1

ABSTRACT

The propose of this study was to design the valve with the curve inside for finding the narrowest
point with the lowest pressure for drilling the hole and let the air inject into the valve. The
concept valve designed by using the COMSOL Multiphysics program version 5.3a. The
prototype was made by the plaster and drill the hole with 4 holes with 30 degrees angle and 4
holes with 45 degrees angle. The experiment was test by using the water from the SL-25 Okura
water pump by washing the stain on the dish that is ketchup, oil, honey, dishwashing liquid and
liquid soap by using the prototype valve and the normal valve in the same time.

Keywords: Water saving, Valve

 2

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS

This project would not have been completed if we did not have the support of many
individuals and organizations. Therefore we would like to extend our sincere gratitude to all of
them.

First of all, we are thankful to our senior project advisor, Asst.Prof.Dr. Satok
Chaikunchuensakun, for invaluable help and encouragement throughout the course of this project.
We are most grateful for his teaching and advice, not only the project methodologies but also
many other methodologies in life.

In addition, we are grateful for Asst.Prof.Prodpran Siritheerasas and

Asst.Prof.Dr.Pongtorn Dhupatemya for suggestions and all their help.

Finally, our completion of this project could not have been accomplished without the big
support of my father for making the valve and help in the experiment during the period of senior
project.

Supanat Ambhai
 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 1
ACKOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................................. 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 5
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
Objectives................................................................................................................................ 2
Scope of study ......................................................................................................................... 2
Procedures .............................................................................................................................. 2
Time Table ............................................................................................................................... 3
Learning outcome ................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 4
2 THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 5
Bernoulli’s equation ................................................................................................................ 5
Flow regimes map ................................................................................................................... 5
COMSOL Mutiphysics program ............................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 The Example of COMSOL program.................................................................................. 7
2.3.1.1 A Multiscale 3D Packed Bed Reactor ............................................................................. 7
2.3.1.2 Free Convection in a Water Glass .................................................................................. 7
Review existing product .......................................................................................................... 8
2.4.1 Bubble90 ......................................................................................................................... 8
2.4.2 TOTO Aero shower ........................................................................................................ 10
Bubble washing theory ......................................................................................................... 11
2.5.1 Advantages and disadvantages of washing machine with Bubble technology ............ 12
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 13
3 PROCEDURE .................................................................................................................................. 13
Water saving valve study ...................................................................................................... 13
 4

Design of valve ...................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.1 Design by COMSOL program ......................................................................................... 14
3.2.2 Design of air injection way ............................................................................................ 15
Materials selection ................................................................................................................ 16
3.3.1 The plastic from 3D printer ........................................................................................... 16
3.3.2 The Plaster .................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.3 The Pipe......................................................................................................................... 17
Evaluation of the water saving valve .................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 19
4 RESULTS OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................................. 19
Calculation of axle of valve by COMSOL Program ................................................................ 19
Design of valve ...................................................................................................................... 21
Design of pipe for experiment .............................................................................................. 23
Material selection ................................................................................................................. 23
4.4.1 Head valve, axle and mold ............................................................................................ 24
4.4.2 Experiment equipment ................................................................................................. 24
4.4.3 The stains in experiment ............................................................................................... 26
Procedure .............................................................................................................................. 27
4.5.1 Making of valve and the pipe ........................................................................................ 27
4.5.2 Experiment .................................................................................................................... 28
Procedure picture ................................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 33
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATIONS ....................................................................................... 33
Result .................................................................................................................................... 33
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 35
Encounter .............................................................................................................................. 35
Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 35
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 36
 5

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Material selection.................................................................................................................... 17

Table 2 Valve material.......................................................................................................................... 24
Table 3 Experiment material ................................................................................................................ 25
Table 4 The stains................................................................................................................................. 27
Table 5 The experiment result of each valve between time and the stain ......................................... 34
 6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 The Bernoulli’s equation ........................................................................................................ 4

Figure 2-2 Flow regime map for the horizontal flow of an air/water mixture in a 5.1cm diameter pipe
with flow regimes ................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2-3 Sketches of flow regimes for flow of air/water mixtures in a horizontal, 5.1cm diameter
pipe ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2-4 The COMSOL Multiphysics program ...................................................................................... 6
Figure 2-5 A Multiscale 3D Packed Bed Reactor .................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-6 Free convection in water glass .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 2-7 The Bubble90 ......................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2-8 The Bubble90 water saving chart .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 2-9 How The Aero shower work ................................................................................................ 10
Figure 2-10 the Aero shower water saving chart.................................................................................. 11
Figure 3-1 The Bernoulli equation ........................................................................................................ 13
Figure 3-2 The normal valve pressure .................................................................................................. 14
Figure 3-3 The water saving valve pressure.......................................................................................... 14
Figure 3-4 The water saving valve velocity ........................................................................................... 15
Figure 3-5 The 3D printer ...................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3-6 The Japan water saving product testing .............................................................................. 18
Figure 4-1 The model in COMSOL program .......................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-2 The model when divide in to the box .................................................................................. 20
Figure 4-3 The axle after getting the size from the model ................................................................... 20
Figure 4-4 The 2D cut of mold .............................................................................................................. 21
Figure 4-5 The axle from the candle ..................................................................................................... 21
Figure 4-6 View of valve ........................................................................................................................ 22
Figure 4-7 Manufacture-1 ..................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 4-8 Manufacture-2 ..................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 4-9 Manufacture-3 ..................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4-10 Manufacture-4 ................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 4-11 Experiment-1 ..................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 5-1 The experiment result of each valve between time and the stain ...................................... 33
Figure 5-2 The experiment result between the amount of water in 1 minute and type of valve ........ 34
 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The Thailand National Statistical Office data said that in 2016 [1] one people use water
approximately 50 litre per day that means in one day 60 million people in Thailand use water
around 3000 million lit. Because of the cost of water that will increase in the future. So, the water
saving is one of the important thing that we need to do.

In Japan, they have the bathroom product that help to save the amount of water that is
the new technology shower head. This shower reduces water usage by up to 35%. This
technology uses air which is infused into the water coming out a shower head to reduce water
consumption but still retain the same feeling on the skin as a conventional shower head.
According to TOTO[2] , the shower manufacturer, the new Air in Shower technology can easily
save a family of four about $180/year by reducing the amount of water used in every shower,
depending on the water heating system used by each family, it can also cut CO2 emissions by
up to 146 kg/year. But this product price is expensive that is around $70 or around 2,500 Thai
Baht.

We can use that concept for design the new product that cheaper than the shower
head, so we think about the pipe or valve part if we can adapt the concept to this part, it will be
better because we can use it in every activity that need water to save it not only in the bathroom.
 2

1.2 Objective
1. Comparing the water usage between normal pipe with the water saving valve that
design for let the air infuse in water by use the COMSOL program and solid work for make the
3D model.

1.3 Scope of study

The boundary of this project is the two pipe/valve that made by the 3D printer. One is
the normal pipe and others is the new structure design pipe. This two pipes will be used to wash
the few stain on the small dish with the same low pressure pump in the same limit time for find
which one can wash more stain that we can check it out by looking the small dish with the
microscope.

1.4 Procedure
1. Study from the product that use the same concept.

2. Study how the COMSOL program.

3. Use COMSOL program for create the concept of pipe and study the pressure drop.

4. Fabricate the water saving valve

5. Do the experiment
 3

1.5 Time table

1.6 Learning outcome

1. Learn the use of COMSOL program.

2. Design the way to fabricate the valve.

3. Design own experiment.

4. Making the water saving valve.

 4

CHAPTER 2
THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of
energy principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually labeled
with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity
is increased. This lowering of pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem counterintuitive
but seems less so when you consider pressure to be energy density. In the high velocity flow
through the constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of pressure energy.
(Figure2-1)

Figure 2-1 The Bernoulli equation

 5

2.2 Flow regime maps

Despite the issues and reservations discussed in the preceding section it is useful to
provide some examples of flow regime maps along with the definitions that help distinguish the
various regimes. We choose to select the first examples from the flows of mixtures of gas and
liquid in horizontal and vertical tubes, mostly because these flows are of considerable industrial
interest. However, many other types of flow regime maps could be used as examples and some
appear elsewhere in this book; examples are the flow regimes described in the next section and
those for granular flows indicated in figure 13.5. We begin with gas/liquid flows in horizontal
pipes (see, for example, Hubbard and Dukler 1966, Wallis 1969, Weisman 1983). Figure 2-2
shows the occurence of different flow regimes for the flow of an air/water mixture in a horizontal,
5.1cm diameter pipe where the regimes are distinguished visually using the definitions in figure
2-3. The experimentally observed transition regions are shown by the hatched areas in figure 2-
2. The solid lines represent theoretical predictions some of which are discussed later in this
chapter. Note that in a mass flux map like this the ratio of the ordinate to the abscissa is X /(1 −
X ) and therefore the mass quality, X , is known at every point in 165 the map. There are many
industrial processes in which the mass quality is a key flow parameter and therefore mass flux
maps are often preferred.

Figure 2-2. Flow regime map for the horizontal flow of an air/water mixture in a 5.1cm diameter
pipe with flow regimes
 6

Figure 2-3. Sketches of flow regimes for flow of air/water mixtures in a horizontal,
5.1cm diameter pipe

2.3 COMSOL Multiphysics Program[1]

Figure 2-4 The COMSOL Multiphysics program

COMSOL Multiphysics program is a cross-platform finite element analysis, solver

and multiphysics simulation software. It allows conventional physics-based user interfaces and
coupled systems of partial differential equations (PDEs).
 7

2.3.1 The Example of COMSOL program

The COMSOL Multiphysics program including to the electrical, structural, acoustics,

fluid, heat, and chemical disciplines.

2.3.1.1 A Multiscale 3D Packed Bed Reactor [2]

This model is set up to calculate the concentration distribution in the reactor gas that
flows around the pellets, but it also uses an extra dimension that models the concentration
distribution inside each porous catalytic pellet. The extra dimension is built in the
feature Reactive Pellet Bed, which was introduced in COMSOL 5.0.(Figure2-5)

Figure 2-5 A Multiscale 3D Packed Bed Reactor

2.3.1.2 Free Convection in a Water Glass [3]

This model treats the free convection and heat transfer of a glass of cold water heated
to room temperature. Initially, the glass and the water are at 5 °C and are then put on a table
in a room at 25 °C. The nonisothermal flow is coupled to heat transfer using the Heat Transfer
module. (Figure 2-6)
 8

Figure 2-6 Free convection in water glass

2.4 Concept Product

2.4.1 Bubble90[4]

Surpassing other water-saving nozzles, Bubble90 is a faucet nozzle that vibrates air-
containing bubble water inside a water tap and releases that bubble water by high pressure.
Simply install Bubble90 on your faucet to keep bubbles to flow swiftly from your ordinary water
tap.
By rhythmically releasing air-filled water beads like a wave, you can easily wash out stains using
only 5% of the amount of water that you'd normally use.
Bubble90 can successfully 'save water while sustaining high cleansing-power.

The water-saving nozzle,Bubble90, is suitable for washing in running water. Bubble90

can reduce up to 10% of the amount of 'running water used for washing,' which has been
difficult to save until now. Bubble90 can effectively wash out stains using less amount of
running water than if you were to use standing water. Simply install Bubble90 and save water
while enjoying great cleaning effect.

Bubble90 is equipped with its 'water pressure & flow control function' by simply turning
the ring adjuster. Water pressure can be adjusted according to your preference even in low
 9

pressure areas. Since Bubble90 can adjust the mixing ratio of the air, it is possible to provide
only water without the air to fill your needs.

Figure 2-7 The Bubble90

The Bubble90 series does not only add air to water, but it also produces water beads by
vibrating the air. Bubble90 produces high cleansing-power by releasing bubble water at varying
speeds. This technology of vibrating water using the internal structure is Bubble90's unique
"technology of vibrating and releasing bubble water" (International patented product).

Figure 2-8 The Bubble90 water saving chart

 10

2.4.2 TOTO Aero shower[5]

TOTO's new Aero Shower System uses AeroJet, its patented air-injection technology, to
increase the volume of water in each droplet. AeroJet draws air in through the showerhead and
pumps it into the droplets, enlarging and increasing their volume. At refreshing intervals, the
water falls in short invigorating bursts of pulsating water. Bathers feel as if they are being
encased in far more warm water than they are actually using. Their luxurious showering
experience reduces water consumption, decreases hot water production, lowers utility costs,
and reduces CO2 emissions. The Aero Handshower offers one or three innovative spray modes
at the simple click of a button — AeroJet (air injection), Cascade (a broad warming stream) and
Gyrostream (massaging).

Figure 2-9 How The Aero shower work

Not only will it save water, it also reduces the total energy use of a shower. Toto
estimates that a family of four would save 15,300 yen ($180) a year in water and gas bills with
their product. It also cuts CO2 emissions by 146kg.
 11

The Air-In Shower isn’t a totally new product, the first shower that used the head came out in
April 2010 and by October this year, TOTO had sold over 200,000 units. But now the shower
head will be available to buy as a stand-alone product for 5,900 yen ($70) which is a small price
to pay for something that saves you $180 a year. From February next year, TOTO will be selling
all their fittings and taps with the Air-In Shower technology as standard.

Figure 2-10 the Aero shower water saving chart

2.5 Bubble washing theory

Bubble washing is more aggressive than mist washing. It is done by adding a layer of
water beneath the biodiesel and forming air bubbles in the water. The water is dragged up into
the biodiesel in a small layer around the air bubble, which falls back down through the biodiesel
when the bubble bursts at the top of the tank. The size of the bubbles and the volume of air will
determine the aggressiveness of the wash. Small bubbles with low flows are not very
aggressive, but large bubbles with high airflows are very aggressive. If the wash tank is not
sealed and used as a first wash technique it can release significant amounts of methanol into
your workspace area and create a safety issue. This method uses less water than the mist wash
technique.
 12

2.5.1 Advantages and disadvantages of washing machine with Bubble technology

1.) The best quality of washing. As we have already mentioned above, the bubbles affect
the fabric, penetrating into it and eliminate contamination. So the quality of washing using
such technologies increases. For example, it will be much easier to wash kitchen towels in
a washing machine.
2.) Economy. Due to the fact that uses Bubble technology, you can wash in cold water with
a preservation of the former quality of washing, so the cost of electricity will be reduced.
3.) Less consumption of washing powder. As we know, washing powder dissolves better in
the machines with Bubble technologies, so you can put less laundry detergent. It is also
give saving cost. Also for the machines with such technology, you can use the powder for
automatic machines.
4.) Linen doesn’t shrink. This technology allows you not to worry anymore, because your
clothes won’t shrink after washing.
5.) Fabric has less wear. Bubbles form a barrier between the parts of the fabric and
between the fabric and the drum, which reduces the wear.
 13

CHAPTER 3
Research methodology
3.1 Water saving valve study
Study the water saving products from japan from the article and video to know all about
the concept, the design, advantage and disadvantage. Review the reference documents,
reference books and articles with the keywords such as water saving valve, the nano bubble,
the COMSOL program, the Bernoulli Equation, etc. as seen in chapter 2.

3.2 Design of valve

From the Bernoulli Equation in the figure 3-1, we get that we should design the valve
structure same like this

Figure 3-1 The Bernoulli equation

 14

3.2.1 Design by COMSOL program

We use the COMSOL program to compare between the normal valve structure in figure
3-2 and the new design structure in figure 3-3.

Figure 3-2 The normal valve pressure

In figure 3-2, it shows about the pressure through the valve, that shows the pressure
from the inlet to outlet is high to low.

Figure 3-3 The water saving valve pressure

 15

In figure 3-3, it shows that if we make the structure has a curve in the middle. So, we get
the pressure at the inlet of has the very high number and the most narrow point has the lowest
pressure. If we compare with the Bernoulli equation and form the figure 3-4, we get that the
velocity after the narrowest point has the high velocity.

Figure 3-3 The water saving valve velocity

3.2.2 Design of air injection way

The concept of the saving valve is the bubble washing. The ways to do that is to let the
air inject into the valve. So, we need to have the holes but the position of these holes need to be
in the right point and the right angle. The most suitable position of these holes is the narrowest
point in the figure 3-3 with the lowest pressure. So, we need to design the number of the hole
and the right angle to drill it. In this project, we will make two concept valve with same number
of the holes but in the different angle.
 16

3.3 Materials selection

We should make the valve after we design. Because the valve will be tested by the
water from pump. So, the materials should have a water resistance and endure. We should
select one materials that will give us the less error and less cost.

3.3.1 The plastic from 3D printer

Because of the model form COMSOL program can make by the 3D printer. So, we can
make the valve that will has a water resistance. But the cost from the 3D printer is too high.

Figure 3-4 The 3D printer

3.3.2 The Plaster

The Plaster has the properties of water resistance too but to make the valve from the
plaster we should do it by hand that mean it can be has an error. So, we use the material that
shows in the table below.
 17

3.3.3 The pipe

Without the pipe we can not do the experiment. We should select the pipe size that suit
with the valve

Material selection

Main Structure of valve have 6 major component that can see from table 12

Parts Materials Size Quantity

Head
valve Brass 2cmx2cm 1
axle
The
Plaster 5.5cmx4cm 1
valve
Ball
PVC ½ inch 2
valve
Water
PVC ½ inch 7
pipe
Elbow
PVC ½ inch 2
pipe
3 ways
PVC ½ inch 1
pipe
Table1 Material selection
 18

3.4 Evaluation of the water saving valve

The water saving valve will be evaluated by the washing dish testing that is the same
testing as the Japanese water saving product.

Step 1: we insert the normal design valve into the nozzle.

Step 2: we pump the water by using the small pump.

Step 3: bring the dirty dish with some stain to washed

Step 4: collect the time that the dish will clean up

Step 5: repeat the step 1 with the water saving valve or do in the same time.

These 5 steps must be followed by

- The same pump pressures

- The same dish material
- The same stain

Figure 3-5 The Japan water saving product testing

 19

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS OF RESEARCH

4.1 Calculation of axle of valve by COMSOL Program

From the design in the COMSOL Program, we get the scale that we need to apply it into
the right scale that fit with the ½ inch pipe and actually this design is the space that we
need to apply into the pipe so first, we need to build the axle by this design.

Figure 4-1 The model in COMSOL program

From the figure 4-1 and 4-2, we scale the model in to 5 boxes wide and 10 boxes height
on the inlet size, it should fit with the ½ inch pipe so, we will have the part that stay inside
the pipe that is ½ inch size and the part outside the pipe the part outside that pipe we get
the size as 1.5 cm in the top, 0.8 cm for the narrowest part and 2 cm for the ปากท่อ
 20

Figure 4-2 The model when divide in to the box

Figure 4-3 The axle after getting the size from the model
 21

4.2 Design of valve

After we get the axle we use it to make the mold. Because of the mold as in the
figure 4-4 is hard to composed without the scratch that it could not be resist with high water
pressure. So, we try to cast the valve by the plaster with the axle that made from the candle that
can dissolve with the low heat. One of the important things of the valve is the hole that we need
to find the right number and angle to let the air inject into the valve for forming bubble

Figure 4-4 The axle after getting the size from the model

Figure 4-4 The axle after getting the size from the model
 22

A (side view) B (top view)

C (side view) D (cut 2D view)

Figure 4-5 View of valve

 23

4.3 Design of pipe for experiment

Because of this project experiment is about the water. First, we need to design the
equipment. For the experiment, we need the two ways out pipe for do the experiment in the
same time like the Japanese experiment. But because of the water pressure from the pump is
too high for the valve from plaster. So, we need the ball valve for control the water but we cannot
open the ball valve in the same exact angle. So, we can do the experiment one time per valve
that we need to design the pipe to available for take the valve off.

4.4 Material selection

4.4.1 Head valve, axle and mold

Our project selected the material for head valve to be plaster because when consider
properties these type of material, we found that plaster was the best material among other types
of clay and plastic also had variety selection. Due to this valve was the prototype and also have
limitation in budget. About the axle, candle is the material that we use because of it can dissolve
with the lower heat than plaster. When we have the plaster with the candle inside we can take
the candle off with heat and then we will get the hole that we want in the plaster. Before making
the candle axle, we need the mold with the exact size due to the model in the COMSOL
program. So, we selected the brass from the technician shop to be the main axle because of the
cost and use the clay as the mold for making the axle from candle.
 24

Material Part Use illustration

The main axle for making the
Brass Axle
mold

The mold for making the

Clay Mold
temporary axle

The temporary axle that can

Candle Axle
take off from the main valve

Plaster Valve The main material of valve

Table2 Valve material

4.4.2 Experiment equipment

We choose the standard pipe that the size is ½ inch to making the experiment
equipment

Name of part illustration Materials Amount

Pipe PVC 7
 25

Elbow pipe PVC 2

Three ways
PVC 1
pipe

Ball valve PVC 2

Pump Stainless steel 1

Table3 Experiment material

 26

4.4.3 The stains in experiment

In this project, the main experiment is about compare the time to wash the stains on the
dish between the model valve with different number of hole and the angle of hole and the
normal valve. The stain that we choose should be the stains that we use in daily life. So, we
choose ketchup, oil, honey, dishwashing liquid and liquid soap as the example.

Stain illustration

Ketchup

Oil

Honey
 27

Dishwashing liquid

Liquid soap

Table4 the stains

4.5 Procedure
4.5.1 Making of valve and the pipe

1.) Use brass to build the axle that related to the model in the COMSOL program.
2.) Cover the brass with the clay for making the mold.
3.) Make another axle with the dissolve candle that heated by the gas stove.
4.) Insert the liquid candle in the mold and wait it harden.
5.) Bring the new shaped candle into the plaster.
6.) Use the heat from blowing machine for dissolve the candle out of the plaster.
7.) Drill the hole by using the drilling machine as with 4 holes with 30 degrees angle
8.) Do 1-6 again. In this time drill the hole as 4 holes with 45 degrees angle
9.) Make the pipe with the two ways out and add the ball valve.
 28

4.5.2 Experiment
1.) Test 2 prototype valves comparing with the normal valve by washing the stain on

The dishes that is ketchup, oil, honey, dishwashing liquid and liquid soap and collect the time.

2.) Measure the amount of water that come from 2 prototype valves and normal valve.

4.5 Procedure picture

Figure 4-6 Manufacture-1

 29

Figure 4-7 Manufacture-2

 30

Figure 4-8 Manufacture-3

 31

Figure 4-9 Manufacture-4

 32

Figure 4-10 Experiment-1

 33

CHAPTER 5
1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATIONS

5.1 Result
From the experiment, the result can be plot the graph between time to wash the stain
and the type of stains like in table5 and figure 5-1. From the table and graph, we know that the
valve that use least time to washing every stain. is the concept valve with 4 holes with 30
degrees. the concept valve with 4 holes with 45 degrees is use less time than the normal valve
but the different is not much and in oil washing this valve use more time than the normal valve
so this valve can’t be use. In Figure5-2, it shows that the water that come from the concept valve
with 4 holes with 30 degrees is the least one. So, we can assume that although the least amount
of water come out but it uses least time to wash the stain.

The valve that we should continue to take more experiment and improve is the concept
valve with 4 holes with 30 degrees.

Figure5-1 The experiment result of each valve between time and the stain
 34

Table5 the experiment result of each valve between time and the stain

Water per 1 min (L)

3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
normal valve 4 holes 45 angle valve 4 holes 30 angle

Figure5-2 The experiment result between the amount of water in 1 minute and type of
valve
 35

5.2 Conclusion
The water that come out from the concept valve use less time to clean the dish
comparing with the normal valve and the amount of water that come out is less than the normal
valve too. It is because the concept valve structure has the narrowest point with the lowest
pressure, when we drill the hole, the air will inject in to the water and make the water that come
out from the concept valve has better washing ability. When we compare the concept valve, we
found that the one with the less holes and less degree angle has better washing ability.

5.3 Encounter
1.) The angle of hole has some error because it done by hand.

2.) The experiment can do once per valve because of we cannot control the angle of the
ball valve in the same exactly number.

5.4 Recommendation
We could try to make more valve with the different number and the angle for get more
result. We can get less error by let the technician to do the model.
 36

REFERENCE

Electronic Media

Chapter 1

[1] TOTO product (online article)

http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/citizen/news/news_57.jsp

[2] Water consumption (online article)

http://thefutureofthings.com/5143-air-in-shower-can-save-35-of-your-water-consumption/

Chapter 2

[1] Comsol Multiphysics program (online article)

https://www.comsol.com/models/fluid

[2] Example of Comsol program (online article)

https://www.comsol.com/model/a-multiscale-3d-packed-bed-reactor-17019

[3] Example of Comsol program(online article)

https://www.comsol.com/model/free-convection-in-a-water-glass-195

[4] Bubble90 (online article)

http://ozone90.com/bubble.html

[5] TOTO aeroshower (online article)

https://www.geek.com/gadgets/the-air-in-shower-saves-water-by-filling-water-droplets-with-
air-1532483/
 37

The Bernoulli Equation (online article)

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/bern.html

Books

CHEMICAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT,Stanley M. Walas,

Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering University of Kansas

Articles

Advance in colloid and interface science volume 246, August 2017, Pages 40-51

Hyunju Park, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National

University, South Korea