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    10 views29 pages

    1.1.1.a Storyboard Launch PDF

    Uploaded by

    Livs

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 29

    Major elements in living things!

    Trace elements in living things!

    *!
    **!
    *!Lanthanides!
    **!Actinides!
    Prevalence of Elements by Weight!
    Human Earth’s!
    Elements!
    Body! Crust!
    Oxygen! 65%! 49%!
    Carbon! 18%! <1%!
    >95%!
    Hydrogen! 10%! <1%!
    Nitrogen! 3%! trace!
    Calcium! 2%! 3%!
    Iron! <0.05%! 5%!
    Aluminum! <0.001%! 8%!
    Silicon! trace! 26%!
    linear chain!
    H2 H2 H2
    C C C
    C C C C
    H2 H2 H2 H2

    CH3 CH3
    H2
    CH C C
    C C C C
    H2 H2 H2 H2
    CH2
    CH3
    H CH H
    C C branched chain!

    CH H CH
    C
    cyclical structure!
    6


    C!
    Carbon!
    !

    12.0!
    # of !
    covalent!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds!

    2!

    y-axis!

    x-!
    axis! z-axis!
    # of !
    covalent!
    H Methane (CH4)!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds! H C
    2! H H

    y-axis!

    x-!
    axis! z-axis!
    # of !
    covalent!
    H Methane (CH4)!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds! H C
    2! H H
    # of !
    covalent!
    H Methane (CH4)!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds! H C
    2! H H
    # of !
    covalent!
    H Methane (CH4)!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds! H C
    2! H H
    # of !
    covalent!
    H Methane (CH4)!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds! H C
    2! H H
    # of !
    covalent!
    H Methane (CH4)!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds! H C
    2! H H

    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!

    4!
    # of !
    covalent!
    H Methane (CH4)!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    bonds! H C
    2! H H

    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!


    sp3! 109.5°!
    4!
    sp3!
    C!
    1s! sp3! sp3! sp3! sp3! sp3!
    sp3!
    4!
    hybrid orbitals: 25% s, 75% p!
    Ethylene! H H
    (C2H4)! C C
    H H
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!

    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!


    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!

    120°!
    sp2!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    sp2! C!

    sp2!

    1s! sp2! sp2! sp2! 2pz!

    3 hybrid orbitals!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!

    2pz! 120°!
    sp2!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    sp2! C!

    sp2!
    2pz!

    1s! sp2! sp2! sp2! 2pz!

    3 hybrid orbitals!
    π

    sideways!
    overlap!
    2pz! 2pz!
    sp2! sp2! π-overlap!
    σ

    sp2! sp2!
    head-to-head! sp2! sp2!
    sp2! overlap! sp2!
    2pz! 2pz! σ-overlap!

    sp2! sp2!

    H H
    Ethylene!
    C C (C2H4)!
    H H
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!

    sp! C! sp!
    1s! sp! sp! 2py! 2pz!

    180°!

    2 hybrid orbitals!
    1s! 2s! 2px! 2py! 2pz!
    2pz!
    2py!

    sp! C! sp!
    1s! sp! sp! 2py! 2pz!
    2py!
    2pz!

    2 hybrid orbitals!
    π

    2pz! σ
    2pz!
    2py! 2py! π-overlap!
    sp! sp! sp! sp! π-overlap!
    2py! 2py!
    2pz! 2pz!
    π
    sp! σ-overlap! sp!

    Acetylene!
    H C C H (C2H2)!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!
    Bond
    Length
    Bond! strength! ΔEN!
    (Å)!
    (kcal/mol)!
    C H! 1.09! 99! 0.4!
    O H! 0.96! 110! 1.4!
    N H! 1.02! 84! 0.9!
    C O! 1.23! 174! 1!
    C C! 1.54! 88! 0!
    C C! 1.34! 147! 0!

    ΔEN = difference in electronegativity


    between the 2 atoms!
    Image credits:


    Tomatoes image: Public Domain. Captured by Scott Bower of the USDA.

    http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NRCSHI07018_-_Hawaii_(716072)
    (NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg

    Periodic table: Public Domain. Authors: Cepheus (original) and InverseHypercube (derivative).
    http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White_periodic_table.svg

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