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  • Channel Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks Based On A Predictive and Adaptive Database

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    Sandro
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    According to IEEE 802.22, a cognitive base station uses the spectrum manager (SM) entity to control all the secondary users (SUs) and channels under its coverage area. This work proposes a novel approach for channel allocation in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks, through the use of a predictive and adaptive database. The aim of the proposed method is to improve the performance of the SM on the channel allocation procedure in cognitive radio networks. The SM uses the predicted data, obtained through a spectrum-modeling algorithm that emulates channel utilization, in order to allocate those channels with higher probability of being idle. The adaptive characteristic is ensured through periodic updates of the database, which are based on channel sensing results. Thus, channels are ranked so that those with best performance are preferred for SU allocation. Simulation results show that the use of the predictive and adaptive features presents better results than methods that do not consider such features. Furthermore, the results show that the number of channel sensing operations performed by the cognitive devices is greatly reduced when using the proposed channel allocation method, which improves the overall network performance.

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    Channel Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks Based on a Predictive and Adaptive Database

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    According to IEEE 802.22, a cognitive base station uses the spectrum manager (SM) entity to control all the secondary users (SUs) and channels under its coverage area. This work proposes a novel approach for channel allocation in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks, through the use of a predictive and adaptive database. The aim of the proposed method is to improve the performance of the SM on the channel allocation procedure in cognitive radio networks. The SM uses the predicted data, obtained through a spectrum-modeling algorithm that emulates channel utilization, in order to allocate those channels with higher probability of being idle. The adaptive characteristic is ensured through periodic updates of the database, which are based on channel sensing results. Thus, channels are ranked so that those with best performance are preferred for SU allocation. Simulation results show that the use of the predictive and adaptive features presents better results than methods that do not consider such features. Furthermore, the results show that the number of channel sensing operations performed by the cognitive devices is greatly reduced when using the proposed channel allocation method, which improves the overall network performance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    14 views22 pages

    Channel Allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks Based On A Predictive and Adaptive Database

    Uploaded by

    Sandro
    According to IEEE 802.22, a cognitive base station uses the spectrum manager (SM) entity to control all the secondary users (SUs) and channels under its coverage area. This work proposes a novel approach for channel allocation in Cognitive Radio (CR) networks, through the use of a predictive and adaptive database. The aim of the proposed method is to improve the performance of the SM on the channel allocation procedure in cognitive radio networks. The SM uses the predicted data, obtained through a spectrum-modeling algorithm that emulates channel utilization, in order to allocate those channels with higher probability of being idle. The adaptive characteristic is ensured through periodic updates of the database, which are based on channel sensing results. Thus, channels are ranked so that those with best performance are preferred for SU allocation. Simulation results show that the use of the predictive and adaptive features presents better results than methods that do not consider such features. Furthermore, the results show that the number of channel sensing operations performed by the cognitive devices is greatly reduced when using the proposed channel allocation method, which improves the overall network performance.

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    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  


    on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database
     
    Sandro  Ribeiro  
    Cris+na  de  Castro  
    Fernando  de  Castro  
    Ludimila  Centeno  
    Candice  Muller  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  1  de  22  
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  
    Adap+ve  Database  
     
     

    Outline:  

    1.  Spectrum  Access  and  Sharing  


    2.  Spectrum  Modeling  
    3.  IEEE  802.22  
    4.  Proposed  System  
    5.  Results  
    6.  Final  Comments  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  2  de  22  
    Spectrum  Access  and  Sharing  
     
     

    Licensed  Spectrum   Unlicensed  Spectrum  

    WiFi,  bluetooth,  
    TV,  cellular,  broadcast  
    microwave  ovens  

    Primary  
    User  (PU)  
    Opportunis+c   Spectrum  holes  
    Spectrum  
    Access  
    or  white  spaces  
    (overlay)  
    Secondary  
    User  (SU)  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  3  de  22  
    Spectrum  Access  and  Sharing  
     
      Network  Architecture
    RF  Spectrum  
    Espectro#de#RF#

    Banda%% band  
    Unlicensed  
    SU#
      não.licenciada% SU#

    High  complexity  
    tasks  are  
    Banda%%  
    Licensed   performed  by  the  
    PU#
    licenciada%1%
    band   #1   BS  
    SU#
      PU# Cogni+ve  
    BS#da#rede#
    Primary  BS  
    BS#primária# BS  
    cogni0va#

    Banda%%
    Licensed     PU# SU#
    licenciada%2%
    band  #2   SU#
     
    Primary  BS  
    BS#primária#
    Rede%cogni1va%
    CRN  without   CRN  with  
    Rede%cogni1va%com%
    infrastructure  
    sem%infraestrutura% infrastructure  
    infraestrutura%
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  4  de  22  
    Spectrum  Modeling
     
      §  Predic+on  of  spectrum  occupa+on  based  on  measurements  
    §  Generates  sta+s+cal  data  and  emulates  real-­‐+me  channel  
    occupa+on  
    §  Bands  of  interest:  TETRA,  GSM  900,  DCS  1800  
    §  Beta  distribu+on,  Geometric  distribu+on  and  Generalized  Pareto  
    §  Duty  Cycle  (DC)    
    Duty*Cycle*Range DC,(Ψ(
    Band
    DC*Archetype From To (average)
    Very%Low 0 0.05 TETRA%UL 0.03
    Low 0.05 0.4 TETRA%DL 0.36
    Medium 0.4 0.6 GSM%900%UL 0.02
    GSM%900%DL 0.96
    High 0.6 0.95 DCS%1800%UL 0.02
    Very%High 0.95 1 DCS%1800%DL 0.44
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  5  de  22  
    Proposed  System
     
     
    MATLAB  
    TETRA  +  GSM  +  DCS   R2014a  

    Predic+on   Eliminates  BS  ini+al  


    scanning  period  

    Predic+ve  and   Adaptability   Reduces  channel  


    adap+ve  database   sensing  opera+ons  

    CRN  with   Reduces  delays  and  


    infrastructure   signaling  traffic  

    Dynamic  Channel  
    Alloca+on  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  6  de  22  
    Proposed  System
     
      Analogy  to  IEEE  802.22  cogni+ve  plane
    §  Spectrum  Manager  En+ty  (SME)  
    §  Spectrum  Genera+on  En+ty  (SGE)  
    §  Channel  Classifica+on  En+ty  (CCE)  
    §  Spectrum  Sensing  En+ty  (SSE)  
    §  Channel  Alloca+on  En+ty  (CAE)  

    CCE$ CAE$

    Spectrum$Manager$
    SGE$ SSF$
    SSE$

    DS$
    SME$
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  7  de  22  
    Proposed  System
     
      Channel  Alloca+on  Cycle
    SGE  creates  
    predic+on  
    data   Channel   No   SSE  senses   End  of  
    requested the   alloca+on  
    ?   channel   cycle?   No  
    CCE/CAE   Yes  
    classify   Yes  
    channels  
    Channel   No   CAE   No  
    CAE   updates   Channel  
    available?  
    rejects  SU   sta+s+cs   available
    CAE  creates   Yes   Yes  
    ?   Adap+ve  
    channel  list   Cycle  
    CAE  selects   CAE  
    channel   updates  
    Wait  for   sta+s+cs  
    channel  
    request  
    CAE  starts   SU  starts  
    alloca+on   transmission  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  8  de  22  
    Proposed  System
     
      Informa+on  Flow
    SGE$ CCE$ SME$ CAE$ SSE$

    [1]$Generate$spectrum$data$

    [2]$Spectrum$data$ready$

    [3]$Classify$channels$

    [4]$Channel$list$ready$

    [5]$Allocate$channels$

    [6]$Sense$channels$

    [7]$Channel$sensing$
    result$
    [8]$Channel$$
    allocaBon$result$
    [9]$Update$$
    database$

    !
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  9  de  22  
    Results
     
      Performed  Simula+ons
    §  Alloca+on  methods:  
    §  Method  1:  Predic+ve  and  adap+ve  database  
    Channel  database  
    §  Method  2:  Predic+ve  database  
    §  Method  3:  Random  channel  search  
    §  Method  4:  Sequen+al  channel  search   No  channel  database  
    §  Method  5:  Adap+ve  database  
    §  Channel  sensing  performance  analisys  
    §  Spectrum  alloca+on  analisys  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  10  de  22  
    Results
     
      Simula+on  Parameters

    §  100  itera+ons  or  alloca+on  cycles  à  100  Adapta+on  cycles  
    §  Maximum  number  of  SUs  per  alloca+on  cycle  à  512  
    §  Useful  spectrum  à  570  channels  
    Band   IniCal  Index   Final  Index   Number  of  
    channels  (n)  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  11  de  22  
    Results
     
      Performance  Criteria
    §  Channel  Alloca+on  Success:  average  channel  alloca+on  success    Chs  (%),  
    given  by  (5):   Scounter
    ChS =
              Scounter + Fcounter
    §  User  Alloca+on  Success:  percentage  of  SUs  successfully  allocated  into  the  
    CR  network    
    §  Channel  Sensing  Success:  overall  channel  sensing  success  CSS  (%),  given  by  
    (6):     CSS =
    CSS
    CSS + CSF

    §  Channels  Sensed  per  User:  average  number  of  channels  sensed  to  allocate  
    a  single  user  CSU,  given  by  (7):  
    CSS + CSF
    CSU =
    SUT
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  12  de  22  
    Results
     
      Method  1  -­‐  Predic+ve  and  adap+ve  database 25 904 SUs

    CRITERIA METHOD 1
    !!!!!!!""'Channel'sensing'succeed'
    !!!!!!!""'Channel'sensing'failed' USER ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 100
    CHANNEL ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 95.11
    Number'of'channel'sensings'(n)'

    CHANNEL SENSING SUCCESS (%) 97.18


    CHANNELS SENSED PER USER (n) 1.05

    Band   IniCal  Index   Final  Index   Number  of  


    channels  (n)  

    Channel'index'
    !
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  13  de  22  
    Results
     
      Method  2  –  Predic+ve  database
    24 979 SUs
    !!!!!!!""!Channel!sensing!succeed!
    !!!!!!!""!Channel!sensing!failed!
    CRITERIA METHOD 2
    Number!of!channel!sensings!(n)!

    USER ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 100


    CHANNEL ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 79.97
    CHANNEL SENSING SUCCESS (%) 86.08
    CHANNELS SENSED PER USER (n) 1.25

    Channel!index!
    !
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  14  de  22  
    Results
     
      Method  3  –  Random  channel  search
    !!!!!!!""!Channel!sensing!succeed!
    !!!!!!!""!Channel!sensing!failed!

    24 860 SUs

    CRITERIA METHOD 3
    Number!of!channel!sensings!(n)!

    USER ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 100


    CHANNEL ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 43.30
    CHANNEL SENSING SUCCESS (%) 51.80
    CHANNELS SENSED PER USER (n) 2.31

    Channel!index!
    !
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  15  de  22  
    Results
     
      Method  4  –  Sequen+al  channel  search
    25 550 SUs

    CRITERIA METHOD 4

    USER ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 99.41


    CHANNEL ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 66.89
    CHANNEL SENSING SUCCESS (%) 75.55
    CHANNELS SENSED PER USER (n) 1.49

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  16  de  22  
    Results
     
      Method  5  –  Adap+ve  database
    !!!!!!!""!Channel!sensing!succeed!
    !!!!!!!""!Channel!sensing!failed! 28 179 SUs

    CRITERIA METHOD 5
    Number!of!channel!sensings!(n)!

    USER ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 100


    CHANNEL ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 92.04
    CHANNEL SENSING SUCCESS (%) 95.20
    CHANNELS SENSED PER USER (n) 1.09

    Channel!index!
    !
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  17  de  22  
    Results
     
      Comparison  of  Methods
    METHOD

    CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5

    USER ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 100 100 100 99.41 100


    CHANNEL ALLOCATION SUCCESS (%) 95.11 79.97 43.30 66.89 92.04
    CHANNEL SENSING SUCCESS (%) 97.18 86.08 51.80 75.55 95.20
    CHANNELS SENSED PER USER (n) 1.05 1.25 2.31 1.49 1.09

    Channel database No channel database

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  18  de  22  
    Results
     
      Spectrum  Alloca+on
    §  Predic+ve  and  adap+ve  database  (Method  1)  
    §  100  alloca+on  cycles  
    §  900  SUs  by  alloca+on  cycle  
    §  Useful  spectrum  of  950  channels  
    BAND
    TETRA TETRA GSM 900 GSM 900 DCS 1800 DCS 1800
    CRITERIA
    UL (%) DL (%) UL (%) DL (%) UL (%) DL (%)

    CHANNEL
    ALLOCATION 34.54 12.25 16.56 0 34.55 2.11
    SUCCESS

    CHANNEL
    ALLOCATION 3.32 57.80 0.11 0 3.62 35.15
    FAIL
    !
    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  19  de  22  
    Final  Comments
     
     
    §  Pros  of  using  a  predicCve  and  adapCve  database:  
    §  Reduc+on  of  spectrum  sensing  opera+ons  
    §  Reduc+on  of  delays  due  to  channel  searches  
    §  Reduc+on  of  signaling  traffic  
    §  Eliminates  scanning  period  at  the  BS  startup  
    §  BS  may  operate  independently  of  the  DS  presence  (IEEE  
    802.22)  
    §  Op+mizes  the  use  of  cellular  bands  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  20  de  22  
    Final  Comments
     
      As  an  extension  of  this  work
    §  Larger  periods  of  predicCon:  
    §  Allows  to  iden+ty  periodic  changes  and  trends  in  the  
    channel  traffic  profile,  producing  more  accurated  
    sta+s+cs  

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  21  de  22  
    Final  Comments
     
     

    Thank  you  and  have  a  great    


    IWT  2015!  

    Sandro  Ribeiro  
    sandro.ribeiro.001@acad.pucrs.br  
    hkp://lakes.cnpq.br/2238069707609539  
    hkps://ca.linkedin.com/in/sandromribeiro  
     

    Channel  Alloca+on  in  Cogni+ve  Radio  Networks  Based  on  a  Predic+ve  and  Adap+ve  Database  
    Sandro  Machado  Ribeiro  –  June  2015  –  Slide  22  de  22  

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