CHAPTER 9

DESIGN OF SLAB

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Solving for thickness of slab “h” Value of α,
𝐿𝑛 (800 + 0.73𝑓𝑦) 𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
ℎ= α1 = Ecb = Ecs = Ec
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
36000 + 9000𝛽
For interior beams with 5m slab
Ln = 5000 – 300 = 4700 mm
5000 − 300 width: (4 beams)
𝛽= =1
5000 − 300 5 × 109
α1 = 5000(150)3
= 3.56
4700(800 + 0.73(230))
ℎ= 12
36000 + 9000(1)
Value of βs,
h = 101.09 “say” 150 mm
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠
β𝑠 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Effective flange projection of beams, 2(5) + 2(5)
𝛽𝑠 = =1
a. 500 – 150 = 350 mm 2(5) + 2(5)

b. 4h = 4(150) = 600 mm Ln = 4700 mm

𝐿𝑛 (800 + 0.73𝑓𝑦)
ℎ= 1
Moment Inertia of the Beams, 36000 + 5000𝛽[𝛼 − 0.12 (1 + 𝛽)]

For interior beams: ℎ

300(500)3 4700[800 + 0.73(230)]
I = 1.6 × = 5 × 109 mm4 = 1
12 36000 + 5000(1)[3.56 − 0.12 (1 + 1)]

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h = 86.49 mm ØVc = 0.75 (75.56)
but not less than: = 56.67 kN > Vu (OK!)
4700(800 + 0.73(230))
ℎ= = 101.09 Moment along the short span (5m
36000 + 9000(1) interior span):
but need not be more than:
(𝑤𝑢 𝐿1 )𝐿𝑛 2
4700(800 + 0.73(230)) M𝑜 =
ℎ= = 126.36 8
36000
Ln = 4700 mm = 4.7 m
Hence, use h = 110 mm
(10.24 × 5)(4.7)2
M𝑜 = = 141.376 kN • m
8
Factored negative moment

= -0.7 (141.376) = -98.96 kN•m

Factored positive moment

= 0.57 (141.376) = 80.58 kN•m

Using Direct Design Method: Distributing these moments to beam and

column strips:
Given:
h = 110 mm WDL = 6 kPa L2/L1 = 5/5 = 1

fy = 230 MPa WLL = 1.9 kPa α1 =αb = 3.56

12 mm Ø bars α1 (L2/L1) = 3.56 (1)

Solution:
Wu = 1.2 (6) + 1.6 (1.9) = 10.24 kPa
Using 12 mm bars:
d = 110 – 0.5(12) – 20 =84 mm
x = 2.5 – 0.5(0.3) – 0.084 = 2.266 m
α1 (L2/L1) = 3.56
Interior Negative Moment:
Column strip = 75% (-98.96)
= -74.22 kN•m
Beam = 85% (-74.22) = -63.09 kN•m

Slab = 15% (-74.22) = -11.13 kN•m

Taking b = 1 m = 1000 mm
Vu = Wu ˣ Ashaded Middle Strip = - (98.96 – 74.22)

= 10.24 (2.266) (1) = -24.74 kN•m

Vu = 23.20 kN Positive Moment:
Vc =0.17√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 Column strip = 75% (80.58)
= 0.17√28 (1000)(84) = 60.435 kN•m
Vc = 75.56 kN Beam = 85% (60.435) = 51.37 kN•m

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Slab = 15% (60.435) = 9.07 kN•m

Middle Strip = (80.58 – 60.435)

= 20.145 kN•m

Interior Negative Moment:

𝜋(12)2
Column strip = 75% (-98.96) A𝐛 = = 36𝜋 mm2
4
= -74.22 kN•m 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 600
ρ𝑏 = 0.75
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
Beam = 85% (-74.22) = -63.09 kN•m
0.85(28)(0.85)600
Slab = 15% (-74.22) = -11.13 kN•m = 0.75 = 0.04769
230(600 + 230)
Middle Strip = - (98.96 – 74.22) 1.4
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
= -24.74 kN•m 230

Positive Moment:

Column strip = 75% (80.58)

= 60.435 kN•m

Beam = 85% (60.435) = 51.37 kN•m

Slab = 15% (60.435) = 9.07 kN•m

Middle Strip = (80.58 – 60.435)

= 20.145 kN•m

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 Rows A & C Rows B

Across D Across E Across F Across D Across E Across F

Mu, kN•m -5.565 4.535 -5.565 -24.74 20.145 -24.74

b, mm 850 850 850 3000 3000 3000

d, mm 84 84 84 84 84 84

Ru, MPa 1.03 0.840 1.03 1.299 1.057 1.299

ρ 0.00458 0.00372 0.00458 0.00581 0.00470 0.00581

Use ρ 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609

As 434.826 434.826 434.826 1,534.68 1,534.68 1,534.68

N 3.84 3.84 3.84 13.57 13.57 13.57

s 221.35 221.35 221.35 221.08 221.08 221.08

Use s 200 200 200 200 200 200

Position Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top

Rows D & F Rows E

Across A Across B Across C Across A Across B Across C

Mu, kN•m -5.565 4.535 -5.565 -24.74 20.145 -24.74

b, mm 850 850 850 3000 3000 3000

d, mm 84 84 84 84 84 84

Ru, MPa 1.03 0.840 1.03 1.299 1.057 1.299

ρ 0.00458 0.00372 0.00458 0.00581 0.00470 0.00581

Use ρ 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609 0.00609

As 434.826 434.826 434.826 1,534.68 1,534.68 1,534.68

N 3.84 3.84 3.84 13.57 13.57 13.57

s 221.35 221.35 221.35 221.08 221.08 221.08

Use s 200 200 200 200 200 200

Position Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top

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 MaLL = CawuLLLa2
= 0.067 (3.04) (3)2 = 1.83 kN•m
MbLL = CbwuLLLb2
= 0.009 (3.04) (5)2 = 0.684kN•m
Total Moments:
MTa = 5.26 kN•m
MTb = 1.944 kN•m
Along both direction:
Using Coefficient Method (Case 4): @Midspan:
h = 110 mm WDL = 6 kPa Mu = MTa = 5.26 kN•m
fy = 230 MPa WLL = 1.9 kPa b = 1000 mm
12 mm Ø bars d= 110 – 20 – 6 = 84 mm
Considering1m strip: Mu = ϕ Ru bd2

WDL = 6 (1) = 6 kN/m 5.26 ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2

WLL = 1.9 (1) = 1.9 kN/m Ru = 0.828 MPa

Wu = 1.2 (6) + 1.6 (1.9) = 10.24 kN/m 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
@ Negative Moments:
𝐿𝑎 3 0.85(28) 2(0.828)
m= = = 0.6 = [1 − √1 − ]
𝐿𝑏 5 (230) 0.85(28)
Ca = 0.089; Cb = 0.011
ρ = 0.00366
Ma = CawuLa2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽)600
= 0.089 (10.24) (3)2 = 8.2 kN•m ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
Mb = CbwuLb2
0.85(28)(0.85)600
= 0.011(10.24) (5)2 = 2.82kN•m = 0.75 = 0.04769
230(600 + 230)
@Dead Load Positive Moments: 1.4
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
CaDL = 0.053; CbDL = 0.007 230

MaDL = CawuDLLa2 Use ρ= 0.00609

= 0.053 (7.2) (3)2 = 3.43 kN•m As = ρbd
MbDL = CbwuDLLb2 = (0.00609) (1000) (84)
= 0.007 (7.2) (5)2 = 1.26 kN•m As = 511.56 mm2
@Live Load Positive Moments: 1000 511.56
= ; s = 221.08
𝑠 36𝜋
CaLL = 0.067; CbLL = 0.009
Say “200 mm”

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@Continuous Edge: Mu = ϕ Ru bd2
Ma = 8.2 kN•m 1.944ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2
b = 1000 mm Ru = 0.306 MPa
d= 110– 20 – 6 = 84 mm
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
Mu = ϕ Ru bd2 𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
8.2 ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2
Ru = 1.29 MPa 0.85(28) 2(0.306)
= [1 − √1 − ]
(230) 0.85(28)
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ρ = 0.00134
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽)600
0.85(28) 2(1.29) ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75
= [1 − √1 − ] 𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
(230) 0.85(28)
0.85(28)(0.85)600
= 0.75 = 0.04769
ρ = 0.00577 230(600 + 230)
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽)600 1.4
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) 230

0.85(28)(0.85)600 Use ρmin = 0.00609

= 0.75 = 0.04769
230(600 + 230) As = ρbd
1.4 = (0.00609) (1000) (84)
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
230
As = 511.56 mm2
Use ρmin = 0.00577 1000 511.56
= ; s = 221.08
As = ρbd 𝑠 36𝜋
= (0.00577) (1000) (84) Say “200 mm”

As = 484.68 mm2 @Continuous Edge:

1000 484.68 Mb = 2.82 kN•m
= ; s = 233.34
𝑠 36𝜋 b = 1000 mm
Say “200 mm”
d= 110 – 20 – 6 = 84 mm
@Discontinuous Edge:
Mu = ϕ Ru bd2
S = 3(200) = 600 mm 2.82ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2
Ru = 0.444 MPa
Along long direction:
@Midspan: 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
Mu = MTb = 1.944 kN•m
fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

b = 1000 mm
0.85(28) 2(0.444)
d= 110 – 20 – 6 = 84 mm = [1 − √1 − ]
(230) 0.85(28)

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ρ = 0.00195 Considering1m strip:
1.4 WDL = 6 (1) = 6 kN/m
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
230
WLL = 1.9 (1) = 1.9 kN/m
Use ρmin = 0.00609
Wu = 1.2 (6) + 1.6 (1.9) = 10.24 kN/m
As = ρbd
= (0.00609) (1000) (84) @ Negative Moments:

As = 511.56 mm2 𝐿𝑎 5
m= = =1
𝐿𝑏 5
1000 511.26
= ; s = 221.21 Ca = 0.033; Cb = 0.061
𝑠 36𝜋
Say “200mm” Ma = CawuLa2
@Discontinuous Edge: = 0.033 (10.24) (5)2 = 8.448kN•m
Mb = CbwuLb2
S = 3(200) = 600 mm
= 0.061 (10.24) (5)2 = 15.616kN•m
Temperature Bars
@Dead Load Positive Moments:
Ast = 0.002(1000) (84) = 168 mm2
CaDL = 0.020; CbDL = 0.023
Use 10 mm bars
MaDL = CawuDLLa2
168
N=𝜋 = 2.14 = 0.020 (7.2) (5)2 = 3.6kN•m
(10)2
4
1000 MbDL = CbwuDLLb2
S= = 467.29 ≈ 200 mm
1.63
= 0.023 (7.2) (5)2 = 4.14kN•m
Maximum spacing of bars @Live Load Positive Moments:
S = 2(110) = 220 mm
CaLL = 0.028; CbLL = 0.030
MaLL = CawuLLLa2
= 0.028 (3.04) (5)2 = 2.128kN•m
MbLL = CbwuLLLb2
= 0.030 (3.04) (5)2 = 2.28kN•m
Total Moments:
MTa = 5.728 kN•m
MTb = 6.42 kN•m
Along short direction:
@Midspan:
Using Coefficient Method (Case 8):
Mu = MTa = 5.728 kN•m
h = 110 mm WDL = 6 kPa
b = 1000 mm
fy = 230 MPa WLL = 1.9 kPa
d= 110 – 20 – 6 = 84 mm
12 mm Ø bars

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Mu = ϕ Ru bd2 ρ = 0.00536
5.728ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2 0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽)600
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75
Ru = 0.902 MPa 𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
0.85(28)(0.85)600
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢 = 0.75 = 0.04769
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] 230(600 + 230)
fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
1.4
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
230
0.85(28) 2(0.902)
= [1 − √1 − ]
(230) 0.85(28) Use ρmin = 0.00609
As = ρbd
ρ = 0.0040
= (0.00609) (10000) (84)
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽)600
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 As = 511.56 mm2
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
1000 551.56
0.85(28)(0.85)600 = ; s = 221.08
= 0.75 = 0.04769 𝑠 36𝜋
230(600 + 230)
Say “200 mm”
1.4
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609 @Discontinuous Edge:
230
Use ρmin = 0.00609 S = 3(200) = 600 mm
As = ρbd
Along long direction:
= (0.00609) (1000) (84)
@Midspan:
As = 511.56 mm2
Mu = MTb = 6.42 kN•m
1000 511.56
= ; s = 221.08 b = 1000 mm
𝑠 36𝜋
Say “200 mm” d= 110 – 20 – 6 = 84 mm

@Continuous Edge: Mu = ϕ Ru bd2

Ma = 8.448 kN•m 6.42ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2

b = 1000 mm Ru = 1.01 MPa

d= 110 – 20 – 6 = 84 mm 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
Mu = ϕ Ru bd2 fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
8.448ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2
0.85(28) 2(1.01)
Ru = 1.20 MPa = [1 − √1 − ]
(230) 0.85(28)
0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] ρ = 0.00449
fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐
0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽)600
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75
0.85(28) 2(1.20) 𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
= [1 − √1 − ]
(230) 0.85(28) 0.85(28)(0.85)600
= 0.75 = 0.04769
230(600 + 230)

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 1.4 Use ρ = 0.0113
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
230
As = ρbd
Use ρmin = 0.00609
= (0.0113) (1000) (84)
As = ρbd
As = 949.2 mm2
= (0.00609) (10000) (84) 1000 949.2
= ; s = 119.15
As = 511.56 mm2 𝑠 36𝜋
1000 511.56 Say “100 mm”
= ; s = 221.08
𝑠 36𝜋 @Discontinuous Edge:
Say “200 mm”
S = 3(100) = 300 mm
@Continuous Edge:
Mb = 15.616 kN•m Temperature Bars

b = 1000 mm Ast = 0.002(1000) (84) = 168 mm2

d= 110 – 20 – 6 = 84 mm Use 10 mm bars

Mu = ϕ Ru bd2 168
N=𝜋 = 2.14
15.616ˣ106 = 0.9 Ru (1000)(84)2 (10)2
4
1000
Ru = 2.46 MPa S= 2.14
= 467.29 ≈ 200 mm

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 2𝑅𝑢 Maximum spacing of bars

𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] S = 2(110) = 220 mm
fy 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐

0.85(28) 2(2.46) BASED ON RESULTS USE SPACING FROM

= [1 − √1 − ]
(230) 0.85(28) THE FOLLOWING:

ρ = 0.0113 FOR DISCONTINUOUS EDGES:

0.85𝑓𝑐′ (𝛽)600 Use s = 600mm o.c.

ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 ) FOR CONTINUOUS EDGES:
0.85(28)(0.85)600
= 0.75 = 0.04769 Use s = 200mm o.c.
230(600 + 230)
FOR MIDSPAN
1.4
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.00609
230 Use s=200mm o.c

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