GSM Based DC Motor Control

GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING PWM
GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED

AND DIRECTION CONTROL
USING PWM
NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY Page 1

CHAPTER: 1
Introduction

Introduction
A pulse width modulator (PWM) is a device that may be used as an efficient DC
motor speed controller or light dimmer. This project is a versatile device that can control
DC devices which draw up to a few amps of current. The circuit may be used in either 12
or 24 Volt systems with only a few minor wiring changes. This device has been used to
control the speed of the DC motor and to control brightness of an automotive tail lamp.
A PWM circuit works by making a square wave with a variable on-to-off ratio,
the average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 percent. In this manner, a variable
amount of power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of a PWM circuit over a
resistive power controller is the efficiency, at a 50% level, the PWM will use about 50%
of full power, almost all of which is transferred to the load, a resistive controller at 50%
load power would consume about 71% of full power, 50% of the power goes to the load
and the other 21% is wasted heating the series resistor.
One additional advantage of pulse width modulation is that the pulses reach the
full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome
the internal motor resistances more easily.
In this project, the DC motor speed and controlled just by sending predefined
messages to the modem. The modem is interfaced with the microcontroller via serial
interface.
The user has to send predefined messages to vary the speed and direction of the
motor to the modem. When the modem receives data (SMS), it will intimate the same to
the microcontroller. Now, the controller will read the modem’s received data by issuing
certain AT & T commands.
The modem is interfaced with the microcontroller through serial interface. The
controller performs the corresponding action in accordance with the message received

from the modem. The controller in return, sends a message to the user about the status of
the motor. 16X2 LCD is connected at the controller section to display the speed level of
the motor and the direction.
1.1 Objective of the project

The project intends to interface the microcontroller with the GSM modem and start
the motor as per the message received from the user mobile. The project uses the GSM
technology and Embedded Systems to design this application. The main objective of this
project is to design a system that continuously checks for the messages, if any, received
from the mobile and if so, start or stop the motor accordingly.
This project is a device that collects data from the mobile, codes the data into a
format that can be understood by the controlling section. This system also collects
information from the master device and implements commands that are directed by the
master.
The objective of the project is to develop a microcontroller based control system. It

consists of a GSM modem, microcontroller, the interfacing unit to allow the
communication between the microcontroller and mobile and the motor and its driver unit.
1.2 Background of the Project

The software application and the hardware implementation help the
microcontroller read the messages sent by the user from a mobile phone or send messages
to the mobile phone through the modem. The measure of efficiency is based on how fast
the microcontroller can detect the incoming message and start or stop the motor. The
system is totally designed using GSM and embedded systems technology.
The Controlling unit has an application program to allow the microcontroller read
the incoming data through the modem and change the status of the motor accordingly.
The performance of the design is maintained by controlling unit.

CHAPTER: 2
Overview of the technologies used

Embedded Systems:
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused
job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax
machine, mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances
will have a processor and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the
application along with the embedded software that is executed by the processor for
meeting that specific requirement. The embedded software is also called “firm ware”.
The desktop/laptop computer is a general purpose computer. You can use it for a variety
of applications such as playing games, word processing, accounting, software
development and so on. In contrast, the software in the embedded systems is always fixed
listed below:
· Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different

things. . Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory.
Generally, they do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the
floppy disk. Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has
to be completed within a specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time
systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of
life or damage to property. Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many
embedded systems operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low.
· Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as

very high temperatures and humidity.
Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems:
1. They are designed to do a specific task and have real time performance
constraints which must be met.
2. They allow the system hardware to be simplified so costs are reduced.

3. They are usually in the form of small computerized parts in larger devices which
serve a general purpose.
The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than digital, like
today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was the inability to handle the
growing capacity needs in a cost efficient manner. As a result, digital technology was welcomed.
The advantages of digital systems over analog systems include ease of signaling,
lower levels of interference, integration of transmission and switching and increased
ability to meet capacity demands. The table below shows the worldwide development of
mobile telephone systems.

Table: World wide development of mobile telephone systems

Year Mobile System

1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 450
1983 American Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
1985 Total Access Communication System (TACS)
1986 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 900
1991 American Digital Cellular (ADC)
1991 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
1992 Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800
1994 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
1995 PCS 1900—Canada
1996 PCS—United States
CHAPTER: 3
Hardware Implementation of the

Project
This chapter briefly explains about the Hardware Implementation of the project. It
discusses the design and working of the design with the help of block diagram and circuit
diagram and explanation of circuit diagram in detail. It explains the features, timer
programming, serial communication, interrupts of AT89S52 microcontroller. It also
explains the various modules used in this project.
3.1 Project Design
The implementation of the project design can be divided in two parts.

 Hardware implementation
 Firmware implementation
Hardware implementation deals in drawing the schematic on the plane paper according to
the application, testing the schematic design over the breadboard using the various IC’s to
find if the design meets the objective, carrying out the PCB layout of the schematic tested
on breadboard, finally preparing the board and testing the designed hardware.
The firmware part deals in programming the microcontroller so that it can control the
operation of the IC’s used in the implementation. In the present work, we have used the
Orcad design software for PCB circuit design, the Keil µv3 software development tool to
write and compile the source code, which has been written in the C language. The
Proload programmer has been used to write this compile code into the microcontroller.
The firmware implementation is explained in the next chapter.
The project design and principle are explained in this chapter using the block diagram
and circuit diagram. The block diagram discusses about the required components of the
design and working condition is explained using circuit diagram and system wiring
diagram.
3.1.1 Block Diagram of the Project and its Description
The block diagram of the design is as shown in Fig 3.1. It consists of power
supply unit, microcontroller, GSM modem, Serial communication unit and LCD. The
brief description of each unit is explained as follows.

Fig: Block diagram for GSM based Agriculture field control
3.2 Power Supply:
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to
get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any
a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and

these voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the
a.c input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required
voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed
to decrease the voltage to a required level.
Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a
bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant.
Voltage regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator
is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In
this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents
positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.
3.3 Microcontrollers:
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.

Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a
fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The
fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes
them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical.
The Intel 8051 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which was
developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and
early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices
with 8051-compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20
independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and Maxim
Integrated Products.

Features of AT89S52:
 8K Bytes of Re-programmable Flash Memory.

 RAM is 256 bytes.
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range.
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz’s
 Three-level Program Memory Lock.
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters.
 Eight Interrupt Sources.
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel.
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.
 Interrupt recovery from power down mode.
 Watchdog timer.
 Dual data pointer.
 Power-off flag.
 Fast programming time.
 Flexible ISP programming (byte and page mode).

Description:
The AT89s52 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K

bytes of Flash programmable memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible
with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The on chip flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a
conventional non volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile
8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89s52 is a
powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Fig: Pin diagram


Fig: Block diagram

Pin description:
Vcc Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V.
GND Pin 20 is the ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used
as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the
multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes
during Program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they
are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current
(IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be
configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the
timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.
Port 2

(IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory
and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses
(MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups
when emitting 1s.
Port 3
(IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for
Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in
the following table.

RST
Reset input A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the
Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can
be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the
RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse
input (PROG) during Flash programming.
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are
skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP

External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up
to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the
12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Connections
C1, C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals
= 40 pF ± 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators
External Clock Drive Configuration

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that
can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic
resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should
be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements on the duty cycle
of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a
divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time
specifications must be observed.
Special Function Registers
A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is
shown in the following table.It should be noted that not all of the addresses are occupied
and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these
addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an
indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since
they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or
inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.
Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and
T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the Capture/Reload
register for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.
Interrupt Registers:
The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for
each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.
Dual Data Pointer Registers:
To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data
Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H
and 85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user
should ALWAYS initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the
respective Data Pointer Register.
Power Off Flag:
The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to
“1” during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by
reset.
Memory Organization
MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to
64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

Program Memory
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory.
On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses
0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to
addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.
Data Memory
The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a
parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that
the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are
physically separate from SFR space.
When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode
used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128
bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing
access the SFR space.
Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)

The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be
subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and
the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to
disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH
and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H).
When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is
running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock
frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset
(either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT overflows, it
will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.

UART
The Atmel 8051 Microcontrollers implement three general purpose, 16-bit timers/
counters. They are identified as Timer 0, Timer 1 and Timer 2 and can be independently
configured to operate in a variety of modes as a timer or as an event counter. When
operating as a timer, the timer/counter runs for a programmed length of time and then
issues an interrupt request. When operating as a counter, the timer/counter counts
negative transitions on an external pin. After a preset number of counts, the counter issues
an interrupt request. The various operating modes of each timer/counter are described in
the following sections.
A basic operation consists of timer registers THx and TLx (x= 0, 1) connected in cascade
to form a 16-bit timer. Setting the run control bit (TRx) in TCON register turns the timer
on by allowing the selected input to increment TLx. When TLx overflows it increments
THx; when THx overflows it sets the timer overflow flag (TFx) in TCON register. Setting
the TRx does not clear the THx and TLx timer registers. Timer registers can be accessed
to obtain the current count or to enter preset values.
The C/T control bit (in TCON register) selects timer operation or counter operation, by
selecting the divided-down peripheral clock or external pin Tx as the source for the
counted signal. TRx bit must be cleared when changing the mode of operation, otherwise
the behavior of the timer/counter is unpredictable. For timer operation (C/Tx# = 0), the
timer register counts the divided-down peripheral clock. The timer register is incremented
once every peripheral cycle (6 peripheral clock periods). The timer clock rate is FPER / 6,
i.e. FOSC / 12 in standard mode or FOSC / 6 in X2 mode. For counter operation (C/Tx#
= 1), the timer register counts the negative transitions on the Tx external input pin. The
external input is sampled every peripheral cycle. When the sample is high in one cycle
and low in the next one, the counter is incremented.
The four operating modes are described below. Timer 2, has three modes of operation:
‘capture’, ‘auto-reload’ and ‘baud rate generator’
Timer 0
Timer 0 functions as either a timer or event counter in four modes of operation. Timer 0
is controlled by the four lower bits of the TMOD register and bits 0, 1, 4 and 5 of the
TCON register. TMOD register selects the method of timer gating (GATE0), timer or
counter operation (T/C0#) and mode of operation (M10 and M00). For normal timer
operation (GATE0= 0), setting TR0 allows TL0 to be incremented by the selected input.
Setting GATE0 and TR0 allows external pin INT0# to control timer operation.
Mode 0 (13-bit Timer)
Mode 0 configures timer 0 as a 13-bit timer which is set up as an 8-bit timer (TH0
register) with a modulo-32 prescaler implemented with the lower five bits of the TL0
register. The upper three bits of TL0 register are indeterminate and should be ignored.
Prescaler overflow increments the TH0 register.
As the count rolls over from all 1’s to all 0’s, it sets the timer interrupt flag TF0. The
counted input is enabled to the Timer when TR0 = 1 and either GATE = 0 or INT0 = 1.
(Setting GATE = 1 allows the Timer to be controlled by external input INT0, to facilitate
pulse width measurements). TR0 is a control bit in the Special Function register TCON.
GATE is in TMOD.
The 13-bit register consists of all 8 bits of TH0 and the lower 5 bits of TL0. The upper 3
bits of TL0 are indeterminate and should be ignored. Setting the run flag (TR0) does not
clear the registers.

Mode 1 is the same as Mode 0, except that the Timer register is being run with all 16 bits.
Mode 1 configures timer 0 as a 16-bit timer with the TH0 and TL0 registers connected in
cascade. The selected input increments the TL0 register.
Mode 2 (8-bit Timer with Auto-Reload)

Mode 2 configures timer 0 as an 8-bit timer (TL0 register) that automatically reloads
from the TH0 register. TL0 overflow sets TF0 flag in the TCON register and reloads TL0
with the contents of TH0, which is preset by software.
Mode 3 (Two 8-bit Timers)
Mode 3 configures timer 0 so that registers TL0 and TH0 operate as separate 8-bit timers.
This mode is provided for applications requiring an additional 8-bit timer or counter. TL0
uses the timer 0 control bits C/T0# and GATE0 in the TMOD register, and TR0 and TF0
in the TCON register in the normal manner.
Timer 1
Timer 1 is identical to timer 0, except for mode 3, which is a hold-count mode. The
following comments help to understand the differences:
• Timer 1 functions as either a timer or event counter in three modes of operation. Timer
1’s mode 3 is a hold-count mode.
• Timer 1 is controlled by the four high-order bits of the TMOD register and bits 2, 3, 6
and 7 of the TCON register. The TMOD register selects the method of timer gating
(GATE1), timer or counter operation (C/T1#) and mode of operation (M11 and M01).
The TCON register provides timer 1 control functions: overflow flag (TF1), run control
bit (TR1), interrupt flag (IE1) and interrupt type control bit (IT1).

Mode 0 configures Timer 1 as a 13-bit timer, which is set up as an 8-bit timer (TH1
register) with a modulo-32 prescaler implemented with the lower 5 bits of the TL1
register. The upper 3 bits of the TL1 register are ignored. Prescaler overflow increments
the TH1 register.

Mode 1 configures Timer 1 as a 16-bit timer with the TH1 and TL1 registers connected

in cascade. The selected input increments the TL1 register.
Mode 2 (8-bit Timer with Auto Reload)

Mode 2 configures Timer 1 as an 8-bit timer (TL1 register) with automatic reload from
the TH1 register on overflow. TL1 overflow sets the TF1 flag in the TCON register and
reloads TL1 with the contents of TH1, which is preset by software. The reload leaves
TH1 unchanged.
Mode 3 (Halt)
Placing Timer 1 in mode 3 causes it to halt and hold its count. This can be used to halt
Timer 1 when TR1 run control bit is not available i.e., when Timer 0 is in mode 3.
Timer 2
Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter.
The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three
operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator.
The modes are selected by bits in T2CON. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2
and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle.
Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the
oscillator frequency.
Capture Mode

In the capture mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0,
Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer or counter which upon overflow sets bit TF2 in
T2CON. This bit can then be used to generate an interrupt. If EXEN2 = 1,
Timer 2 performs the same operation, but a 1-to-0 transition at external
input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to be captured
into RCAP2H and RCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at
T2EX causes bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 bit, like TF2, can
generate an interrupt.
Auto-reload (Up or Down Counter)
Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-
reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in
the SFR T2MOD. Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to
count up. When DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of
the T2EX pin.
T2MOD – Timer 2 Mode Control Register

The above figure shows Timer 2 automatically counting up when DCEN = 0. In this
mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 counts
up to 0FFFFH and then sets the TF2 bit upon overflow. The overflow also causes the
timer registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. Baud
Rate Generator
Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in T2CON.
Note that the baud rates for transmit and receive can be different if Timer 2 is used for the
receiver or transmitter and Timer 1 is used for the other function. Setting RCLK and/or
TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode.
The baud rates in Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer 2’s overflow rate according to
the following
The Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most applications, it
is configured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The timer operation is different for Timer 2
when it is used as a baud rate generator. Normally, as a timer, it increments every
machine cycle (at 1/12 the oscillator frequency). As a baud rate generator, however, it
increments every state time (at 1/2 the oscillator frequency). The baud rate formula is
given below.

Timer 2 as a baud rate generator is shown in the below figure. This figure is valid only if
RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON. Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set
TF2 and will not generate an interrupt. Note too, that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-
to-0 transition in T2EX will set EXF2 but will not cause a reload from
(RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus, when Timer 2 is in use as a
baud rate generator, T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt.
Interrupts
The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and
INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port
interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in the below figure.
Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or

clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global
disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. The below table
shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. User software should not
write a 1 to this bit position, since it may be used in future AT89 products.
Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register
T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service
routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine
whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will
have to be cleared in software.
Power saving modes of operation :
8051 has two power saving modes. They are:
1. Idle Mode
2. Power Down mode.
The two power saving modes are entered by setting two bits IDL and PD in the special
function register (PCON) respectively.
The structure of PCON register is as follows.
PCON: Address 87H
Way to exit Idle Mode:

Activation of any enabled interrupt will clear PCON.0 bit and hence the Idle Mode is
exited. The program goes to the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR). After RETI is executed
at the end of ISR, the next instruction will start from the one following the instruction
that enabled the Idle Mode. A hardware reset exits the idle mode. The CPU starts from
the instruction following the instruction that invoked the Idle mode.
Power Down Mode:
The Power Down Mode is entered by setting the PD bit to 1. The internal clock to the
entire microcontroller is stopped. However, the program is not dead. The Power down
Mode is exited (PCON.1 is cleared to 0) by Hardware Reset only. The CPU starts from
the next instruction where the Power down Mode was invoked.
Status of External Pins During Idle and Power-down Modes
Programming Algorithm:

Before programming the AT89S52, the address, data, and control signals should be set up
according to the “Flash Programming Modes”. To program the AT89S52, take the
following steps:
1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.
2. Activate the correct combination of control signals.
3. Raise EA/VPP to 12V.
4. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte
write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 50 µs
5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is
reached.
Data Polling:
The AT89S52 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a byte write cycle.
During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the
complement of the written data on P0.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true
data is valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any
time after a write cycle has been initiated.
Ready/Busy:
The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY

output signal. P3.0 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate
BUSY. P3.0 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY
.Program Verify:. If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the
programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification.
The status of the individual lock bits can be verified directly by reading them back.

3.4 Serial Communication:
The main requirements for serial communication are:
1. Microcontroller
2. PC
3. RS 232 cable
4. MAX 232 IC
5. HyperTerminal
When the pins P3.0 and P3.1 of microcontroller are set, UART which is inbuilt in the
microcontroller will be enabled to start the serial communication.
Timers:
The 8051 has two timers: Timer 0 and Timer 1. They can be used either as timers to
generate a time delay or as counters to count events happening outside the
microcontroller.
Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16-bit wide. Since the 8051 has an 8-bit architecture, each
16-bit timer is accessed as two separate registers of low byte and high byte.
Lower byte register of Timer 0 is TL0 and higher byte is TH0. Similarly lower byte
register of Timer1 is TL1 and higher byte register is TH1.
TMOD (timer mode) register:
Both timers 0 and 1 use the same register TMOD to set the various operation modes.

TMOD is an 8-bit register in which the lower 4 bits are set aside for Timer 0 and the
upper 4 bits for Timer 1. In each case, the lower 2 bits are used to set the timer mode and
the upper 2 bits to specify the operation.
GATE
Every timer has a means of starting and stopping. Some timers do this by
software, some by hardware and some have both software and hardware controls. The
timers in the 8051 have both. The start and stop of the timer are controlled by the way of
software by the TR (timer start) bits TR0 and TR1. These instructions start and stop the
timers as long as GATE=0 in the TMOD register. The hardware way of starting and
stopping the timer by an external source is achieved by making GATE=1 in the TMOD
register.
C/T
Timer or counter selected. Cleared for timer operation and set for counter operation.
M1
Mode bit 1
M0

Mode bit 0
Mode Selection
M1 M0 Mode Operating Mode
0 0 0 13-bit timer mode
8-bit timer/counter THx with TLx as 5-bit prescaler
0 1 1 16-bit timer mode
16-bit timer/counters THx and TLx are cascaded
1 0 2 8-bit auto reload timer/counter
THx holds a value that is to be reloaded into TLx each time
it overflows
1 1 3 Split timer mode
The mode used here to generate a time delay is MODE 2.

This mode 2 is an 8-bit timer and therefore it allows only values of 00H to FFH to be
loaded into the timer’s register TH. After TH is loaded with the 8-bit value, the 8051 give
a copy of it to TL. When the timer starts, it starts to count up by incrementing the TL
register. It counts up until it reaches its limit of FFH. When it rolls over from FFH to
00H, it sets high the TF (timer flag). If Timer 0 is used, TF0 goes high and if Timer 1 is
used, TF1 goes high. When the TL register rolls from FFH to 0 and TF is set to 1, TL is
reloaded automatically with the original value kept by the TH register.
Asynchronous and Synchronous Serial Communication
Computers transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers,
often 8 or more lines are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away.
In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time. The 8051 has serial
communication capability built into it, thereby making possible fast data transfer using
only a few wires.
Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The
synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method
transfers a single byte at a time. With synchronous communications, the two devices
initially synchronize themselves to each other, and then continually send characters to
stay in sync.
Asynchronous means "no synchronization", and thus does not require sending and
receiving idle characters. However, the beginning and end of each byte of data must be
identified by start and stop bits. The start bit indicates when the data byte is about to
begin and the stop bit signals when it ends. The requirement to send these additional two
bits causes asynchronous communication to be slightly slower than synchronous however
it has the advantage that the processor does not have to deal with the additional idle
characters.
There are special IC chips made by many manufacturers for serial data
communications. These chips are commonly referred to as UART(universal
asynchronous receiver-transmitter) and USART(universal synchronous-asynchronous
receiver-transmitter). The 8051 has a built-in UART.

In the asynchronous method, the data such as ASCII characters are packed
between a start and a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one or
two bits. The start bit is always a 0 (low) and stop bit (s) is 1 (high). This is called
framing.
The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated as bps (bits per
second). Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate. The data transfer rate of a
given computer system depends on communication ports incorporated into that system.
RS232 CABLE:
To allow compatibility among data communication equipment, an interfacing standard

called RS232 is used. Since the standard was set long before the advent of the TTL logic
family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. For this reason, to
connect any RS232 to a microcontroller system, voltage converters such as MAX232 are
used to convert the TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage levels and vice versa.
MAX 232:
Max232 IC is a specialized circuit which makes standard voltages as required by RS232

standards. This IC provides best noise rejection and very reliable against discharges and
short circuits. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.
To ensure data transfer between PC and microcontroller, the baud rate and
voltage levels of Microcontroller and PC should be the same. The voltage levels of
microcontroller are logic1 and logic 0 i.e., logic 1 is +5V and logic 0 is 0V. But for PC,
RS232 voltage levels are considered and they are: logic 1 is taken as -3V to -25V and
logic 0 as +3V to +25V. So, in order to equal these voltage levels, MAX232 IC is used.
Thus this IC converts RS232 voltage levels to microcontroller voltage levels
SCON (serial control) register:

The SCON register is an 8-bit register used to program the start bit, stop bit and data bits
of data framing.
SM0 SCON.7 Serial port mode specifier

SM1 SCON.6 Serial port mode specifier
SM2 SCON.5 Used for multiprocessor communication
REN SCON.4 Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception
TB8 SCON.3 Not widely used
RB8 SCON.2 Not widely used
TI SCON.1 Transmit interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the
beginning of the stop bit in mode 1. Must be
cleared by software.
RI SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag. Set by hardware at the
beginning of the stop bit in mode 1. Must be
cleared by software.
SM0 SM1
0 0 Serial Mode 0
0 1 Serial Mode 1, 8-bit data, 1 stop bit, 1 start bit
1 0 Serial Mode 2
1 1 Serial Mode 3
Of the four serial modes, only mode 1 is widely used. In the SCON register, when serial
mode 1 is chosen, the data framing is 8 bits, 1 stop bit and 1 start bit, which makes it
compatible with the COM port of IBM/ compatible PC’s. And the most important is serial
mode 1 allows the baud rate to be variable and is set by Timer 1 of the 8051. In serial
mode 1, for each character a total of 10 bits are transferred, where the first bit is the start
bit, followed by 8 bits of data and finally 1 stop bit.
8051 Interface with any External Devices using Serial Communication:


3.5 GSM Technology:

Definition of GSM:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology
used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system
that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital
wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and
compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each
in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band. It
supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, together with the
transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).
History
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT) created the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile
telephone system that could be used across Europe. In 1987, a memorandum of
understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone
system across Europe. Finally the system created by SINTEF lead by Torleiv Maseng
was selected.
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990.
The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint
technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson.
By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being
operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. As of the end of 1997, GSM service was

available in more than 100 countries and has become the de facto standard in Europe and
Asia.
GSM Frequencies
GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM
frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks
operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including
Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900
and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in
Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency
bands are assigned in some countries where these frequencies were previously used for
first-generation systems.
GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the
base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124
RF channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz
is used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger
frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–
960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the
original GSM-900 band.
Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech
channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst
periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate
frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 Kbit/s,
and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.
Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 80% of the world’s population. GSM
satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is
not available.

Mobile Telephony Standards:
Standard Generation Frequency band Throughput

Allows transfer of voice or low- 9.6
GSM 2G volume digital data. 9.6 kbps kbps
Allows transfer of voice or 21.4-171.2
GPRS 2.5G moderate-volume digital data. kbps 48 kbps
Allows simultaneous transfer of 43.2-345.6 171
EDGE 2.75G voice and digital data. kbps kbps
Allows simultaneous transfer of 384
UMTS 3G voice and high-speed digital data. 0.144-2 Mbps kbps
1G
The first generation of mobile telephony (written 1G) operated using analogue
communications and portable devices that were relatively large. It used primarily the
following standards:
 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), which appeared in 1976 in the United
States, was the first cellular network standard. It was used primarily in the
Americas, Russia and Asia. This first-generation analogue network had weak
security mechanisms which allowed hacking of telephones lines.
 TACS (Total Access Communication System) is the European version of the

AMPS model. Using the 900 MHz frequency band, this system was largely used
in England and then in Asia (Hong-Kong and Japan).
 ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) is an improved version

of the TACS standard developed in the United Kingdom that uses a larger number
of communication channels.

Second Generation of Mobile Networks (2G):

The second generation of mobile networks marked a break with the first generation of
cellular telephones by switching from analogue to digital. The main 2G mobile telephony
standards are:
 GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most commonly used
standard in Europe at the end of the 20th century and supported in the United
States. This standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands in
Europe. In the United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz
band. Portable telephones that are able to operate in Europe and the United States
are therefore called tri-band.
 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) uses a spread spectrum technique that
allows a radio signal to be broadcast over a large frequency range.
 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) uses a technique of time division of

communication channels to increase the volume of data transmitted
simultaneously. TDMA technology is primarily used on the American continent,
in New Zealand and in the Asia-Pacific region.
With the 2G networks, it is possible to transmit voice and low volume digital data, for
example text messages (SMS, for Short Message Service) or multimedia messages
(MMS, for Multimedia Message Service). The GSM standard allows a maximum data
rate of 9.6 kbps.
Extensions have been made to the GSM standard to improve throughput. One of these is
the GPRS (General Packet Radio System) service which allows theoretical data rates on
the order of 114 Kbit/s but with throughput closer to 40 Kbit/s in practice. As this
technology does not fit within the "3G" category, it is often referred to as 2.5G

3G
The IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000)
specifications from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the
characteristics of 3G (third generation of mobile telephony). The most important of these
characteristics are:
1. High transmission data rate.
2. 144 Kbps with total coverage for mobile use.
3. 384 Kbps with medium coverage for pedestrian use.
4. 2 Mbps with reduced coverage area for stationary use.
5. World compatibility.
6. Compatibility of 3rd generation mobile services with second generation networks.
3G offers data rates of more than 144 Kbit/s, thereby allowing the access to multimedia
uses such as video transmission, video-conferencing or high-speed internet access. 3G
networks use different frequency bands than the previous networks: 1885-2025 MHz and
2110-2200 MHz.
The main 3G standard used in Europe is called UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System) and uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access) encoding. UMTS technology uses 5 MHz bands for transferring voice and data,
with data rates that can range from 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps. HSDPA (High Speed Downlink
Packet Access) is a third generation mobile telephony protocol, (considered as "3.5G"),
which is able to reach data rates on the order of 8 to 10 Mbps. HSDPA technology uses
the 5 GHz frequency band and uses WCDMA encoding.
Introduction to the GSM Standard:

The GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) network is at the start of the
21st century, the most commonly used mobile telephony standard in Europe. It is called as
Second Generation (2G) standard because communications occur in an entirely digital
mode, unlike the first generation of portable telephones.
When it was first standardized in 1982, it was called as Group Special Mobile and later,
it became an international standard called "Global System for Mobile
communications" in 1991.
In Europe, the GSM standard uses the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz frequency bands. In the
United States, however, the frequency band used is the 1900 MHz band. For this reason,
portable telephones that are able to operate in both Europe and the United States are
called tri-band while those that operate only in Europe are called bi-band.
The GSM standard allows a maximum throughput of 9.6 kbps which allows transmission
of voice and low-volume digital data like text messages (SMS, for Short Message
Service) or multimedia messages (MMS, for Multimedia Message Service).
GSM Standards:
GSM uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio
frequency.
There are three basic principles in multiple access, FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), and CDMA (Code Division Multiple

Access). All three principles allow multiple users to share the same physical channel. But
the two competing technologies differ in the way user sharing the common resource.
TDMA allows the users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into
different time slots. Each user takes turn in a round robin fashion for transmitting and
receiving over the channel. Here, users can only transmit in their respective time slot.
CDMA uses a spread spectrum technology that is it spreads the information contained in
a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal.
Unlike TDMA, in CDMA several users can transmit over the channel at the same time.
TDMA in brief:
In late1980’s, as a search to convert the existing analog network to digital as a means to
improve capacity, the cellular telecommunications industry association chose TDMA
over FDMA.
Time Division Multiplex Access is a type of multiplexing where two or more channels of
information are transmitted over the same link by allocating a different time interval for
the transmission of each channel. The most complex implementation using TDMA
principle is of GSM’s (Global System for Mobile communication). To reduce the effect of
co-channel interference, fading and multipath, the GSM technology can use frequency
hoping, where a call jumps from one channel to another channel in a short interval.

TDMA systems still rely on switch to determine when to perform a handoff. Handoff
occurs when a call is switched from one cell site to another while travelling. The TDMA
handset constantly monitors the signals coming from other sites and reports it to the
switch without caller’s awareness. The switch then uses this information for making
better choices for handoff at appropriate times. TDMA handset performs hard handoff,
i.e., whenever the user moves from one site to another, it breaks the connection and then
provides a new connection with the new site.
Advantages of TDMA:
There are lots of advantages of TDMA in cellular technologies.
1. It can easily adapt to transmission of data as well as voice communication.
2. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. This allows the
operator to do services like fax, voice band data and SMS as well as bandwidth
intensive application such as multimedia and video conferencing.
3. Since TDMA technology separates users according to time, it ensures that there
will be no interference from simultaneous transmissions.

4. It provides users with an extended battery life, since it transmits only portion of
the time during conversations. Since the cell size grows smaller, it proves to save
base station equipment, space and maintenance.
TDMA is the most cost effective technology to convert an analog system to digital.
Disadvantages of TDMA:
One major disadvantage using TDMA technology is that the users has a predefined time
slot. When moving from one cell site to other, if all the time slots in this cell are full the
user might be disconnected. Likewise, if all the time slots in the cell in which the user is
currently in are already occupied, the user will not receive a dial tone.
The second problem in TDMA is that it is subjected to multipath distortion. To overcome

this distortion, a time limit can be used on the system. Once the time limit is expired, the
signal is ignored.
The concept of cellular network

Mobile telephone networks are based on the concept of cells, circular zones that overlap
to cover a geographical area.

Cellular networks are based on the use of a central transmitter-receiver in each cell, called
a "base station" (or Base Transceiver Station, written BTS). The smaller the radius of a
cell, the higher is the available bandwidth. So, in highly populated urban areas, there are
cells with a radius of a few hundred meters, while huge cells of up to 30 kilometers
provide coverage in rural areas.
In a cellular network, each cell is surrounded by 6 neighbouring cells (thus a cell is

generally drawn as a hexagon). To avoid interference, adjacent cells cannot use the same
frequency. In practice, two cells using the same frequency range must be separated by a
distance of two to three times the diameter of the cell.
Architecture of the GSM Network

In a GSM network, the user terminal is called a mobile station. A mobile station is made
up of a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card allowing the user to be uniquely identified
and a mobile terminal.
The terminals (devices) are identified by a unique 15-digit identification number

called IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Each SIM card also has a unique
(and secret) identification number called IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber
Identity). This code can be protected using a 4-digit key called a PIN code.
The SIM card therefore allows each user to be identified independently of the terminal
used during communication with a base station. Communications occur through a radio
link (air interface) between a mobile station and a base station.
All the base stations of a cellular network are connected to a base station
controller (BSC) which is responsible for managing distribution of the resources. The
system consisting of the base station controller and its connected base stations is called
the Base Station Subsystem (BSS).

Finally, the base station controllers are themselves physically connected to the Mobile
Switching Centre (MSC), managed by the telephone network operator, which connects
them to the public telephone network and the Internet. The MSC belongs to a Network
Station Subsystem (NSS), which is responsible for managing user identities, their
location and establishment of communications with other subscribers. The MSC is
generally connected to databases that provide additional functions:
1. The Home Location Register (HLR) is a database containing information

(geographic position, administrative information etc.) of the subscribers registered
in the area of the switch (MSC).
2. The Visitor Location Register (VLR) is a database containing information of
users other than the local subscribers. The VLR retrieves the data of a new user
from the HLR of the user's subscriber zone. The data is maintained as long as the
user is in the zone and is deleted when the user leaves or after a long period of
inactivity (terminal off).
3. The Equipment Identify Register (EIR) is a database listing the mobile
terminals.
4. The Authentication Centre (AUC) is responsible for verifying user identities.
5. The cellular network formed in this way is designed to support mobility via
management of handovers (movements from one cell to another).
Finally, GSM networks support the concept of roaming i.e., movement from one
operator network to another.
Introduction to Modem:

Modem stands for modulator-demodulator:
A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over

telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem
converts between these two forms.
Fortunately, there is one standard interface for connecting external modems to

computers called RS-232. Consequently, any external modem can be attached to any
computer that has an RS-232 port, which almost all personal computers have. There are
also modems that come as an expansion board that can be inserted into a vacant
expansion slot. These are sometimes called onboard or internal modems.
Some, like CCITT V.34 are official standards, while others have been developed by
private companies. Most modems have built-in support for the more common protocols at
slow data transmission speeds at least, most modems can communicate with each other.
At high transmission speeds, however, the protocols are less standardized.
 Bps: How fast the modem can transmit and receive data. At slow rates, modems
are measured in terms of baud rates. The slowest rate is 300 baud (about 25 cps).
At higher speeds, modems are measured in terms of bits per second (bps). The
fastest modems run at 57,600 bps, although they can achieve even higher data
transfer rates by compressing the data. Obviously, the faster the transmission rate,
the faster the data can be sent and received. It should be noted that the data cannot
be received at a faster rate than it is being sent.
 Voice/data: Many modems support a switch to change between voice and data
modes. In data mode, the modem acts like a regular modem. In voice mode, the

modem acts like a regular telephone. Modems that support a voice/data switch
have a built-in loudspeaker and microphone for voice communication.
 Auto-answer: An auto-answer modem enables the computer to receive calls in

the absence of the operator.
 Data compression: Some modems perform data compression, which enables

them to send data at faster rates. However, the modem at the receiving end must
be able to decompress the data using the same compression technique.
 Flash memory: Some modems come with flash memory rather than conventional
ROM which means that the communications protocols can be easily updated if
necessary.
 Fax capability: Most modern modems are fax modems, which mean that they
can send and receive faxes.
GSM Modem:
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A
wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that
a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless
modem sends and receives data through radio waves.

A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card.

Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a
USB cable. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a
wireless carrier in order to operate.
A SIM card contains the following information:
 Subscriber telephone number (MSISDN)
 International subscriber number (IMSI, International Mobile Subscriber
Identity)
 State of the SIM card
 Service code (operator)
 Authentication key
 PIN (Personal Identification Code)
 PUK (Personal Unlock Code)

The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per
minute is very low i.e., about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.
Introduction to AT Commands
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of
ATtention. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's the reason, modem
commands are called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control
wired dial-up modems, such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO
(Return to online data state) are also supported by GSM modems and mobile phones.
Some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM modem or
mobile phone are listed below:
 Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM modem. For example,
name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version
(AT+CGMR).
 Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM)
and IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI).
 Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status
(AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery
charging status (AT+CBC).
 Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA,

etc).
 Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).
 Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write

(AT+CMGW) or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of
newly received SMS messages (AT+CNMI).
 Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook entries.

 Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks
(AT+CLCK), checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing

passwords(AT+CPWD).
 Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to SMS
messaging such as the SMS center address.
It should be noted that the mobile phone manufacturers usually do not implement all
AT commands, command parameters and parameter values in their mobile phones. Also,
the behavior of the implemented AT commands may be different from that defined in the
standard. In general, GSM modems, designed for wireless applications, have better
support of AT commands than ordinary mobile phones.
Basic concepts of SMS technology

1. Validity Period of an SMS Message
An SMS message is stored temporarily in the SMS center if the recipient mobile phone is
offline. It is possible to specify the period after which the SMS message will be deleted
from the SMS center so that the SMS message will not be forwarded to the recipient
mobile phone when it becomes online. This period is called the validity period.
A mobile phone should have a menu option that can be used to set the validity period.
After setting it, the mobile phone will include the validity period in the outbound SMS
messages automatically.
2. Message Status Reports

Sometimes the user may want to know whether an SMS message has reached the
recipient mobile phone successfully. To get this information, you need to set a flag in the
SMS message to notify the SMS center that a status report is required about the delivery
of this SMS message. The status report is sent to the user mobile in the form of an SMS
message.

3. Message Submission Reports

After leaving the mobile phone, an SMS message goes to the SMS center. When it
reaches the SMS center, the SMS center will send back a message submission report to
the mobile phone to inform whether there are any errors or failures (e.g. incorrect SMS
message format, busy SMS center, etc). If there is no error or failure, the SMS center
sends back a positive submission report to the mobile phone. Otherwise it sends back a
negative submission report to the mobile phone. The mobile phone may then notify the
user that the message submission was failed and what caused the failure.
4. Message Delivery Reports

After receiving an SMS message, the recipient mobile phone will send back a message
delivery report to the SMS center to inform whether there are any errors or failures
(example causes: unsupported SMS message format, not enough storage space, etc). This
process is transparent to the mobile user. If there is no error or failure, the recipient
mobile phone sends back a positive delivery report to the SMS center. Otherwise it sends
back a negative delivery report to the SMS center.
3.6 ELECTRIC MOTORS:
Electric motors are used to efficiently convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy. Magnetism is the basis of their principles of operation. They use permanent
magnets, electromagnets, and exploit the magnetic properties of materials in order to
create these amazing machines.

There are several types of electric motors available today. The following outline
gives an overview of several popular ones. There are two main classes of motors: AC and
DC. AC motors require an alternating current or voltage source (like the power coming
out of the wall outlets in your house) to make them work. DC motors require a direct
current or voltage source (like the voltage coming out of batteries) to make them work.
Universal motors can work on either type of power. Not only is the construction of the
motors different, but the means used to control the speed and torque created by each of
these motors also varies, although the principles of power conversion are common to
both.
Motors are used just about everywhere. In our house, there is a motor in the
furnace for the blower, for the intake air, in the sump well, dehumidifier, in the kitchen in
the exhaust hood above the stove, microwave fan, refrigerator compressor and cooling
fan, can opener, garbage disposer, dish washer pump, clocks, computer fans, ceiling fans,
and many more items.
In industry, motors are used to move, lift, rotate, accelerate, brake, lower and spin
material in order to coat, paint, punch, plate, make or form steel, film, paper, tissue,
aluminum, plastic and other raw materials.
They range in power ratings from less than 1/100 hp to over 100,000 hp. The
rotate as slowly as 0.001 rpm to over 100,000 rpm. They range in physical size from as
small as the head of a pin to the size of a locomotive engine.
What happens when a wire carrying current is within a magnetic field?

This is the Left Hand Rule for motors.
The first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field (first - field), which goes
from the North pole to the South pole.
The second finger points in the direction of the current in the wire (second - current).
The thumb then points in the direction the wire is thrust or pushed while in the magnetic
field (thumb - torque or thrust).
So, when a wire carrying current is perpendicular to a magnetic field, a force is created
on the wire causing it to move perpendicular to the field and direction of current. The
greater the current in the wire, or the greater the magnetic field, the faster the wire moves
because of the greater force created. If the current in the wire is parallel to the magnetic
field, there will be no force on the wire.
DC Motors:

DC motors are fairly simple to understand. They are also simple to make and only
require a battery or dc supply to make them run.
A simple motor has six parts, as shown in the diagram below:
 Armature or rotor
 Commutator
 Brushes
 Axle
 Field magnet
 DC power supply of some sort
An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: A motor uses magnets to create
motion. If you have ever played with magnets you know about the fundamental law of all
magnets: Opposites attract and likes repel. So if you have two bar magnets with their
ends marked "north" and "south," then the north end of one magnet will attract the south
end of the other. On the other hand, the north end of one magnet will repel the north end
of the other (and similarly, south will repel south). Inside an electric motor, these
attracting and repelling forces create rotational motion.

The armature (or rotor) is an electromagnet, while the field magnet is a permanent
magnet (the field magnet could be an electromagnet as well, but in most small motors it
is not in order to save power).
When you put all of these parts together, here is a complete electric motor:

In the above figure, the armature winding has been left out so that it is easier to
see the commutator in action. The key thing to notice is that as the armature passes
through the horizontal position, the poles of the electromagnet flip. Because of the flip,
the north pole of the electromagnet is always above the axle so it can repel the field
magnet's north pole and attract the field magnet's south pole.
Even a small electric motor contains the same pieces described above: two small
permanent magnets, a commutator, two brushes, and an electromagnet made by winding
wire around a piece of metal.
It is possible to have any number of poles, depending on the size of the motor and the
specific application it is being used in.
Types of Motors:
Split Phase:
The split phase motor is mostly used for "medium starting" applications. It has start and
run windings, both are energized when the motor is started. When the motor reaches
about 75% of its rated full load speed, the starting winding is disconnected by an
automatic switch.
Uses:
This motor is used where stops and starts are somewhat frequent. Common
applications of split phase motors include: fans, blowers, office machines and tools such
as small saws or drill presses where the load is applied after the motor has obtained its
operating speed.
Capacitor Start

This motor has a capacitor in series with a starting winding and provides more
than double the starting torque with one third less starting current than the split phase
motor. Because of this improved starting ability, the capacitor start motor is used for
loads which are hard to start. It has good efficiency and requires starting currents of
approximately five times full load current. The capacitor and starting windings are
disconnected from the circuit by an automatic switch when the motor reaches about 75%
of its rated full load speed.
Uses: Common uses include: compressors, pumps, machine tools, air conditioners,
conveyors, blowers, fans and other hard to start applications.
Horsepower & RPM:
Horsepower:
Electric motors are rated by horsepower, the home shop will probably utilize
motors from 1/4 HP for small tools and up to 5 HP on air compressors. Not all motors are
rated the same, some are rated under load, others as peak horsepower and hence we have
5 HP compressors with huge motors and 5 Hp shopvacs with tiny little motors.
Unfortunately all 5 HP compressor motors are not equal in actual power either, to judge
the true horsepower the easiest way is to look at the amperage of the motor. Electric
motors are not efficient, most have a rating of about 50% due to factors such as heat and
friction and some may be as high as 70%.
This chart will give a basic idea of the true horse power rating compared to the ampere
rating. Motors with a higher efficiency rating will draw fewer amps, for example a 5 HP
motor with a 50% efficiency rating will draw about 32 amps at 230 VAC compared to
about 23 amps for a motor with a 70% rating.
TRUE HP AMPS at 115VAC AMPS at 230 VAC

¼ 3.2 - 2.3 1.6 -1.2
1/3 4.3 - 3.1 2.2 - 1.5
½ 6.5 - 4.6 3.2 - 2.3
¾ 9.7- 7.0 4.9 - 3.5
1 13.0 - 9.3 6.5 - 4.6
1½ 19.5 - 13.9 9.7 - 7.0
2 25.9 - 18.5 13.0 - 9.3
5 64.9 - 46.3 32.4 - 23.2
A quick general calculation when looking at a motor is 1 HP = 10 amps on 110 volts and
1 HP = 5 amps on 220 volts.
RPM
The shaft on a typical shop motor will rotate at either 1725 or 3450 RPM
(revolutions per minute). The speed of the driven machine will be determined by the size
of pulleys used, for example a 3450 RPM motor can be replaced by a 1750 RPM motor if
the diameter of the pulley on the motor is doubled. The opposite is true as well but if the
pulley on the 1750 RPM motor is small it is not always possible to replace it with one
half the size.
Phase, Voltage & Rotation:
Whether or not you can use a motor will likely depend on these factors.

Single Phase:
Ordinary household wiring is single phase, alternating current. Each cycle peaks and dips
as shown. To run a three phase motor a phase converter must be used, usually this is not
practical, it is often less expensive to change the motor on a machine to a single phase
style.
Three Phase:
This is used in industrial shops, rather than peaks and valleys the current supply is more
even because of the other two cycles each offset by 120 degrees.
Voltage:
Many motors are dual voltage i.e., by simply changing the wiring configuration, they can
be run on 110 volts or 220 volts. Motors usually run better on 220 volts, especially if
there is any line loss because of having to use a long wire to reach the power supply.
Motors are available for both AC and DC current, our typical home wiring will be AC.
There are DC converters available which are used in applications where the speed of the
motor is controlled.
Rotation:

The direction the shaft rotates can be changed on most motors by switching the right
wires. The direction of rotation is usually determined by viewing the motor from the shaft
end and is designated as CW (clockwise) or CCW (counter-clockwise).
3.7 L293D- CURRENT DRIVER CHIP
Pin diagram
FEATURES
 Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V

 Separate Input-Logic Supply
 Internal ESD Protection
 Thermal Shutdown
 High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
 Functionally Similar to SGS L293 and SGS L293D
 Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
 Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)
 Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression (L293D)
DESCRIPTION:

The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is
designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36
V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at
voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as
relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-
voltage loads in positive-supply applications.
All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit,
with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo- Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in
pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN.
When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled and their outputs are
active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are
disabled and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data
inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive suitable for
solenoid or motor applications. On the L293, external high-speed output clamp diodes
should be used for inductive transient suppression.
A VCC1 terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic inputs to
minimize device power dissipation. The L293 and L293D are characterized for operation
from 0 to 70 degree Celsius.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

LOGIC DIAGRAM

This chip contains 4 enable pins. Each enable pin corresponds to 2 inputs. Based on the
input values given, the device connected to this IC works accordingly.
L293D Interfacing with 8051:

Chapter 4
Firmware Implementation of the

project design
This chapter briefly explains about the firmware implementation of the project.
The required software tools are discussed in section 4.2. Section 4.3 shows the flow

diagram of the project design. Section 4.4 presents the firmware implementation of the
project design.
4.1 Software Tools Required
Keil µv3, Proload are the two software tools used to program microcontroller. The
working of each software tool is explained below in detail.
4.1.1 Programming Microcontroller

A compiler for a high level language helps to reduce production time. To program
the AT89S52 microcontroller the Keil µv3 is used. The programming is done strictly in
the embedded C language. Keil µv3 is a suite of executable, open source software
development tools for the microcontrollers hosted on the Windows platform.
The compilation of the C program converts it into machine language file (.hex).
This is the only language the microcontroller will understand, because it contains the
original program code converted into a hexadecimal format. During this step there are
some warnings about eventual errors in the program. This is shown in Fig 4.1. If there
are no errors and warnings then run the program, the system performs all the required
tasks and behaves as expected the software developed. If not, the whole procedure will
have to be repeated again. Fig 4.2 shows expected outputs for given inputs when run
compiled program.
One of the difficulties of programming microcontrollers is the limited amount of

resources the programmer has to deal with. In personal computers resources such as
RAM and processing speed are basically limitless when compared to microcontrollers. In
contrast, the code on microcontrollers should be as low on resources as possible.
Keil Compiler:
Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which
is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also
supports C language code.
Fig 4.1: Compilation of source Code

Fig 4.2: Run the compiled program
Proload:
Proload is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is
converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller and this
is done by the Proload. Proload is a programmer which itself contains a microcontroller
in it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in
it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the Keil compiler and dumps this
hex file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. It should be noted that this
programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch
on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the power
supply board with an output of 12volts.

Fig 4.3: Atmel AT89C2051 Device programmer
Features:
 Supports major Atmel 89 series devices
 Auto Identify connected hardware and devices
 Error checking and verification in-built
 Lock of programs in chip supported to prevent program copying
 20 and 40 pin ZIF socket on-board
 Auto Erase before writing and Auto Verify after writing
 Informative status bar and access to latest programmed file
 Simple and Easy to use
 Works on 57600 speed
Description
It is simple to use and low cost, yet powerful flash microcontroller programmer
for the Atmel 89 series. It will Program, Read and Verify Code Data, Write Lock Bits,
Erase and Blank Check. All fuse and lock bits are programmable. This programmer has
intelligent onboard firmware and connects to the serial port. All devices have signature
bytes that the programmer reads to automatically identify the chip. No need to select the
device type, just plug it in and go! All devices also have a number of lock bits to provide
various levels of software and programming protection. All the programming

'intelligence' is built into the programmer so you do not need any special hardware to run
it. Programmer comes with window based software for easy programming of the devices.

Programming Software
Computer side software called 'Proload V4.1' is executed that accepts the Intel HEX
format file generated from compiler to be sent to target microcontroller. It auto detects the
hardware connected to the serial port. It also auto detects the chip inserted and bytes
used. Software is developed in Delphi 7 and requires no overhead of any external DLL.
Fig 4.4: Writing the programs bytes onto the microcontroller

Chapter 5
Results and Discussions

5.1 Results
Assemble the circuit on the PCB as shown in Fig 5.1. After assembling the circuit
on the PCB, check it for proper connections before switching on the power supply.
5.2 Conclusion
The implementation of GSM based DC motor control using microcontroller is

done successfully. The communication is properly done without any interference between
different modules in the design. Design is done to meet all the specifications and
requirements. Software tools like Keil Uvision Simulator, Proload to dump the source
code into the microcontroller, Orcad Lite for the schematic diagram have been used to
develop the software code before realizing the hardware.
The performance of the system is more efficient. Continuously reading the signal
from the modem, read the message if any and change the status of the motor is the main
job carried out by the microcontroller. The mechanism is controlled by the
microcontroller.
Circuit is implemented in Orcad and implemented on the microcontroller board.
The performance has been verified both in software simulator and hardware design. The
total circuit is completely verified functionally and is following the application software.
It can be concluded that the design implemented in the present work provide
portability, flexibility and the data transmission is also done with low power
consumption.
Working procedure:

DC motor control using GSM is carried out in a very efficient way. The user has to send
predefined messages from his mobile to the controlling unit. The controlling unit consists
of a microcontroller, GSM modem, circuitry to allow the serial communication between
the microcontroller and modem and the motor unit.
Whenever the user sends a predefined message to the controlling unit, the modem
receives this and passes the data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller upon reading
this data, starts or stops the motor as per the request sent by the user. The system can also
send a message as a confirmation reply to the user mobile.
Since the DC motor requires more current for its functioning, the microcontroller cannot
handle the motor and cannot provide the required current to the motor, a current driver IC
L293D is used as an interface between the microcontroller and the DC motor.
Thus, the status of the motor can be changed within no time using the concepts of GSM.

GSM Based DC Motor Control

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GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL USING PWM

GSM BASED DC MOTOR SPEED

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY Page 1

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1.1 Objective of the project

The objective of the project is to develop a microcontroller based control system. It

1.2 Background of the Project

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Overview of the technologies used

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· Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different

· Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions such as

Following are the advantages of Embedded Systems:

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Table: World wide development of mobile telephone systems

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Year Mobile System

Hardware Implementation of the

3.1 Project Design

The implementation of the project design can be divided in two parts.

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3.1.1 Block Diagram of the Project and its Description

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Fig: Block diagram for GSM based Agriculture field control

3.2 Power Supply:

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Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and

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Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.

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 8K Bytes of Re-programmable Flash Memory.

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The AT89s52 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K

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Fig: Pin diagram

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Fig: Block diagram

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GND Pin 20 is the ground.

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Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

C1, C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals

= 40 pF ± 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators

External Clock Drive Configuration

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Special Function Registers

Dual Data Pointer Registers:

Power Off Flag:

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Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)

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Mode 1 (16-bit Timer)

Mode 2 (8-bit Timer with Auto-Reload)

Mode 0 (13-bit Timer)

Mode 1 (16-bit Timer)

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in cascade. The selected input increments the TL1 register.

Mode 2 (8-bit Timer with Auto Reload)