CHAPTER 10

DESIGN OF
FOOTINGS

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 Foundation Plan

INTERIOR –INTERIOR (strap footing)

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GIVEN (ASSUME): A2= 6.66 m2
A1 = 9.06 m2
qa = 140 kPa f’c = 28 MPa
𝛾𝑐 = 23.6 kN/m3 𝛾𝑠 = 18 kN/m3 [A1 = L1 x B1]
Df = 2.3 m 6.66 = 2.5B1
B1 = 2.66 m
25 mm ∅ RSB (strap) fy = 414 MPa
25 mm ∅ RSB (main) fy = 414 MPa [A2 = L2 x B2]
16 mm ∅ RSB (temp.) fy = 276 MPa Using square footing, L2 = B2
6.66 = (L2)2
L2 = B2 = 2.58 m
Column 1 Column 2
400 mm x 400 mm 400 mm x 400 mm Design of Footing:
PDL = 520.38kN PDL = 643.27 kN P1 = 520.38 + 126.04 = 646.42 kN x1
PLL = 126.04 kN PLL = 126.5 kN = 0.2 m
P2 = 643.27 + 126.5 = 769.77 kN x2
SOLUTION: = 5.2 m

qe = 140 – 18(2.3) = 98.6 kPa Pu1 = 1.2 (520.38) + 1.6 (126.04 )= 826.12 kN
Pu2 = 1.2 (643.27) + 1.6 (126.5 ) = 974.32 kN
assume qe = 90 kPa
Pu = 826.12 + 974.32 = 1800.44 kN
P1 = 520.38 + 126.04 = 646.42 kN x1 = 0.2 m
P2 = 643.27 + 126.5 = 769.77 kN x2 = 5.2 m Afooting = A1 + A2
Afooting = 2.5(2.66) + (2.58)2 = 13.31 m2
P = P1 + P2
P = 646.42 + 769.77 = 1416.19 kN 𝑃𝑢
qu = 𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
1800.44
= 135.27 kPa = 0.13527
13.31
MPa
PXg = P1x1 + P2x2
1416.19 (Xg) = 646.42 (0.2) + 769.77 (5.2)
FOOTING 1:
Xg = 2.92 m

𝑃 1416.19 solving d from wide-beam shear

Area of footing = 𝑞𝑒 = 90
= 15.74 m2
Assume width of strap = 550 mm (larger
Area of footing = A1 + A2 = 15.74 m2 than column)
eq.1

Try L1 = 2.5 m

A(Xg) = A1(x1/2) +A2x2

15.74 (2.92) = A1 (2.5/2) + A2 (5.2)
A1 (2.5/2) = 15.74 (2.92) - A2 (5.2)
A1 = 36.77– 4.16 A2 eq.2

Substitute A1 in eq. 2 to eq. 1:

(36.77 – 4.16A2) + A2 = 15.74

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Vu = qu x Ashaded [Vu = ∅Vc]
Vu = 0.13527 (2500) (1055 - d) 974.32 x103 - 0.13527 (400 + d)2
Vu = 338.18 (1055 - d) = 0.75 [7.20 (400d + d2)]
d = 257.81 mm “say” 260 mm
Vc = 0.17𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 bwd
Vc = 0.17 (1) √28 (2500) d check for actual qe:
Vc = 2248.89d
hc = 260 + 0.5(25) + 75
[Vu = ∅Vc] hc = 347.5 mm “say” 350 mm
338.18 (1055 - d) = 0.75 (2248.89d)
d = 176.2 “say” 180 mm hs = 2.5 – 0.35 = 2.15 m

check for actual qe: qe = qa-𝛾chc -𝛾shs

qe = 140 - 23.6(0.35) - 18(2.15)
hc = 180 + 0.5(25) + 75 qe = 93.04 kPa > 90 kPa (OK!)
hc = 267.5 mm “say” 270 mm

hs = 2.5–0.27= 2.23 m Section Footin Footing Footing Footing

g 1 1 2 2
qe = qa -𝛾chc -𝛾shs (transv (longitu (transve (longitu
qe = 140 - 23.6(0.27) - 18(2.23) erse) dinal) rse) dinal)
qe = 93.49 kPa > 90 kPa (OK!) Mu, kN – 188.2 198.35 179.77 207.32
m
FOOTING 2: Ru, MPa 2.58 3.45 1.15 1.62
(since footing 2 is a square footing, thus, 𝜌 0.0066 0.00904 0.00285 0.00406
punching shear will govern) 1
Use 𝜌 0.0066 0.00904 0.0034 0.00406
1
As, mm2 2974.5 3727.2 2280.7 2461.6
N 6.06 7.59 4.65 5.01
Use N 7 8 5 6
Location Bottom Bottom Bottom Bottom

Moment:

Vu = Pu2 – qu x Ashaded
Vu = 974.32 x 103 -0.13527 (400 + d)2

Vc = 2 (0.17) 𝜆√𝑓′𝑐 bod

Vc = 2 (0.17) (1) √28 [4(400+d)](d)
Vc = 7.20 (400d + d2)

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Footing 1 (transverse section): Spacing = 300 mm O.C

Mu = 135.27 (2.5) (1.0552/2) Development Length:

Mu = 188.2 kN – m
b = 2500 mm; d = 180 mm 1 𝑓𝑦 𝛹𝑡 𝛹𝑠 𝛹𝑒
Ld = ( 𝑐𝑏+𝐾𝑡𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑏
1.1 𝜆 √𝑓′ 𝑐( )
𝑑𝑏
Footing 1 (longitudinal section):
1 (414)(1)(1)(1)
Ld = ( ) (25) = 711.26 mm
Mu = 135.27 (2.66) (1.052/2) 1.1(1)√28(2.5)
Mu = 198.35 kN – m
b = 2660 mm; d = 180 - 25 = 155 mm
Minimun Ld furnished: 1015 + 550 - 75 =
Footing 2 (transverse section): 1665 mm> 711.26 mm (OK!)

Mu = 135.27 (2.58) (1.0152/2) Design of Strap:

Mu = 179.77 kN – m
b = 2580 mm; d =260 mm

Footing 2 (longitudinal section):

Mu = 135.27 (2.58) (1.092/2)

Mu = 207.32 kN – m
b = 2580 mm; d = 260 – 25 = 235 m

1.4 1.4
𝜌min = = = 0.0034
𝑓𝑦 414

𝜌max = 0.75𝜌b
0.85 (28)(0.85)(600)
𝜌max = 0.75 414 (414+600) = 0.0217

𝜋 (𝑑)2 𝜋
Ab = = (25)2 = 490.87 mm2
4 4 At section A-A:

Shrinkage and temperature bars for Mu = Ru1(1.25) – Pu1 (1.25)

Footing1: Mu = 135.27 (2.5) (2.66) (1.25) – 826.12
(h = 270 mm) (1.25)
Mu = 91.78 kN – m
Using 16 mm bars with fy = 276 Mpa
Vu = Ru1 – Pu1
For b = 1000 mm Vu = 135.27 (2.5) (2.66) – 826.12
Ast = 0.002bh Vu = 73.43 kN
Ast = 0.002 (1000) (270)
Ast = 540 mm2 Depth of beam based on beam shear:

𝜋
[Vu = ∅Vc]
(16)2 (N) = 540; N = 2.9
4
1000
Spacing = = 344.83 mm Vu = ∅(0.17)𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐 bwd; bw = 550 mm
2.9

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73.43 x103 = 0.75 (0.17) (1) √28 (550) d Use d = 200 mm
d = 197.89 mm “say”200 mm
𝑀𝑢 91.78 𝑥106
Ru = ∅𝑏𝑑2 = (0.9)(550)(200)2
Depth of beam based on moment:
Ru = 4.64 MPa
Use 𝜌 = 0.6𝜌b
0.85 (𝑓′𝑐) 2𝑅𝑢
0.85 (28)(0.85)(600) 𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝜌= 0.6 414 (414+600)
= 0.0173 𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓′𝑐

0.85 (28) 2(4.64)

𝜌 𝑓𝑦 0.0173 (414) 𝜌= [1 − √1 − 0.85(28)] = 0.01259
𝜔= 𝑓′𝑐
= 28
= 0.256 414

As = 𝜌bd
As = 0.01259(550) (200)
Mu = ∅ f’c 𝜔 bd2 (1-0.59 𝜔)
As = 1384.9 mm2
91.78 x106 = 0.9 (28) (0.256) (550) (d)2 (1-
0.59(0.256)) 1384.9
d =174.55 mm “say” 180 mm N= 𝜋 (25)2
= 2.82 “say” 4 bars
4

SQUARE FOOTING

GIVEN: qe = 92.48 kPa

Column 1 Dimension of the footing:

400 × 400mm P 321.29 + 102.11
𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 4.58 m2
PDL = 321.29 kN 𝑞𝑒 92.48
PLL = 102.11 kN 4.58 mm2 = L × L

qa = 140 kPa 𝛾𝑐 = 23.6 kN/m3 L = 2.14 m

hfooting = 2.5 m 𝛾𝑠 = 18 kN/m3
f’c = 28 MPa fy = 414 MPa Footing dimension= 2.14m x 2.14m

(use 25 mm diameter for main bars)

Initial estimate of footing depth:

(321.29+102.11 )
𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = L2 =
140
L= 1.74 m ≈ 1740 mm
Depth= 20% (1740) + 75 = 423 mm say
450 mm

Effective soil bearing capacity:

qe = qa –𝛶chc - 𝛶Shs
=140 – 23.6 (0.45) – 18(2.5 – 0.45)

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 Based on two-way or punching shear:
Vu = quAshaded
= (0.11986) [(2140)2 -(400+d)2]
= (0.11986)(21402 –160000 - 800d - d2)
Vu = 0.11986 (4419600 - 800d - d2) N

𝑉𝑐 = 2(0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′𝑐𝑏𝑜 𝑑)
Depth of footing: 𝑏𝑜 = 4(400 + 𝑑)
Factored Load = 2(0.17)(1)√28[4(400 + 𝑑)] 𝑑
𝑞𝑢 =
Area of footing 𝑉𝑐 = 7.2 (400𝑑 + 𝑑2 )
1.2(321.29) + 1.6(102.11)
=
2.14(2.14) Vu = ϕ VC
𝑞𝑢 =119.86 kPa = 0.11986 MPa 0.11986 (4419600 - 800d - d2) = 0.75
[7.2 (400𝑑 + 𝑑2 )]
d = 170.72 mm “say” 180 mm

Total depth of footing= 180– 75 – 1.5(25)

Total depth = 67.5 mm< 500 mm (OK!)
Based on wide beam shear:
Vu = quAshaded
Required Steel Area:
= (0.11986) [2140(870– d)]
d = 180 mm
= 256.5(870 – d) N
Mu = (119.86) (.85) (2.14) (1/2)
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑊 𝑑 = 109.01kN•m
= (0.17)(1)√28(2140)(d)
Mu = ϕ Ru bd2
𝑉𝑐 = 1925.95 𝑑 N
109.01 ˣ 106 = 0.90Ru (2140) (180)2
Ru = 1.75 MPa
[Vu = ϕ VC]
256.5( (870-d) = 0.75 (1925.95𝑑)
d = 131.32 mm

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 0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 2𝑅
𝜌= fy
[1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓𝑢 ′𝑐]
0.85(28) 2(1.75)
= [1 − √1 − 0.85(28)]
414
ρ = 0.0044

1.4 1.4
𝜌min = 𝑓𝑦
= 414 = 0.0034

Use ρ = 0.0044
As = ρbd
= (0.0044) (2140) (180)
As = 1694.88 mm2

Number of 25 mm bars:
𝜋
(25)2 (N) = 1694.88 mm2
4
N = 3.45 “say” 4 bars

Development Length:

1 𝑓𝑦 𝛹𝑡 𝛹𝑠 𝛹𝑒
Ld = ( 𝑐𝑏+𝐾𝑡𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑏
1.1 𝜆 √𝑓′ 𝑐( )
𝑑𝑏

1 (414)(1)(1)(1)
Ld = ( 1.1(1) ) (25) = 711.26 mm
√28(2.5)

Minimun Ld furnished: 870 + 400 – 75 = 1195 mm (OK!)

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