Accident Theory - Nimi

ACCIDENT THEORY 11/30/2018
MANAGING SAFETY HAZARDS

1
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
AND
THEORIES OF ACCIDENT
CAUSATION
By : IR NIMI BINTI AHMAD

018-666 9168
ir_nimi/OUM/oct2013 Email: ir_nimi@yahoo.com
11/30/2018
ir_nimi/OUM/oct2013 11/30/2018
IR_NIMI/oum/OCT2013 1
Caught between the cargo elevator cage and

the floor
3
 This accident occurred in an elevator that

ascends and descends between the second-floor
laundry drying room and the first-floor room at
the commercial laundry factory.
 On the day of the accident, when the victim
returned to the factory from making deliveries,
three workers were carrying out overtime work.
The victim began helping such work, and
engaged in work to bring a cart full of wet
laundry to the drying room on the second floor
by elevator.
 When the victim was asked by another worker on

the first floor to bring the elevator back down to
the first floor, he pushed4 the Down button of the
elevator switch on the second floor. As the cage
door was half-open, however, the door became
caught on the edge of the second floor and the
elevator soon stopped
 When the victim who saw this situation tried to
lower the elevator door into the elevator cage by
hitting the door with his foot, his own weight
pushed the upper part of his body inside the
cage. As the elevator suddenly descended at this
very moment, the victim's head was caught
between the edge of the second floor and the
ceiling of the elevator.
Theories of Accident Causation

5
 Domino Theory
 Human Factors Theory
 Accident / Incident Theory
 Epidemiological Theory
 Systems Theory
 Combination Theory
Attributes accidents to a chain of events that were ultimately the result of human error.
10
11
Firenzie’s Systems Theory

12
 Person/Machine/Environment
 Information Gathering
Stressors
 Risks Assessment
 Decision Making
 Task Performance
 Stressors can cloud the judgment during information
gathering, risk weighing, decision making processes.
Firenzie’s Recommendations
13
 Consider Five Factors -

before beginning the process of information
gathering, risk weighing, decision making.
 Job Requirements
 Worker’s Abilities and Limitations
 Gain from Successful Task Completion
 Loss if Task Attempted but Results in Failure
 Loss if Task is Not Attempted
Combination Theory of Causation

14
 Theories and models are not necessarily reality.
 A single theory may not suit all circumstances.
 Some theories address particular problems better

than other theories.
 A combination of theories and models may be the
optimal approach toward problem solutions.
Layered Investigation
T.Klenz
 Deeper analysis of accident facts
 3 levels of recommendations for preventing and
mitigating accidents
1. First Layer : Immediate Technical Recommendations
2. Second Layer : Recommendations to avoid the hazards
3. Third Layer : Recommendations to improve the
management system
EXERCISE
A drowning accident occurred during and open

swim period. Approximately 100 childrens
ranging between 5 and 16 years old were in and
around a pool ( 3 ft to 9 ft deep). An older child
unknowingly pushed a 5 year old into the deep
water. The pool was relatively crowded, and the 5
year old slipped under the water without being
noticed by others , including the life guard
When the operator of a mobile crane, who used an auxiliary cable

to lift a gondola during an operation, was trying to lower the
gondola back to the ground, the gondola suddenly fell to the
18
ground.
On the day of the accident, the victim rode in the gondola that was
lifted by an auxiliary cable on the mobile crane to carry out gutter
installation work. When the work was completed, the operator of the
mobile crane tried to lower the gondola back to the ground.
However, when the operator was lowering the gondola by gravity
while adjusting the brake, he was preoccupied with turning the crane
and released the brake. As a result, the gondola suddenly dropped to
the ground.
During the fall, the gondola turned over when it hit the
first-floor eaves, and then crashed into the ground
with the victim inside. The worker died from injuries
to his chest.

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ACCIDENT THEORY 11/30/2018

MANAGING SAFETY HAZARDS

By : IR NIMI BINTI AHMAD

Caught between the cargo elevator cage and

 This accident occurred in an elevator that

 When the victim was asked by another worker on

Theories of Accident Causation

 Human Factors Theory

 Accident / Incident Theory

Firenzie’s Systems Theory

 Consider Five Factors -

Combination Theory of Causation

 Theories and models are not necessarily reality.

 A single theory may not suit all circumstances.

 Some theories address particular problems better

A drowning accident occurred during and open

When the operator of a mobile crane, who used an auxiliary cable

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