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Normal distribution (cont’d)
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Normal distribution (cont’d)
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Normal distribution (cont’d)
Example 1: y ∼ N (50, 225). Then
y − 50
z= ∼ N (0, 1).
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• To compute the probability that y is between 35 and
70, we first ”‘standardize”’ and then use the table:
1. Standardize by subtracting mean and dividing by
the standard deviation. For y = 70:
70 − 50
z= = 1.33,
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and for y = 35:
35 − 50
z= = −1.00.
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2. Get area under curve between 0 and 1.33 and be-
tween -1.00 and 0, and add them up: 0.4082 +
0.3413 = 0.7495.
3. Interpretation in ”‘English”’: if y is normal with
mean 50 and standard deviation 15, we expect that
the probability that y is between 35 and 70 is about
75%.
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Normal distribution (cont’d)
y − 10 7 − 10
Prob(y < 7) = Prob( < )
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= Prob(z < −0.375)
= 1 − Prob(z > 0.375)
= 1 − (0.5 + 0.1480) = 0.352.
See figure.
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Normal distribution (cont’d)
For any value of (µ, σ 2),
• y is equally likely to be above or below the mean:
Prob(y < µ) = Prob(y > µ) = 0.5),
because the normal distribution is symmetric about
the mean.
• Because of symmetry, the mean, median and mode of
a normal variable are the same.
• A normal random variable can take on any value on
the real line, so that
Prob(−∞ < y < ∞) = 1.
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Sampling distributions
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Sampling distributions (cont’d)
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Sampling distributions (cont’d)
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Sampling distributions (cont’d)
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