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Abstract: Existing structures may be in need of seismic upgrading owing to structural deterioration, change in function or use, increased per-
formance requirements, or modified seismic codes. In recent years, fluid viscous (FV) dampers have received increasing attention because of their
notable seismic-reduction capacity and easy installation. This paper outlines the design procedure of seismic upgrading of existing buildings using
FV dampers. Discussions are made on some key issues for seismic upgrading using FV dampers, including the analytical damper-brace model
under large earthquakes and strategies for damper layout. A case study is made, in which a 21-story hotel built in 1991 was seismic upgraded. One
special feature of this project is that only the first six stories can be structurally modified, resulting in limitations on the damper layout. According
to the proposed design procedure, 56 FV dampers are suggested for this project, which provide a supplemental damping ratio of 5.3%. As a result,
the seismic responses of upper stories could be significantly reduced, which avoids damaging the decoration of the building above its sixth story
and enables short and economic construction. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000671. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Seismic upgrade; High-rise building; Reinforced concrete structure; Fluid viscous damper; Design procedure.
Damper Damper
Column
Brace Brace
Piston rod Chamber 1 Chamber 2
Piston head Control valve Rod make-up accumulator
with orifices (a) (b)
(a)
W F W F
Seal retainer High-strength seal
Cylinder
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Damper
Damper
Piston rod Piston head Silicone fluid
with orifices
(b) (c) (d)
Fig. 1. Configuration of two commonly used FV dampers: (a) damper Fig. 2. Illustration of a single-story structure with fluid viscous
with an accumulator; (b) run-through piston rod dampers: (a) diagonal; (b) chevron; (c) toggle; (d) scissor
and an accumulator. The chambers are filled with compressible sil- complex than the diagonal and chevrons and are not widely used
icon oil, and the piston head has specially shaped passages that alter in practice.
the flow characteristics with fluid speed. For the damper in The idealized behavior of the damper-brace system can be math-
Fig. 1(a), the volume of the piston rod in the chamber during its ematically depicted by the simple Maxwell model in Fig. 3(b),
movements should be kept constant; therefore, a rod make-up ac- which consists of a damper and a spring. The spring is used to
cumulator is required to adjust the amount of fluid in the chamber. simulate the brace. Because the damper (with approximate zero
Fig. 1(b) shows another type of FV damper with a run-through stiffness) and the brace are connected in series, the system does not
piston rod, which no longer needs an accumulator, resulting in in- show any stiffness under normal status. Although this model has
creased stability and reliability. The accumulator in Fig. 1(a), on the been widely used for elastic analysis, it is not sufficient for the
other hand, enables more silicone fluid and larger energy dissipa- ultimate limit state analysis under rare earthquakes. A more com-
tion, which benefits the heat dissipation under high-velocity move- prehensive model can be developed, as shown in Fig. 3(c), consist-
ments; furthermore, the accumulator can be used to supplement ing of a hook element and a gap element in parallel. Under frequent
fluid if leakage occurs. earthquakes, this model has the same behavior as that in Fig. 3(b).
The nonlinear force-velocity behavior of a FV damper can be When the piston extension reaches the damper stroke under rare
depicted by Eq. (1) earthquakes (damper in tension), the hook element activates the
stiffness of the piston rod, cylinder wall, and the brace. When the
f ¼ cju̇jα sgnðu̇Þ ð1Þ piston retraction equals the stroke (damper in compression), the gap
element activates the stiffness of the piston rod, cylinder, and the
where c = damping coefficient; α = constant exponent; u̇ = relative brace. In addition, the springs for brace, piston rod, and cylinder are
displacement velocity between the two ends of the damper; sgn all nonlinear ones, including the yielding and rupture behaviors.
denotes the symbolic function; the force output is proportional
to ju̇jα , where u̇ = piston rod velocity; and α = predetermined Equations of Motion
coefficient with a typical range from 0.2 to 1. A design with α ¼ 1
corresponds to a linear viscous damper. For the FV damper, its stiff- The equations of motion for a bare or damped structure subjected to
ness is often neglected for practical purposes. earthquake actions can both be expressed as
½Mfü þ ½Cfu̇ þ ½Kfu ¼ −½Mfüg g ð2Þ
Damper-Brace System where fug, fu̇g, and füg = nodal displacement, velocity, and
Two commonly used damper-brace systems (i.e., the diagonal and acceleration vectors, respectively; füg g = ground acceleration
chevron damper–brace systems) are illustrated in Figs. 2(a and b). vector; and [M], [K], and [C] are the mass, stiffness, and damping
The displacement of dampers is either less than (diagonal brace) or matrixes, respectively. For the damped structure, [M], [K], and [C]
equal to (chevron brace) the drift of the story at which the dampers should be superimposed by the structural matrix and the damper
are installed. Therefore, larger supplemental damping ratios can be matrixes. However, the mass and stiffness matrixes of the damper-
obtained in the latter. Illustrated in Figs. 2(c and d) are the toggle brace system are often neglected in practice.
damper–brace system and scissor damper–brace systems, respec- The damping matrix [C] is expressed as
tively, in which hinged trusses are used to magnify the effect of
the structural drift on the damper displacement and also to magnify X
N
½C ¼ ½Cs þ ½Cid ð3Þ
the small damper force and deliver it to the structural frame. As a i¼1
result, a much larger damping ratio would be obtained compared
with the diagonal and chevron systems (Sarkisian et al. 2013; where ½Cid = damping matrix of the ith damper element; N = total
Constantinou et al. 2001). However, the two systems are more number of dampers; and ½Cs = Rayleigh damping matrix of the
Fig. 3. Idealized behavior and analytical models of FV damper: (a) idealized force-displacement relation; (b) Maxwell model for elastic analysis;
(c) model for ultimate limit state analysis
structure. Eq. (2) can be solved by the implicit Newmark iterative current status (such as cracks and corrosion). Evaluation should
method or the discrete Fourier transform method (Soong and be made according to the inspection results and the related
Dargush 1997). codes to check whether there are seismically deficient items.
2. The remaining service year of the structure after upgrading
should be determined. A reduction in the static and seismic
Supplemental Damping Ratio
loads in the upgrading design may be accepted with a shorter
In the upgrade design using FV dampers, earthquake time-history remaining service year (MHURD-PRC 2009), which is based
analyses are usually performed. However, such analyses may be on the risk analysis on the predicted earthquake intensity in
time-consuming, especially when there are a number of damper the follow-up years. However, according to the updated
arrangement plans. To make an approximate but fast evaluation performance-based design philosophy or the owner’s request,
on the seismic-reduction effect, the supplemental damping ratio one can also choose a longer remaining service life and the
ξ d of the damped structure can be calculated using modal analysis, corresponding load level.
as shown in Eq. (4) (Hanson and Soong 2001) 3. The upgrade target is determined according to the owner’s re-
P quirements, in which a balance should be kept between the
T 2−α j Cj λf1þα
j ϕ1þα
rj costs and the seismic performance.
ξd ¼ P ð4Þ
ð2πÞ3−α A1−α i mi ϕ2i 4. An analytical model [a finite-element (FE) model, in most
cases] of the bare structure should be established, and a pre-
where T = natural period of the first vibration mode; α = damping liminary analysis should be conducted.
exponent; Cj = damping coefficient of the dampers at the jth story; 5. A preliminary design is conducted based on the FE model,
f j = magnification factor, depending on the installation scheme of including the damper layout, selection of damper parameters
dampers (Hwang et al. 2008, 2013); ϕrj = first modal relative (i.e., C and α), braces and other strengthening measures if
displacement between the ends of the damper j in the horizontal necessary.
direction; mi = mass of the ith story; ϕi = horizontal modal dis- 6. Modal analysis is conducted to evaluate the supplemental
placements of the ith story; A = roof response amplitude corre- damping ratio ξ d . Note that this step is optional and aims
sponding to modal displacement ϕj normalized to a unit value at a fast but preliminary evaluation on the upgrading effect.
at the roof; and λ = parameter, which can be calculated by 7. Time-history analysis is conducted under frequent earth-
quakes, and performance indexes after upgrading should
Γ2 ½1 þ ðα=2Þ
λ ¼ 22þα ð5Þ be checked. Note that in the Chinese code (MHURD-PRC
Γð2 þ αÞ 2010a), a two-step design procedure is recommended, includ-
where Γ = Euler’s gamma function, as shown in Eq. (6) ing the analyses under frequent and rare earthquakes; however,
analysis under the design basis earthquakes (DBE) may be
∞
1Y z −1 1 z required in some other codes.
ΓðzÞ ¼ 1þ 1þ ð6Þ 8. Similar analysis and evaluation should be performed for rare
z n¼1 n n
earthquakes (and for the DBE level earthquakes if required by
A larger ξ d usually leads to a more significant seismic-reduction the code of the country where the project takes place). In this
effect. step, a more complicated analytical model is required to account
for all possible failure modes in the elastoplastic analysis.
9. Cost analysis should be conducted simultaneously with the
Seismic Upgrade of Existing Structures preceding design steps to ensure an acceptable budget.
Such a procedure is summarized in the flowchart shown in
Fig. 4, where adjustments should be made, if any design criterion
Design Procedure is not fully satisfied.
According to the preceding knowledge on the behaviors of damper-
brace systems, the following practical design procedure is proposed
Strategy of the Damper Layout
for seismic upgrading of existing buildings:
1. A seismic inspection should be performed first to obtain Because FV dampers are usually more costly than traditional
the information on material properties, seismic detailing, and strengthening measures and may affect the architectural space
Shear wall
Hole
at
Hole No.2 floor
(W=1.2m, H=2.1m) Hole No.6
(W=1.2m, H=2.1m)
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Shear wall
Hole
at
floor
Beam
(b)
Fig. 5. Plan view of the building: (a) original first basement; (b) original first floor
are larger than the latter. The distribution of interstory drifts along the component TAR000 of the Landers earthquake (1992). The two
building height, however, is not the bending type that is typical artificial waves are the Nanjing wave and the Suqian wave. Table 1
for shear-wall structures, but a shear-bending type, especially in tabulates the properties of these waves, and Fig. 9 shows the accel-
the longitudinal direction. This is because some walls are slender eration spectra of these ground motions, which were adjusted to
and behave like columns; therefore, the building has the interstory match the target design spectrum corresponding to the frequent
drift profiles similar to those of a frame-shear wall structure.
Based on the FE model of the bare strcutre, FV dampers are si-
mulated using the nonlinear Damper element in SAP2000.
According to the procedure depicted in Fig. 4, fifty chevron-brace
dampers and six diagonal-brace dampers are suggested to be used
in the first through sixth stories, as shown in Fig. 7(c) and Fig. 8.
It might not be most effective to place the dampers in these bottom
stories according to the interstory drift pattern in Fig. 7(b); therefore,
With nice
such a damper layout is subjected to the limitations in this particular inner decoration
Structurally
project. The damping coefficient C and the exponent α are separated
1,800 kN · m=s and 0.25, respectively. These dampers have a maxi- Structurally
separated
mum damping force of 1,000 kN and the stroke is 100 mm.
Five far-field ground motion records and two artificial waves
Structural
were selected for seismic analyses according to the soil type of
strengthening
the construction site, as required by MHURD-PRC (2010a). The allowed
five records include the component KAU045-N of the Chi-Chi
earthquake (1999), the component ATS300 of the Ducze earth- Original 1st basement
quake (1999), the component 0546a360 of the CABaja (2002),
Fig. 6. Profile of the Anhui Hotel before upgrading (image by Tong Guo)
the component FUK090 of the Kobe earthquake (1995), and the
15
Longitudinal
Story
Transversal
10
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0
0.0001 0.0002
Interstory drift ratio
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 7. Finite-element model of the Anhui Hotel and interstory drift ratios: (a) without dampers; (b) interstory drift ratios; (c) with dampers
C C
A A A Section A
Section B
A A A
(a)
Section C
(b) (c)
Fig. 8. Suggested damper layout: (a) second and third floors; (b) fourth through sixth floors; (c) Sections A, B, and C
earthquakes. Thereafter, the modified spectra were transferred back Hotel has been in use for more than 20 years, the remaining service
into time-history data for seismic analyses (Hancock et al. 2006). time is considered to be 30 years. Accordingly, a coefficient of 0.75
According to the Chinese code (MHURD-PRC 2009), the de- is multiplied to the acceleration time-histories (MHURD-PRC
sign service time of a new building is 50 years. Because the Anhui 2009), so that the peak accelerations under frequent earthquakes
0.10 concrete structure is usually assumed to be 5%, and the total damp-
Design spectrum ing ratio of the structure may be doubled after upgrading. Fig. 10
0.08 CABaja shows the interstory drift ratios before and after seismic upgrading
ChiChi
Duzce
under frequent earthquakes. All the story drifts are reduced more or
Acceleration (g)
0.06 Kobe less after the damper installation, whereas FV damper significantly
Landers reduces the drifts of upper stories and the transversal interstory
Nanjing
Suqian
drifts are generally larger than longitudinal ones. Notably, these
0.04 drifts are in general small and all within the threshold value
(i.e., 0.001) specified in the code (MHURD-PRC 2010a, b). After
0.02 seismic upgrading, drift ratios above the seventh floor in the lon-
gitudinal direction reduced to 82.1–94.6% (with a mean value of
0.00 90.4%) of those before upgrading. In the transversal direction, drift
0 1 2 3 4 ratios are reduced to 85.1–94.7% (with a mean value of 90.2%) of
Period (s) those before upgrading.
To further evaluate the effect of upgrading, the seismic reduction
Fig. 9. Acceleration spectra of selected ground motions and the cor-
coefficient η is defined as follows:
responding design spectrum (frequent earthquakes)
VB − VA
η¼ ð8Þ
VB
were taken as 26.25 (i.e., 35 × 0.75) cm · s−2 . Under such earth- where V B and V A = interstory shear forces before and after upgrad-
quakes, the structures are expected to behave elastically, and the ing, respectively. Under the frequent earthquakes, the seismic re-
largest interstory drift should be no larger than 1=1,000 for duction coefficient η above the seventh floor in the longitudinal
shear-wall structures (MHURD-PRC 2010a, b). Under rare earth- direction ranges from 0.091 to 0.308, with a mean value of 0.147;
quakes, the peak accelerations are taken as 165 (i.e., 220 × 0.75) whereas in the transversal direction, η ranges from 0.095 to 0.341,
cm · s−2 , and the largest interstory drift should be no larger than with a mean value of 0.167. In the second to the sixth stories, η
1=120 for shear-wall structures. The return periods of the two ranges from 0.084 to 0.127 in the longitudinal direction, with a
reduced levels of earthquakes are 30 and 1,485 years, respectively. mean value of 0.114; whereas it ranges from 0.080 to 0.118, with
a mean value of 0.103 in the transversal direction. The seismic re-
duction effect seems more significant in higher stories than the
Seismic Responses under Frequent Earthquakes
lower stories, which is desirable for this project. After checking
According to MHURD-PRC (2010a), in the elastic earthquake the required reinforcements, most structural members above the
time-history analyses, the base shear force of each ground motion seventh story no longer require any strengthening, which is a result
should be no less than 65% that of the mode decomposition re- of the use of FV dampers and reduced seismic intensity owing to
sponse spectrum analysis, and the mean base shear forces of multi- the shorter remaining service time (30 years).
ple ground motions should be no less than 80% that of the mode In addition, although the shear walls in each story are placed in a
decomposition response spectrum analysis. Otherwise, the ground reverse symmetrical way, the torsion effect is insignificant. For ex-
motions should be reselected. Table 2 shows the base shear forces ample, subject to the Chi-Chi ground motion scaled to the frequent
of the damped building under frequent earthquakes, in which the earthquake level, the ratios of the largest horizontal displacement
aforementioned criteria are satisfied in the transversal, longitudinal over the mean displacement of each story prior to damper instal-
direction as well as the in-plane direction of the skewed walls. lation are no larger than 1.10; after damper installation, the ratios
According to Eqs. (4)–(6), the supplemental damping ratios ξ d have a small reduction, and the largest one is only 1.06, showing
in the transversal and longitudinal directions are 5.3 and 6.5%, that the torsion effect is further reduced by the dampers. Table 3
respectively. The intrinsic damping ratio of the bare reinforced shows the mean acceleration reduction ratios of each story in
Story
Story
Story
10 10 10
5 5 5
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0 0 0
0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002
Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio
(a) (b) (c)
20 20 20
B(L) B(L) B(L)
A(L) A(L) A(L)
B(T) B(T) B(T)
15 A(T) 15 A(T) 15 A(T)
Story
Story
Story
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002
Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio
(d) (e) (f)
A = after; B = before; L = longitudinal direction; T = transversal direction
Fig. 10. Interstory drift ratios before and after seismic upgrading (under frequent earthquakes): (a) CABaja; (b) Chi-Chi; (c) Duzce; (d) Kobe;
(e) Landers; (f) Nanjing
Table 3. Mean Acceleration Reduction Ratios under Frequent and Rare two orthogonal directions under the seven ground motions scaled to
Earthquakes the frequent earthquakes level, in which the ratio ranges from 11.3
Frequent earthquake (%) Rare earthquake (%)
to 55.8%, showing the reduction in acceleration is significant.
Southeast Northwest Southeast Northwest
Story direction direction direction direction Seismic Response under Rare Earthquakes
20 36.4 43.7 37.3 43.7 Subjected to the rare earthquakes, the building may no longer be-
19 31.0 35.3 31.7 35.3 have elastically. Therefore, in addition to the nonlinear properties of
18 25.5 25.8 25.9 26.0 dampers, nonlinear material properties of concrete and steel should
17 20.2 15.9 20.5 16.4 be taken into account, as shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows the in-
16 16.4 11.3 16.6 10.3 terstory drift ratios before and after seismic upgrading, in which the
15 17.1 18.9 17.0 17.8 drift ratios are much larger than those in the frequent earthquakes.
14 21.0 27.3 20.2 27.3 However, they are all within the limit of 1=120. After seismic
13 26.3 36.1 25.4 35.1
upgrading, drift ratios above the seventh floor in the longitudinal
12 33.9 43.5 32.8 41.9
11 40.6 49.5 39.4 48.0 direction reduced to 60–76.6% (with a mean value of 66.7%) of
10 46.3 54.2 44.8 53.1 those before upgrading. In the transversal direction, drift ratios
9 50.9 55.8 49.1 54.8 are reduced to 66.8–83.9% (with a mean value of 74.7%) of those
8 52.3 55.4 51.3 54.7 before upgrading. Slightly larger seismic reduction is observed in
7 51.8 53.2 52.0 52.1 the longitudinal direction than in the transversal direction.
6 49.8 49.0 51.4 49.2 Under the rare earthquakes, the seismic reduction coefficient η
5 45.5 45.4 47.6 45.7 above the seventh floor in the longitudinal direction ranges from
4 39.2 39.4 41.8 39.8 0.146 to 0.351, with a mean value of 0.197; whereas η ranges from
3 32.5 33.6 35.0 34.1 0.120 to 0.364 in the transversal direction, with a mean value of
2 20.8 24.1 22.6 24.5
0.196. In the second to sixth stories, η ranges from 0.132 to 0.186
200
Stress (MPa)
Stress (MPa) -10
-20
-200
-30
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-400
-0.004 -0.003 -0.002 -0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.12 -0.08 -0.04 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12
-3 -3
(a) Strain (10 ) (b) Strain (10 )
20 20 20
15 15 15
Story
Story
5 5 5
0 0 0
0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015
Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio
(a) (b) (c)
20 20 20
15 15 15
Story
Story
Story
5 5 5
0 0 0
0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0005 0.0010 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015
Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio Interstory drift ratio
Fig. 12. Interstory drift ratios before and after seismic upgrading (under rare earthquakes): (a) CABaja; (b) Chi-Chi; (c) Duzce; (d) Kobe; (e) Landers;
(f) Nanjing
in the longitudinal direction, with a mean value of 0.167; whereas Fig. 13 shows the chevron and diagonal damper-brace systems
in the transversal direction, it ranges from 0.113 to 0.158, with a installed on the building. To ensure the load transfer, the damper-
mean value of 0.141. Compared with the values under frequent wall and brace-wall connections were strengthened using bolted
earthquakes, the seismic reduction effect is much more significant steel plates, as shown in the magnified view in Fig. 13(a). For the
under rare earthquakes. Similar to the case in frequent earthquake chevron-brace dampers, to increase the antibulking capacity of bra-
analyses, the reduction in accelerations after damper installation is ces, the out-plane deformation at the top of braces were restrained
significant under the rare earthquakes, as shown in Table 3. without introducing in-plane restraints to the braces, as shown in
A Steel plates
Bolt
PEFT plate Top beam
Section A of brace
(a) (b)
Fig. 13. Damper-brace systems during construction (images by Tong Guo): (a) Chevron-brace dampers; (b) diagonal-brace dampers
Section A of Fig. 13(a), where polytetrafluoroethylene (PEFT) A more rational modeling method and experimental validation
sliding plates were attached to the steel plates of the top beam may still be needed in future study for investigation purposes.
of braces.
According to the FE analysis, the dampers do not significantly
reduce the seismic responses in the bottom stories. Therefore, Acknowledgments
externally bonded steel-plate strengthening was still adopted in
the first to the sixth stories to increase the seismic capacity of walls, The financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of
especially at the wall ends and new holes for exits. However, the China (NSFC) under Grant No. 51378107 and the Natural Science
amount of steel-plate strengthening was reduced, as compared with Foundation of Jiangsu under Grant No. BK2011611 is gratefully
the original strengthening design using traditional methods. The appreciated.
seismic upgrading was completed in about 3 months with a cost
of approximately 3 million RMB.
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