CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF BEAMS

86 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Moment Results from Grasp:

Exterior Beams Interior Beams

Midspan Support Midspan Support
Roof Deck 33.1027 -81.9998 47.5953 -87.2649
4th Floor 101.8008 -143.008 83.297 -161.8
3rd Floor 179.9469 -197.591 151.97 -199.017
2nd Floor 217.5283 -224.486 186.3 -211.616

Solving for 𝝆b; f’c = 28 Mpa; fy = 414 Mpa; db = 25 mm

0.85f′cβ600 0.8(28)(0.85)600
𝝆b = fy(600+fy)
= 414(600+414)

𝝆b = 0.02891

Solving for 𝝆,

𝝆max = 0.75 𝝆b = 0.75(0.02891) = 0.02168

1.4 1.4
𝝆min = = = 0.003381
fy 414

𝝆 =0.6 𝝆max = 0.6 (0.02168) = 0.01301

So, use 𝝆 = 0.01301

Solving for ω,

ρfy (0.01301)(414)
ω= f′c
= 28

ω = 0.19236

Solving for 𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙,

ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥fy (0.02168)(414)
𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = f′c
= 28

𝝎𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 0.32055

87 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Designing for Exterior Beams:

Roof Deck Investigate:

Mumidspan = 33.1027 kN - m Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)

Musupport = -81.9998 kN - m where:
As = ρbd
Midspan 𝜋(25)2
(2) = ρ (220) (307.5)
4
ρ = 0.01451 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
Mu = 33.1027 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa ρfy (0.01451 )(414)
ω = 0.19236 ω= f′c
= 28

Solution: ω = 0.21454
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
33.1027×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1 – Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.21454 (220)
0.59 (0.19236)) (307.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.21454))
bd2 = 7703101.951 mm Mu(capacity) = 98.23 kN – m

Assume d = 1.75b Mu(capacity) > Mu(design)= 33.1027 kN – m

b(1.75b)2 = 7703101.951 mm
b = 135.997 mm “say” 220 mm THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
d = 237.995 mm “say” 300 mm OKAY!

As = ρbd = 0.01301 (135.997) (237.995) Support

= 421.09 mm2
Mu = -81.9998 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars: 𝝆max= 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa
ωmax= 0.32055
421.09
N= π(25)2
= 0.86 “say” 2 bars
4 Solution:

S = 220 – 100 – 2(25) = 70 mm > 50 mm Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1 − 0.59ωmax)

(OK!) Mumax= 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (220) (307.5)2 (1
– 0.59 (0.32055))
2 A ȳ = 2 A (62.5) Mumax = 136.26 kN – m > Mu(design)
ȳ = 62.5 mm
DESIGN AS SINGLY REINFORCED
D = 300 + 62.5 = 362.5 mm “say” 370 mm
dnew = 370 – 62.5 = 307.5 mm Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
81.9998 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (ω) (220)
(307.5) (1 – 0.59 (ω))
2

ω = 0.17436
ρfy
ω = f′c
ρ(414)
0.17436 = 28
ρ = 0.01179 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)

88 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
As = ρbd = 0.01179 (220) (307.5) 4th Floor
= 797.59 mm2 Mumidspan = 101.8008 kN - m
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars: Musupport = -143.008 kN - m

N=
797.59
= 1.62 “say” 2 bars Midspan
π(25)2
4
Mu = 101.8008 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
S = 220 – 100 – 2(25) = 70 mm > 50 mm 𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa
(OK!) ω = 0.19236

2 A ȳ = 2 A (62.5) Solution:
ȳ = 62.5 mm
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
dnew = 370 – 62.5 = 307.5 mm 101.8008 ×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1
– 0.59 (0.19236))
bd2 = 23689364.95 mm

Assume d = 1.75b
b(1.75b)2 = 23689364.95 mm
b = 197.769 mm “say” 250 mm
d = 346.096 mm “say” 380 mm

As = ρbd = 0.01301 (197.769) (346.096)

= 890.50 mm2

Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:

Investigate:
890.50
N= π(25)2
= 1.81 “say” 2 bars
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) 4
where:
As = ρbd S = 250 – 100 – 2(25) = 100 mm > 50 mm
𝜋(25)2
(2) = ρ (220) (307.5) (OK!)
4
ρ = 0.01451 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!) 2 A ȳ = 2 A (62.5)
ρfy (0.01451 )(414)
ȳ = 62.5 mm
ω= f′c
= 28
D = 380 + 62.5 = 442.5 mm “say” 450 mm
ω = 0.21454 dnew = 450 – 62.5 = 387.5 mm

Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.21454) (220)

(307.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.21454))
Mu(capacity) = 98.23 kN – m
Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 81.9998 kN – m

THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

OKAY!

89 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Investigate: = 1099.53 mm2

Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:

where: 1218.18
N = π(25)2 = 2.24 “say” 4 bars
As = ρbd 4
𝜋(25)2
(2) = ρ (250) (387.5)
4 S = 250 – 100 – 2(25) = 100 mm > 50 mm
ρ = 0.01013 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!) (OK!)
ρfy (0.01013 )(414)
ω= f′c
= 28 4 A ȳ = 2 A (62.5) + 2 A (112.5)
ȳ = 87.5 mm
ω = 0.14978
dnew = 450 – 87.5 = 362.5 mm
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.14978) (250)
(387.5)2(1 – 0.59 (0.14978)
Mu(capacity) = 129.17 kN – m

Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 101.8008 kN – m

THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

OKAY!
Support

Mu = -143.008 kN – m fy = 414 MPa

𝝆max = 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa
ωmax = 0.32055
Investigate:
Solution:
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1
− 0.59ωmax) where:
Mumax = 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (250) (387.5)2 As = ρbd
(1 – 0.59 (0.32055)) 𝜋(25)2
4
(4) = ρ (250) (362.5)
ρ = 0.02117 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
Mumax = 245.89 kN – m > Mu(design)
ρfy (0.02117)(414)
DESIGN AS SINGLY REINFORCED ω= =
f′c 28

Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) ω = 0.31301

143.008 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (ω) (250) (387.5)2 Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.31301) (250)
(1 – 0.59 (ω)) (362.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.31301))
ω = 0.16778 Mu(capacity) = 211.27 kN – m

ω=
ρfy Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = -143.008 kN – m
f′c
ρ(414)
0.16778= 28 THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
ρ = 0.01135 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!) OKAY!

As = ρbd = 0.01135 (250) (387.5)

90 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
3rd Floor

Mumidspan = 179.9469 kN - m
Musupport = -197.591 kN - m

Midspan

Mu = 179.9469 kN – m fy = 414 MPa

𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa
ω = 0.19236 Investigate:

Solution: Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)

where:
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) As = ρbd
179.9469 ×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1 𝜋(25)2
(3) = ρ (280) (427.5)
– 0.59 (0.19236)) 4
ρ = 0.01230 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
bd2 = 41874207.14 mm
ρfy (0.01230 )(414)
Assume d = 1.75b ω= f′c
= 28
b(1.75b)2 = 41874207.14 mm
b = 239.12 mm “say” 280 mm ω = 0.18186
d = 418.46 mm “say” 420 mm
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.18186) (280)
As = ρbd = 0.01301 (239.12) (418.46) = (427.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.18186))
1301.81 mm2 Mu(capacity) = 209.35 kN – m

Using 25 mm ∅ main bars: Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 179.9469 kN – m

N=
1301.81
= 2.65 “say” 3 bars THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
π(25)2
4 OKAY!

S=
280−100−3(25)
= 52.5 mm > 50 mm (OK!) Support
2

3 A ȳ = 3 A (62.5) Mu = -197.591 kN – m fy = 414 MPa

ȳ = 62.5 mm 𝝆max = 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa
ωmax = 0.32055
D = 420 + 62.5 = 482.5 mm “say” 490 mm
dnew = 490 – 62.5 = 427.5 mm Solution:

Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1 − 0.59ωmax)

Mumax = 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (280) (427.5)2

(1 – 0.59 (0.32055))

Mumax = 335.18 kN – m > Mu(design)

DESIGN AS SINGLY REINFORCED

91 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) 4 A ȳ = 2 A (62.5) + 2 A (112.5)
197.591 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (ω) (280) (427.5)2 ȳ = 87.5 mm
(1 – 0.59 (ω))
ω = 0.17035 dnew = 490 – 87.5 = 402.5 mm

ρfy
ω= f′c
ρ(414)
0.17035 = 28
ρ = 0.01152 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)

As = ρbd = 0.01152 (280) (427.5) =

1378.944 mm2
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:

1378.944
N= π(25)2
= 2.81 “say” 4 bars
4
S = 280 – 100 – 2(25) = 130 mm > 50 mm
(OK!)

Investigate:
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.25757) (280)
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) (402.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.25757))
where: Mu(capacity) = 294.43 kN – m
As = ρbd
𝜋(25)2
(4) = ρ (280) (402.5) Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 197.591 kN – m
4
ρ = 0.01742 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
ρfy (0.01742 )(414) OKAY!
ω= =
f′c 28
ω = 0.25757

2nd Floor Solution

Mumidspan = 217.5283kN - m Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)

Musupport = -224.486kN - m 217.5283 ×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1
– 0.59 (0.19236))
Midspan bd2 = 50619516.6 mm

Mu = 217.5283 kN – m fy = 414 MPa Assume d = 1.75b

𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa b(1.75b)2 = 50619516.6 mm
ω = 0.19236 b = 254.73 mm “say” 300 mm
d = 445.77 mm “say” 480 mm

As = ρbd = 0.01301 (254.73 (445.77) =

1477.30 mm2

92 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars: Support
1477.30
N = π(25)2 = 3.00 “say” 4 bars
4 Mu = -254.288 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
𝝆max = 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa
S = 300 – 100 – 2(25) = 150 mm > 50 mm ωmax = 0.32055
(OK!)
Solution:
4A ȳ = 2 A (62.5) + 2 A (112.5)
ȳ = 87.5 mm Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1 − 0.59ωmax)
Mumax = 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (300) (392.5)2
dnew = 480 – 87.5 = 392.5 mm (1 – 0.59 (0.32055))
Mumax = 302.73 kN – m > Mu(design)

DESIGN AS SINGLY REINFORCED

Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
254.288 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (ω) (300) (392.5)2
(1 – 0.59 (ω))
ω = 0.25744

ρfy
ω=
f′c
ρ(414)
0.25744 = 28
Investigate: ρ = 0.01741 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)

Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) As = ρbd = 0.01741 (300) (392.5) =

where: 2050.03 mm2
As = ρbd
𝜋(25)2
(4) = ρ (300) (392.5) Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:
4
ρ = 0.01668 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!) 1977.89
N= π(25)2
= 4.18 “say” 5 bars
ρfy (0.01668)(414) 4
ω= f′c
= 28
300−100−3(25)
S= 2
= 62.5 mm > 50 mm (OK!)
ω = 0.24663
5 A ȳ = 3 A (62.5) + 2 A (112.5)
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.24663) (300) ȳ = 82.5 mm
(392.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.24663))
Mu(capacity) = 245.44 kN – m dnew = 480 – 82.5 = 397.5 mm

Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 217.5283 kN – m

THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

OKAY!

93 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 bd2 = 11075575.36 mm
Assume d = 1.75b
b(1.75b)2 = 11075575.36 mm
b = 153.50 mm “say” 200 mm
d = 268.63 mm “say” 300 mm

As = ρbd = 0.01301 (153.50) (268.63) =

Investigate: 536.46 mm2

Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:

where:
As = ρbd N=
536.46
= 1.09 “say” 2 bars
π(25)2
𝜋(25)2
4
(5) = ρ (300) (397.5) 4

ρ = 0.02058 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!) S = 200 – 80 – 2(25) = 70 mm > 50 mm

ρfy (0.02058 )(414)
(OK!)
ω= f′c
= 28
2 A ȳ = 2 A (52.5)
ω = 0.30828 ȳ = 52.5 mm

Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.30828) (300) D = 300 + 52.5 = 352.5 mm “say” 360 mm
(397.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.30828)) dnew = 360 – 52.5 = 307.5 mm
Mu(capacity) = 301.27 kN – m

Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 224.486 kN – m

THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

OKAY!

Designing for Interior Beams:

Roof Deck

Mumidspan = 47.5953 kN - m
Musupport = -87.2649 kN - m Investigate:

Midspan Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)

where:
Mu = 47.5953 kN – m fy = 414 MPa As = ρbd
𝜋(25)2
𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa (2) = ρ (200) (307.5)
4
ω = 0.19236 ρ = 0.01596 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
Solution: ρfy (0.01596 )(414)
ω= f′c
= 28
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
47.5953 ×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1 – ω = 0.23598
0.59 (0.19236))

94 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.23598) (200) dnew = 360 – 52.5 = 307.5 mm
(307.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.23598))
Mu(capacity) =96801927.27 = 96.80 kN – m

Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 47.5953 kN – m

THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

OKAY!

Support

Mu = -87.2649 kN – m fy = 414 MPa

𝝆max = 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa Investigate:
ωmax = 0.32055
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
Solution: where:
As = ρbd
Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1 − 0.59ωmax) 𝜋(25)2
(2) = ρ (200) (307.5)
Mumax = 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (200) (307.5)2 4
ρ = 0.01596 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
(1 – 0.59 (0.32055)) ρfy (0.01596 )(414)
Mumax = 123.87 kN – m > Mu(design) ω= =
f′c 28

DESIGN AS SINGLY REINFORCED ω = 0.01596

Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.23598) (200)
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) (307.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.23598))
87.2649 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (ω) (200) (307.5)2 Mu(capacity) = 96.80 kN – m
(1 – 0.59 (ω))
ω = 0.20885 Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 87.2649 kN – m

ρfy THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

ω=
f′c
ρ(414) OKAY!
0.20885= 28
ρ = 0.01413 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
4th Floor
As = ρbd = 0.01413 (200) (307.5) = 868.91
mm2 Mumidspan = 83.297 kN - m
Musupport = -161.8 kN - m
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:
Midspan
868.91
N= π(25)2
= 1.77 “say” 2 bars
4 Mu = 83.297 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa
S = 200 – 80 – 2(25)= 70 mm > 50 mm ω = 0.19236
(OK!)

2 A ȳ = 2 A (52.5)
ȳ = 52.5 mm

95 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Solution: ρfy (0.01385 )(414)
ω= f′c
= 28

Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.20478
83.297 ×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1 –
0.59 (0.19236))
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.20478 (210)
bd2 = 19383472.75 mm
(337.5)2(1 – 0.59 (0.20478)
Mu(capacity) = 108.53 kN – m
Assume d = 1.75b
b(1.75b)2 = 19383472.75 mm
Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 83.297 kN – m
b = 184.98 mm “say” 210 mm
d = 323.72 mm “say” 330 mm
THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
OKAY!
As = ρbd = 0.01301 (184.98) (323.72) =
779.06 mm2
Support
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:
Mu = = -161.8 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
1163.17 𝝆max = 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa
N= π(25)2
= 1.59 “say” 2 bars ωmax = 0.32055
4
S = 210 − 80 − 2(25) = 80 mm
≥ 50 mm (OK!) Solution:

𝜋 𝜋 Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1 − 0.59ωmax)

2 [ (25)2 ] ӯ = 2 [ (25)2 ] (52.5)
4 4
Ӯ= 52.5 mm
D= 330 + 52.5 = 382.5 “say” 390 mm
dnew= 390 – 52.5= 337.5 mm
Mumax = 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (210) (337.5)2
(1 – 0.59 (0.32055))
Mumax = 156.68 kN – m < Mu(design)
DESIGN AS DOUBLY REINFORCED

As1 = ρbd = 0.02168 (210) (337.5) =

1536.57 mm2

1536.57
N1 = π(25)2
= 3.13 “say” 4 bars
4

Mu1 = Mumax = 156.68 kN – m

Mu2 = Mu – Mu1
Mu2 = ∅As2fy(d-d’)
161.8 x106 – 156.68 x106 = 0.9 (As2) (414)
(337.5 – 62.5)
Investigate: As2 = 49.97 mm2

49.97
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) N= π(25)2
= 0.10 “say” 2 bars
where: 4

As = ρbd S = 210 − 80 − 2(25) = 80 mm

𝜋(25)2 ≥ 50 mm (OK!)
4
(2) = ρ (210) (337.5)
ρ = 0.01385 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)

96 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 𝜋 𝜋 Assume compression steel yields (f’s = fy)
4 [ (25)2 ] ӯ = 2 [ (25)2 ] (52.5) 𝜋
4 4
𝜋 As2 = A′𝑠 = (25)2 (2) = 981.748 mm2
+ 2 [ (25)2 ] (102.5) 4
4
Ӯ= 77.5 mm 𝜋 𝜋
As1 = A𝑠 − As2 = (25)2 (4) − (25)2 (2)
4 4
dnew= 390-77.5= 312.5 mm = 981.748 mm2

Solve for a and c:

C1 = T1

0.85f’c ab = As1fy
0.85(28) a (210) = 981.748 (414)
a = 81.32 mm

a = β1c
81.32 = 0.85c
c = 95.67 mm
Solve for the stress in compression steel
Check if compression steel yields: 𝑐−𝑑′ 95.67−52.5
f’s = 600 = 600
𝑐 95.67
𝑐−𝑑′
f’s = 600
𝑐 f’s = 270.74 MPa <fy = 414 MPa
where: compression steel does not yield
C1 = T1
0.85f’c ab = As1fy Investigate:
0.85(28) a (210) = 1536.57 (414)
a = 127.28 𝑐−𝑑′ 𝑐−52.5
f’s = 600 𝑐
= 600 𝑐
a = β1c
127.28= 0.85c C1 + C2 = T
c = 149.74 mm 0.85f’c ab + A’sf’s = Asfy
1963.5 (414) = 0.85(28) (0.85c) (210) +
𝑐−𝑑′ 149.74 −52.5 (c−52.5)
f’s = 600 = 600 981.748 600 c
𝑐 149.74

c= 115.64 mm
f’s = 389.64 MPa <fy = 414 MPa
a = β1c
compression steel does not yield a = 0.85(115.64)
𝑓𝑦
a = 98.29 mm
A’s = As2𝑓′𝑠
𝑐−𝑑′ 115.64 −52.5
f’s = 600 𝑐
= 600 115.64
414
A’s = 49.97 = 53.09 mm2
389.64
Investigate: f’s = 327.60 MPa

Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
Mu = ϕ 0.85 f’c ab (d- a/2) + ϕ A′𝑠 f’s (d-d’)

97 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
Mu = 0.9(0.85) (28) (98.29)(210)( 337.5 –
49.16 ) + 0.9(981.75)( 327.60)( 312.5 -52.5)
Mu(capacity) = 202.74 kN - m

Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = -161.8 kN – m

THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

OKAY!
Investigate:
3rd Floor
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
Mumidspan = 151.97 kN - m where:
Musupport = -199.017 kN - m As = ρbd
𝜋(25)2
(3) = ρ (300) (407.5)
Midspan 4
ρ = 0.01205 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
Mu = 151.97 kN – m fy = 414 MPa ρfy (0.01205)(414)
𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa ω= =
f′c 28
ω = 0.19236
ω = 0.17817
Solution:
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.17817) (300)
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) (407.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.17817))
151.97×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1 – Mu(capacity) = 200.16 kN – m
0.59 (0.19236))
bd2 = 35363894.9 mm Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 151.97 kN – m

Assume d = 1.75b THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND

b(1.75b)2 = 35363894.9 mm OKAY!
b = 226.03 mm “say” 300 mm
d = 395.55 mm “say” 400 mm Support

As = ρbd = 0.01301 (226.03) (395.55) Mu = 199.017 kN – m fy = 414 MPa

= 1163.17mm2 𝝆max = 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa
ωmax = 0.32055
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:
Solution:
1163.17
N= π(25)2
= 2.37 “say” 3 bars
4 Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1 − 0.59ωmax)
Mumax = 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (300) (407.5)2
(1 – 0.59 (0.32055))
S=
300−80−3(25)
= 72.5 mm > 50 mm (OK!) Mumax = 326.31 kN – m > Mu(design)
2
DESIGN AS SINGLY REINFORCED
3 A ȳ = 3 A (52.5)
ȳ = 52.5 mm Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
D = 400 + 52.5 = 452.5 mm “say” 460 mm 199.017 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (ω) (300) (407.5)2
dnew = 460 – 52.5 = 407.5 mm (1 – 0.59 (ω))
ω = 0.17702

98 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 ρfy
ω= f′c
ρ(414) THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
0.17702 = 28 OKAY!
ρ = 0.01197 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
2nd Floor
As = ρbd = 0.01197 (300) (407.5) =
1463.33 mm2 Mumidspan = 186.3 kN - m
Musupport = -211.616 kN - m
Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:
Midspan
1463.33
N= π(25)2
= 2.98 “say” 4 bars
4 Mu = 186.3 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
S = 300 – 80 – 2(25) = 170 mm > 50 mm 𝝆 = 0.01301 f’c = 28 MPa
(OK!) ω = 0.19236

4 A ȳ = 2 A (52.5) + 2 A (102.5) Solution:

ȳ = 77.5 mm
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
dnew = 460 – 77.5 = 382.5 mm 186.3 ×106 = 0.9 (28) (0.19236) bd2 (1 –
0.59 (0.19236))
bd2 = 43352593.4 mm

Assume d = 1.75b
b(1.75b)2 = 43352593.4 mm
b = 241.91 mm “say” 300mm
d = 423.34 mm “say” 430 mm

As = ρbd = 0.01301 (241.91) (423.34) =

1332.36 mm2

Investigate: Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:

Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) N=
1332.36
= 2.71 “say” 3 bars
π(25)2
where: 4
As = ρbd
𝜋(25)2 280−80−3(25)
4
(4) = ρ (300) (382.5) S= = 62.5 mm > 50 mm (OK!)
2
ρ = 0.01711 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
3 A ȳ = 3 A (52.5)
ρfy
ω= =
(0.01711 )(414)
ȳ = 52.5 mm
f′c 28

ω = 0.25298 D = 430 + 52.5 = 482.5 mm “say” 490 mm

dnew = 490 – 52.5 = 437.5 mm
Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.25298) (300)
(382.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.25298))
Mu(capacity) = 238.95 kN – m

Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 199.017 kN – m

99 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e
 ρ = 0.01093 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)

As = ρbd = 0.01093 (300) (437.5)

= 1434.56 mm2

Using 25 mm ∅ main bars:

Investigate:
1434.56
N= π(25)2
= 2.92 “say” 4 bars
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) 4
where: S = 300 – 80 – 2(25) = 170 mm > 50 mm
As = ρbd (OK!)
𝜋(25)2
(3) = ρ (300) (437.5)
4 4 A ȳ = 2 A (52.5) + 2 A (102.5)
ρ = 0.01122(ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!) ȳ = 77.5 mm
ρfy (0.01122)(414)
ω= f′c
= 28 dnew = 490 – 77.5 = 412.5 mm

ω = 0.16590

Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.16590) (300)

(437.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.16590))
Mu(capacity) = 216.56 kN – m

Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = 186.3 kN – m

THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
OKAY!
Support
Investigate:
Mu = -211.616 kN – m fy = 414 MPa
𝝆max = 0.02168 f’c = 28 MPa Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω)
ωmax = 0.32055 where:
As = ρbd
Solution: 𝜋(25)2
(4) = ρ (300) (412.5)
Mumax = ∅f′cωmaxbd2(1 − 0.59ωmax) 4
ρ = 0.01587 (ρmin< ρ < ρmax) (OK!)
Mumax = 0.9 (28) (0.32055) (300) (437.5)2
(1 – 0.59 (0.32055)) ρfy (0.01587)(414)
Mumax = 376.12 kN – m > Mu(design) ω= f′c
= 28

DESIGN AS SINGLY REINFORCED ω = 0.23465

Mu(capacity) = 0.9 (28) (0.23465) (300)
Mu = ∅f′cωbd2(1 − 0.59ω) (412.5)2 (1 – 0.59 (0.23465))
211.616 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (ω) (300) (437.5)2 Mu(capacity) = 260.06 kN – m
(1 – 0.59 (ω))
ω = 0.16166 Mu(capacity) > Mu(design) = -211.616 kN – m

ω=
ρfy THEREFORE, THE DESIGN IS SAFE AND
f′c
ρ(414) OKAY!
0.16166= 28

100 | R e i n f o r c e d C o n c r e t e