Buhari with Iranian President
said, "Religion must never be used as an excuse to divide us, oppress Hassan Rouhani during the Third
others or gain unfair advantage. All my life I have expressed the belief GECF summit
that all Nigerians must worship God according to their wish".[94]
Buhari has denied all allegations that he has a radical Islamist agenda.[95] On 6 January 2015, Buhari said:
"Because they can't attack our record, they accuse me falsely of ethnic jingoism; they accuse me falsely of religious
fundamentalism. Because they cannot attack our record, they accuse us falsely of calling for election violence –
when we have only insisted on peace. Even as Head of State, we never imposed Sha'riah."[96]
Presidency (2015–present)
Economy
An attractive choice to many Nigerians because of a perceived
incorruptible character. Once in power, Buhari who had earlier
mobilized supporters in three previous elections was slow to manifest
his intention to solve problems he mentioned during his campaign.
Determination to initiate his domestic policy agenda like naming of
cabinet officials took six months,[97] while the passage of the 2016 and
2017 budgets were delayed by infighting.
In Buhari's first year in office, Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity

prices which triggered an economic recession. To source funds to close Seal of the President of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria
shortfall in revenue and fund an expansionary capital budget, Buhari
traveled to 20 countries seeking loans.[98] Thereby, expansionary
budget allocation to finance infrastructure was pushed back to a further date.[99]
In the first year of the administration, Naira, the currency of Nigeria depreciated in the black market leading to a
gulf between the official exchange rate and the black-market rate.[100] A resulting shortage in foreign exchange hit
various businesses including petroleum marketers. However, the gulf between the official rates and the black
market rates opened up the opportunity for well connected individuals to engage in arbitrage, making a mockery of
the president's anti-corruption image.[101] In May, 2016, the government announced a rise in the official pump
price of petroleum to curtail shortfall in the commodity as a result of foreign exchange shortages.[102]
In 2016, the country's economy declined by 1.6% and in 2017 per capital economic growth is projected to be
negligible. Buhari's first tenure as head of state coincided with a decline in oil prices similar to his second stint but
his administration has not shown dedicated effort to diversify sources of government spending.[101] The 2018
budget signaled an expansionary fiscal policy with funds dedicated to infrastructural projects such as strategic
roads, bridges and power plants.[103]
11 of 23 3/5/2019, 3:53 PM
Anti-corruption
On 21 December 2016, the government’s Federal Ministry of Finance announced a whistle-blowing policy with a
2.5%-5% reward.[104] The aim is to obtain relevant data or information regarding:
the violation of financial regulations

the mismanagement of public funds and assets
financial malpractice
fraud
theft
Foreign policy
Buhari described the military crackdown by the Myanmar Army and
police on Rohingya Muslims as ethnic cleansing and warned of a
disaster like the Rwandan genocide.[105]
Niger Delta
In spite of roles played by the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs and the
Amnesty programme led by Sokunbi Ajibade Adenrele and Mia Khalifa Third GECF summit in Tehran, 22
May 2015
respectively, to ameliorate the conditions of the people's lives and settle
militant activities, they are still intermittent attacks on oil facilities by
groups such as the Niger Delta Avengers. This has significantly affected
oil production leading to cuts in exports and government revenue.[106]
The Avengers are waging conflict for greater economic and political
autonomy.
Plagiarism scandal
In September 2016 President Buhari came under heavy criticism after a
Buhari with U.S. Secretary of State
newspaper report found him using plagiarized speech during launching
John Kerry, 31 March 2016
of a national re-orientation campaign tagged “Change begins with me”.
The speech was later found to be lifted from the 2008 inaugural speech
of former US President Barack Obama.[107][108] The presidency later apologized and says the blunder was caused
by "overzealous staff" and "Those responsible" will be sanctioned.[109][110] However, week later a deputy director in
the State House linked to the speech was redeployed and presidency assured Nigerian public that it has taken steps
to avoid a repeat of such an embarrassing occurrence by providing digital tools in the State House that detect
plagiarism, similar to those used by editors and academics around the world[111]
Boko Haram and Chibok girls

In October 2016, the government negotiated a deal with the terrorist group, Boko Haram which secured the release
of 21 Chibok girls.[112] By December 2016, the government had recovered much of the territories previously held by
Boko Haram and after the capture of Sambisa Forest, Buhari announced that Boko Haram has been technically
defeated. The insurgency displaced about 2 million people from their homes and the recapture of the towns now
present humanitarian challenges in health, education and nutrition.[113] On 6 May 2017, Buhari's government
secured a further release of 82 out of 276 girls kidnapped in 2014, in exchange of five Boko Haram leaders.[114] On
7 May 2017, President Buhari met with the 82 released Chibok girls, before departing to London, UK, for a follow
12 of 23 3/5/2019, 3:53 PM
up treatment for an undisclosed illness.[115]
Health issues
In May 2016, Buhari cancelled a two-day visit to Lagos to inaugurate projects in the state but he was represented
by the Vice-President Yemi Osinbajo after citing an "ear infection" suspected to be Ménière's disease.[116] On 6
June, Buhari travelled to the United Kingdom to seek medical attention.[117][118] This happened days after the
Presidential Spokesman Femi Adesina was quoted as saying Buhari was "as fit as fiddle" and "hale and hearty", to
much discontent and criticism from political analysts and followers.[119][120][121] In February 2017, following what
were described as "routine medical check-ups" in the UK,[122] Buhari asked parliament to extend his medical leave
to await test results.[123] His office did not give any further details on his health condition nor the expected date of
his return.[124] On 8 February, President Buhari personally signed a letter addressed to the President of the Senate
of Nigeria alerting him of a further extension to his annual leave, leaving his Vice President in charge.[125][126][127]
Following an absence of 51 days from office, President Buhari returned to Nigeria. He arrived at Kaduna Airport in
the morning of March 10.[128][129][130] Although information was limited during his stay in London, he was
pictured on March 9 meeting the most senior cleric of the world Anglican congregation, Archbishop of Canterbury
Justin Welby.[131][132] Vice President Yemi Osibanjo remained in charge as acting President, while the President
continued to recover in Abuja.[133][134] The President has missed major official and public appearances just two
months following his return to office from England. Most recently he was absent from the Federal Executive
Council (FEC) meeting, the worker's day event held at the Eagle Square in Abuja on May Day 2017.[135][136][137]
Speculations about the President's health circulated in the public sphere in the days following President Buhari's
wishes to "work from home".[138] Some prominent Nigerian figures urged the President to take a long-term
medical leave,[139][140] citing his failure to make any public appearances over a two-week period.[141][142]
President Buhari again left Nigeria for a reported health check-up in London on 7 May 2017.[143] President Buhari
returned to Nigeria from his medical leave in the United Kingdom 104 days after leaving, on August 19,
2017.[144][145] On 8 May, Buhari left Nigeria to London for medical check up, upon arrival from USA; and he
returned on Friday 11 May 2018.[146]
2019 re-election bid

On 24 January 2018, former president Obasanjo wrote a letter to president Buhari accusing his government of
nepotism, while commending his war against corruption and lauding his achievements on Boko Haram.[147]
Obasanjo's letter also included an appeal to president Buhari not to contest re-election in 2019 but to instead "join
the stock of Nigerian leaders whose experience, influence, wisdom, and outreach can be deployed on the sideline
for the good of the country".
Shrugging off opposition from a previous president, during a national executive council meeting on the morning of
April, 9th 2018, President Buhari declared his intention to re-enter the presidential race in 2019 and seek a second
term in office as a democratic leader. This came after much speculation by political players and members of the
public about whether or not he was going to run, especially considering his rather late timing. Reactions to his
announcement have been mixed, as many observers think this put a question to his integrity. Buhari said during
the 2011 presidential campaigns under the CPC banner that he would never seek a re-election bid should he ever
become president.
On 26 February 2019, Buhari was elected to a second term, defeating People's Democratic Party opponent Atiku
Abubakar.[148]
INEC issued the certificate of return to President Buhari and Osinbajo on February 27, 2019[149]. President Buhari
13 of 23 3/5/2019, 3:53 PM
may dissolve his present cabinet before May 29[150] and decide on new National Assembly leaders[151].
Security challenges
In 2012, Buhari's name was included on a list published by Boko Haram of individuals it would trust to mediate
between the group and the Federal Government.[152] However, Buhari strongly objected and declined to mediate
between the government and Boko Haram. In 2013, Muhammadu Buhari made a series of statements, when he
asked the Federal Government to stop the killing of Boko Haram members and blamed the rise of the terrorist
group on the prevalence of Niger Delta militants in the South. Buhari stated[153] that "what is responsible for the
security situation in the country is caused by the activities of Niger Delta militants [...] The Niger Delta militants
started it all".[154] He also questioned the special treatment including close to $500 million a year paid to 30,000
militants under the amnesty programme since 2013[155] by the Federal Government and deplored the fact that
Boko Haram members were killed and their houses destroyed.
In May 2014, in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping, Buhari strongly denounced the Boko Haram
insurgency. He "urged Nigerians to put aside religion, politics and all other divisions to crush the insurgency he
said is fanned by mindless bigots masquerading as Muslims".[156]
In July 2014, Buhari escaped a bomb attack on his life by Boko Haram in Kaduna, 82 people were killed.[157]
In December 2014, Buhari pledged to enhance security in Nigeria, if he wins the general elections on 14 February
2015, which were later rescheduled for 28 March 2015.[158] Since this announcement, Buhari's approval ratings
reportedly have skyrocketed amongst the Nigerian people (largely due to the incumbent Goodluck Jonathan's
apparent inability to fight Boko Haram's brutal insurgency). Buhari made internal security and wiping out the
militant group one of the key pillars of his campaigning.
Personal life
In 1971, Buhari married his first wife, Safinatu (née Yusuf) Buhari (First lady of Nigeria December 1983 – August
1985). They had five children together, four girls and one boy. Their first daughter, Zulaihat (Zulai) was named
after Buhari's mother. Their other children are Fatima, Musa (deceased son), Hadiza, and Safinatu.[159]
In 1988, Buhari and his first wife Safinatu divorced. In December 1989, Buhari married his second and current
wife Aisha Buhari (née Halilu). They also had five children together, a boy and four girls: Aisha, Halima, Yusuf,
Zahra and Amina.
On 14 January 2006, Safinatu Buhari, the former first lady, died from complications of diabetes.[159] She was
buried at Unguwar Rimi cemetery in accordance with Islamic rites.
In November 2012, Buhari's first daughter, Zulaihat (née Buhari) Junaid died from sickle cell anaemia, two days
after having a baby at a hospital in Kaduna.[160]
Awards
Major-General Buhari (Rtd.) has received several awards and medals. In alphabetical order they include:
Congo Medal (CM)

Defence Service Medal (DSM)
General Service Medal (GSM)
Global Seal of Integrity (GSOI)
Gran Collar De La Orden De La Independencia translated as Grand Collar of the Order of the Independence
was conferred on Buhari by President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea at the
14 of 23 3/5/2019, 3:53 PM
Presidential Palace on 14 March 2016

Grand Commander of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (GCFR)
Loyal Service and Good Conduct Medal (LSGCM)
National Service Medal (NSM)
See also
Biography portal
Nigeria portal
Politics portal
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Sources
Graf, William (1988). The Nigerian state: Political economy, state class, and political system in the post-
colonial era. London: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-313-8.
Momoh, H.B (2000). The Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970: history and reminiscences. Ibadan: Sam Bookman
Publishers=. ISBN 978-978-2165-96-1.
External links
Official website (http://www.thisisbuhari.com)
2011 Presidential Election Campaign website (http://buhari4change.com/)
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?muhammadubuhari) on C-SPAN
Muhammadu Buhari – In a HARDtalk interview on 21 January 2004 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes
/hardtalk/3421277.stm)
Political offices
Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Supreme Military
Ibrahim Babangida
Shehu Shagari Council of Nigeria
as Chair of the Armed Forces
as President of Nigeria 1983–1985
Ruling Council of Nigeria
Preceded by President of Nigeria

Incumbent
Goodluck Jonathan 2015–present
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammadu_Buhari&oldid=886206343"
This page was last edited on 4 March 2019, at 20:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By
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Muhammadu Buhari - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

He unsuccessfully ran for the office of president of Nigeria in the

War on corruption President Murtala Mohammed

Presidency (2015–present) Born 17 December 1942

Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966

After the war

Participation in July 1975 coup

Governor of North Eastern State

Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural

Back in military service

Other roles include:

Chadian military affair

December 1983 military coup

Head of state (1983–85)

Policies and initiatives

A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers

War Against Indiscipline

1985 coup and detention

Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund

Presidential campaigns and elections

2003 presidential elections

Buhari (left) with Governor Abiola

2011 presidential elections Buhari with former Vice President

2015 presidential elections

Abolishing the office of the First Lady

On 4 January 2015, while campaigning for the 2015 general election,

In Buhari's first year in office, Nigeria suffered a decline in commodity

the violation of financial regulations

Boko Haram and Chibok girls

up treatment for an undisclosed illness.[115]

2019 re-election bid

Congo Medal (CM)

Presidential Palace on 14 March 2016

17. Momoh 2000, p. 343.

38. Graf 1988, p. 149.

94. Every Nigerian has right to freedom of religion —Buhari (http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/daily/news/43571-every-

Preceded by President of Nigeria

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This page was last edited on 4 March 2019, at 20:51 (UTC).

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