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CONTENTS
0.1 Introduction
0.2 Algebra
0.3 Trigonometry
0.4 Logarithm
0.5 Graphs
Practice Problems
0.1 Introduction.
Mathematics is the language of physics. It becomes very easier to describe, understand and
apply the physical principles, if we have a good knowledge of mathematics.
For example : Newton’s law of gravitation states that every body in this universe attracts
every other body with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
m 1m 2 Gm 1 m 2
This law can be expressed by a single mathematical relationship F 2
or F
r r2
If we are poor at grammar and vocabulary, it would be difficult for us to communicate our
feelings, similarly for better understanding and expressing of physics the basic knowledge of
mathematics is must.
0.2 Algebra.
(1) Quadratic equation : An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation.
Standard quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0
Here a is called the coefficient of x2, b is called the coefficient of x and c is a constant term,
x is the variable whose value (roots of the equation) are to be determined
b b 2 4 ac
Roots of the equation are : x
2a
This formula can be written as
b c
Sum of roots + = – and product of roots =
a a
Problem 1. Solve the equation 10 x 2 27 x 5 0
Solution : By comparing the given equation with standard equation a = 10, b = – 27, and c = 5
b b 2 4 ac (27 ) (27 )2 4 10 5 27 23
x
2a 2 10 20
27 23 5 27 23 1
x1 and x 2
20 2 20 5
5 1
Roots of the equation are and .
2 5
(2) Binomial theorem : If n is any number positive, negative or fraction and x is any real
number, such that x < 1 i.e. x lies between – 1 and + 1 then according to binomial theorem
Note : If |x| << 1 then only the first two terms are significant. It is so because the values
of second and the higher order terms being very very small, can be neglected. So
the expression can be written as
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx
(1 + x)–n = 1 – nx
(1 – x)n = 1 – nx
(1 – x)–n = 1 + nx
n(n 1) 2
By comparing the given equation with standard equation (1 x )n 1 nx x ......
2!
1 1
1 (. 001 )
2
1 3 3 1
10 (1 0 .001 )1 / 3 10 1 (0 .001 ) .... 10 1 0.00033 (0.000001 ) ....
3 2! 9
10 [1.0003301 ] 10 .003301 (Approx.)
4 Mathematics In Physics
Problem 3. The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at a height h above the surface of earth is
gR 2
given by g' . If h R then
(R h) 2
h 2h h 2h
(a) g' g 1 (b) g' g 1 (c) g' g 1 (d) g' g 1
R R R R
2 2 2 2
R 1 h h (2) (3) h
Solution : (b) g ' g = g = 1 g 1 (2) .......
R h 1 h / R R R 2! R
2h h
g' g1 ( if h R then by neglecting higher power of .)
R R
In general arithmetic progression can be written as a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 …….
a0 = First term, n = Number of terms, d = Common difference = (a1 – a0) or (a2 – a1) or (a3
– a2)
Solution : Sn
n
a 0 an 7 7 25 = 112 [As n = 7; a0 = 7; an = a7 = 25]
2 2
a
S if r > 1
r 1
q q q
Problem 5. Find the sum of series Q 2q ......
3 9 27
q q q
Solution : Above equation can be written as Q q q ......
3 9 27
q 3 5
By using the formula of sum of infinite terms of G.P. Q q q q q
1
1 2 2
3
a c ab cd
(6) Componendo and dividendo method : If then
b d ab c d
0.3 Trigonometry.
Arc AB S
Angle ( ) (formula true for radian only) B
Radius OA r S
unit of angle is radian or degree O A
r
(1) Trigonometric ratio : In right angled triangle ABC, the largest side AC, which is
opposite to the right angle is called hypotenuse, and if angle considered is , then side opposite
to , AB, will be termed as perpendicular and BC is called the base of the triangle.
Perpendicu lar AB Hypotenuse AC
sin cosec A
Hypotenuse AC Perpendicu lar AB
90o
B C
6 Mathematics In Physics
Base BC Hypotenuse AC
cos sec
Hypotenuse AC Base BC
Perpendicu lar AB Base BC
tan cot
Base BC Perpendicu lar AB
(iv) sin(180 o
) sin cos(180 o
) cos tan(180 o
) tan
(v) sin(180 o
) sin cos(180 o
) cos tan(180 o
) tan
(vi) sin(270 o
) cos cos(270 o
) sin tan( 270 o
) cot
Mathematics In Physics 7
(vii) sin(270 o
) cos cos(270 o
) sin tan( 270 o
) cot
(viii
sin(360 o
) sin cos(360 o
) cos tan( 360 o
) tan
)
(ix) sin(360 o
) sin cos(360 o
) cos tan( 360 o
) tan
Note : Angle ( 2n ) lies in first quadrant, if in an acute angle. Similarly (2n ) will
lie in fourth quadrant. Where n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Angle ( ) is presumed always lie in fourth quadrant, whatever the value of .
If parent angle is 90° or 270° then sin change to cos , tan change to cot and
sec change to cos ec .
If parent angle is 180° or 360° then no change in trigonometric function
Problem 6. Find the values of (i) cos(60 o ) (ii) tan 210 o (iii) sin 300 o (iv) cos120 o (v) sin(1485 o )
1
Solution : (i) cos(60 o ) cos 60 o
2
1
(ii) tan( 210 o ) tan(180 o
30 o ) tan 30 o
3
3
(iii) sin(300 o ) sin(360 o
60 o ) sin 60 o
2
1
(iv) cos(120 o ) cos(90 o 30 o ) sin 30 o
2
1
(v) sin(1485 o ) sin(3 360 o
45 o ) sin 45 o
2
(6) Addition formulae
(i) sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
(iii) tan( A B)
1 tan A tan B
Putting B = A in these formulae, we get
(iv) sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A
(v) cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A 1 2 sin 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1
2 tan A
(vi) tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
Problem 7. If A 60 o then value of sin 2 A will be
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 2
8 Mathematics In Physics
3 1 3
Solution : (a) sin 2 A 2 sin A cos A 2 sin 60 cos 60 2
2 2 2
(7) Difference formulae
(i) sin( A B) sin A cos B cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
(iii) tan( A B)
1 tan A tan B
(8) Transformation formulae
sin( A B) sin( A B) 2 sin A cos B
cos( A B) cos( A B) 2 sin A sin B
sin( A B) sin( A B) 2 cos A sin B
cos( A B) cos( A B) 2 cos A cos B
If we put ( A B) C and ( A B) D then on adding and subtracting, we get
CD CD
A and B
2 2
Putting these values in the above equation we get
CD CD
(i) sin C sin D 2 sin cos
2 2
CD CD
(ii) cos C cos D 2 cos cos
2 2
CD CD
(iii) sin C sin D 2 cos sin
2 2
CD CD
(iv) cos C cos D 2 sin sin
2 2
(9) The sine and cosine formulae for a triangle : In a triangle ABC of sides a, b, c and
angles A, B and C, the following formulae hold good.
a b c
(i)
sin A sin B sin C
(ii) a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
0.4 Logarithm.
Mathematics In Physics 9
Logarithm of a number with respect to a given base is the power to which the base must be
raised to represent that number.
If a x N then log a N x
m
(ii) log a log a m log a n (Quotient formula)
n
Note : Antilogarithm is the reverse process of logarithm i.e., the number whose logarithm
is x is called antilogarithm of x. If log n x then n = antilog of x
0.5 Graphs.
A graph is a line, straight or curved which shows the variation of one quantity w.r.t. other,
which are interrelated with each other.
In a relation of two quantities, the quantity which is made to alter at will, is called the
independent variable and the other quantity which varies as a result of this change is called the
dependent variable. Conventionally, in any graph, the independent variable (i.e. cause) is
represented along x-axis and dependent variable (i.e. effect) is represented along y-axis.
For example, we want to depict V IR graphically, in which R is a constant called
resistance, V is the applied voltage (cause) and I (effect) is the resulting current. We will
represent voltage on x-axis and current on y-axis.
C
X y = mx X y = mx + c
O O
m = tan = slope of line with x-axis c = Positive intercept on y-axis and positive
10 Mathematics In Physics
slope
Y Y
C
y = mx – c X
y = – mx + c
X
O O
C
Negative intercept and positive slope Positive intercept and Negative slope
Y Y
X y2 = kx X y2 = – kx
O O
Symmetric parabola about positive X-axis Symmetric parabola about negative X-axis
Y Y
X x2 = ky O
X x2 = – ky
O
Symmetric parabola about positive Y-axis Symmetric parabola about negative Y-axis
Y
Y
X y = ax + bx2 y = ax – bx2
O
X
O
xy = constant O
X x2 + y2 = a2
a
X
O
Y Y
2 2
x y
b
2
2 1
O
X a b y = e–kx
a
X
O
Mathematics In Physics 11
+1 +1
180o 450o 180o 360o
0 90o 270o 360o 540o y = sin 0 90o 270o 450o y = cos
–1 –1
dy
i.e. tan .
dx
dy
Note : Actually is a rate measurer.
dx
dy
If is positive, it means y is increasing with increasing of x and vice-versa.
dx
dy
For small change x we use y . x
dx
ds
Example: (1) Instantaneous speed v =
dt
dv d 2 x
(2) Instantaneous acceleration a =
dt dt 2
dp
(3) Force F
dt
d
(4) Angular velocity
dt
d
(5) Angular acceleration
dt
dW
(6) Power P
dt
12 Mathematics In Physics
dL
(7) Torque
dt
(1) Fundamental formulae of differentiation :
Function Differentiation
If c is some constant d
(c) 0
dx
If y c x where c is a constant dy d dx
(c x ) c c
dx dx dx
If y c u where c is a constant and u is a function of x dy d du
(c u) c
dx dx dx
If y = xn where n is a real number dy
nx n 1
dx
If y = un where n is a real number and u is a function dy du
nu n 1
of x dx dx
u du dv
If y where u and v are the functions of x v u
v dy d u dx dx
(quotient formula) dx dx v v2
If y = cos x dy d
(cos x ) sin x
dx dx
If y = tan x dy d
(tan x ) sec 2 x
dx dx
If y = cot x dy d
(cot x ) cosec 2 x
dx dx
If y = sec x dy d
(sec x ) tan x sec x
dx dx
If y = cosec x dy d
(cosec x ) cot x cosec x
dx dx
Mathematics In Physics 13
If y log a x dy 1
log a e
dx x
d d d
Solution : (i) (sin x cos x ) (sin x ) (cos x ) cos x sin x
dx dx dx
d d d x
(ii) (sin x e x ) (sin x ) (e ) cos x e x
dx dx dx
d d
Solution : (i) (sin t 2 ) cos t 2 (t 2 ) 2t cos t 2
dt dt
d sin t d
(ii) (e ) e sin t (sin t) e sin t . cos t
dt dt
14 Mathematics In Physics
d d
(iii) [sin(t )] cos(t ). (t ) cos(t ).
dt dt
x2 ex
Problem 11. Differentiate w.r.t. x
log x 20
x2 ex
Solution : Let y .
log x 20
dy d x 2 e x
Then
dx dx log x 20
d d
(log x 20 ) (x 2 e x ) (x 2 e x ) (log x 20 )
dx dx
(log x 20 ) 2
1
(log x 20 )(2 x e x ) (x 2 e x ) 0
x
(log x 20 ) 2
dy d 2y
Hence the condition of maxima : 0 and 0 (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2
Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive. The slope increases at
d dy
such a point and hence 0
dx dx
dy d 2y
Hence the condition of minima : 0 and 0. (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2
Problem 12. The height reached in time t by a particle thrown upward with a speed u is given by
1 2
h ut gt . Find the time taken in reaching the maximum height.
2
dh d 1 2 gt u
Solution : For maximum height 0 [ut gt 2 ] u 0 t
dt dt 2 2 g
Mathematics In Physics 15
Problem 13. A metal ring is being heated so that at any instant of time t in second, its area is given by
t
A 3t 2 2 m2 .
3
What will be the rate of increase of area at t 10 sec .
dA d t 1
Solution : Rate of increase of area (3 t 2 2) 6 t
dt dt 3 3
dA 1 181 m 2
6 10 .
dt t 10 sec 3 3 sec
1
Problem 14. The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm / sec . Determine the rate of
2
increase in its volume when the radius is 1 cm.
4
Solution : Volume of the spherical bubble V R 3
3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time
dV d 4 3 4 dR dR
R .3 R 2 . 4R 2
dt dt 3 3 dt dt
dV 1 dR 1
at R 1cm , 4 (1) 2 2 cm 3 / sec . [Given cm / sec ]
dt 2 dt 2
Problem 15. Find the angle of tangent drawn to the curve y 3 x 2 7 x 5 at the point (1, 1) with the x-
axis.
Solution : y 3x 2 7x 5
dy
Slope of tangent 6x 7
dx
dy
at (1, 1) 1 tan 1 135 o .
dx
x n 1
sec x dx tan x
2
x n dx
n 1
, provided n – 1
x 0 1
cos ec x dx cot x
2
dx x 0 dx
0 1
x
16 Mathematics In Physics
a log e ax b
x x (ax b) dx
1 dx a
dx log e x log e (ax b)
d
(ax b)
dx
e dx e x e ax b e ax b
x
e ax b dx
d
(ax b )
a
dx
ax a cx d a cx d
a x dx
log e a a cx d dx
log e a
d
(cx d )
c log e a
dx
tan(ax b) tan ax b)
sin x dx cos x sec
2
(ax b) dx
d
a
(ax b)
dx
cos nx cot (ax b) cot (ax v)
sin nx dx cosec (ax b) dx
2
n d a
(ax b)
dx
sec (ax b) sec (ax b)
cos x dx sin x sec (ax b) tan (ax b) dx d
a
(ax b)
dx
cosec (ax b) cosec (ax b)
cos nx dx
sin nx
n cosec (ax b) cot (ax b) dx d
(ax b)
a
dx
(2) Method of integration : Sometimes, we come across some functions which cannot be
integrated directly by using the standard integrals. In such cases, the integral of a function can
be obtained by using one or more of the following methods.
(i) Integration by substitution : Those functions which cannot be integrated directly can be
reduced to standard integrand by making a suitable substitution and then can be integrated by
using the standard integrals. To understand the method, we take the few examples.
(ii) Integration by parts : This method of integration is based on the following rule :
Integral of a product of two functions = first function integral of second function –
integral of (differential coefficient of first function integral of second function).
Mathematics In Physics 17
du
Thus, if u and v are the functions of x, then uv dx u v dx dx v dx dx
Problem 16. Integrate the following w.r.t. x
1
(i) x1/2 (ii) cot 2 x (iii)
1 sin x
x 1 / 2 1 2 3 / 2
Solution : (i) x 1 / 2 dx
1
1
(x )
3
2
1 sin x 1 sin x
1 sin x dx 1 sin x 1 sin x . dx cos
1 1 1 sin x
(iii) dx dx
1 sin 2 x 2
x cos 2 x
= (sec 2 x tan x sec x )dx tan x sec x .
(3) Definite integrals : When a function is integrated between definite limits, the integral is
called definite integral. For example,
b
a
f ( x ) dx is definite integral of f (x ) between the limits a and b and is written as
b
a
f (x ) dx | F(x )| ba F(b) F(a)
Here a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit of integration.
b
Geometrically a
f ( x ) dx equals to area of curve F(x ) between the limits a and b.
6
(2 x 3 x 5)dx
2
Problem 17. Evaluate
0
6 6
2x 3 3x 2
5 x 0 144 54 30 = 228.
6 6 6 6
(2 x 2 3 x 5)dx 2 x 2 dx 3 x dx 5 dx
6
Solution :
0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0
/2
(ii) cos x dx sin x 0 / 2 sin 1
2
0
18 Mathematics In Physics
r2 r2
1 1 1 1
r
q1 q 2 1 2
1
(iii) k dx k q 1 q 2 dx = kq 1 2
q kq1 q 2 kq1 q 2
r2 r r1
2
r1 r1
r r2 r1 r1 r2
/4 /4
(iv) tan 2 x dx (sec
2
x 1)dx tan x 0 / 4 [ x ] 0 / 4 1
4
0 o
9. Volume of cube L3
10. Volume of cuboid L b h
4
11. Volume of sphere r3
3
12. Volume of cylinder r 2 l
1
13. Volume of cone r2h
2
0.9 Introduction of Vector.
Physical quantities having magnitude, direction and obeying laws of vector algebra are
called vectors.
Example : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, impulse, weight, thrust,
torque, angular momentum, angular velocity etc.
If a physical quantity has magnitude and direction both, then it does not always imply that
it is a vector. For it to be a vector the third condition of obeying laws of vector algebra has to be
satisfied.
Example : The physical quantity current has both magnitude and direction but is still a
scalar as it disobeys the laws of vector algebra.
0.10 Types of Vector.
Mathematics In Physics 19
(1) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be equal when they have equal magnitudes
and same direction.
(2) Parallel vector : Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel when
(i) Both have same direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar (positive) non-zero multiple of another vector.
(3) Anti-parallel vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be anti-parallel when
(i) Both have opposite direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar non-zero negative multiple of another vector.
(4) Collinear vectors : When the vectors under consideration can share the same support
or have a common support then the considered vectors are collinear.
(5) Zero vector (0 ) : A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary direction (not known to
us) is a zero vector.
(6) Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a unit vector. Unit vector for A is Â
(read as A cap / A hat).
Since, ˆ A A AA
A ˆ .
A
Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the direction.
(7) Orthogonal unit vectors : ˆi , ˆj and k̂ are called orthogonal unit vectors. These vectors
must form a Right Handed Triad (It is a coordinate system such that y
when we Curl the fingers of right hand from x to y then we must get
the direction of z along thumb). The ˆj
x
ˆi x , ˆj y , kˆ z k̂
î
x y z z
x xˆi , y yˆj , z z kˆ
(8) Polar vectors : These have starting point or point of application . Example
displacement and force etc.
(9) Axial Vectors : These represent rotational effects and are always along the axis of
rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule. Angular velocity, torque and angular
momentum, etc., are example of physical quantities of this type.
Axial vector Axis of rotation
(10) Coplanar vector : Three (or more) vectors are called coplanar vector if they lie in
the same plane. Two (free) vectors are always coplanar.
OB OA AB R AB
R A B 2 AB cos
2 2 2
R A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
| A B| A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
BN BN
tan
ON OA AN
B sin
tan
A B cos
0.12 Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors.
If two non zero vector are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then
the resultant is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of
intersection of the two vectors.
(1) Magnitude
B C
Since, R ON CN
2 2 2
R AB
B B sin
B
O A N
A B cos
Mathematics In Physics 21
R 2 (OA AN )2 CN 2
R A B 2 AB cos
2 2 2
R | R | | A B | A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
R A 2 B 2 when = 90o
(2) Direction
CN B sin
tan
ON A B cos
0.13 Polygon Law of Vector Addition.
If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n – 1) sides of an n-sided polygon
then the resultant is given by the closing side or the nth side of the polygon taken in opposite
D D C
order. So,
C
R ABCD E E
OA AB BC CD DE OE E B
R B
Note : Resultant of two unequal vectors can not be zero. A
O
A
Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not be zero
Resultant of three non co- planar vectors can not be zero.
0.14 Subtraction of Vectors.
| A B| A B 2 AB cos (180 )
2 2 o
B
Since, cos (180 ) cos
1
| A B | A 2 B 2 2 AB cos 2 A
180 –
B sin B
tan 1
A B cos
B sin (180 )
and tan 2 R diff A ( B )
A B cos (180 )
But sin(180 ) sin and cos(180 ) cos
B sin
tan 2
A B cos
Sample problem based on addition and subtraction of vectors
22 Mathematics In Physics
Problem 19. A car travels 6 km towards north at an angle of 45° to the east and then travels distance of
4 km towards north at an angle of 135° to the east. How far is the point from the starting
point. What angle does the straight line joining its initial and final position makes with the
east
1
Solution : (c) Net movement along x-direction Sx = (6 – 4) cos 45° î 2 2 km
2 N
1
Net movement along y-direction Sy = (6 + 4) sin 45° ˆj 10
4 km
5 2 km 6 km
2 45o
W E(X
O
2 5 2
2 2 )
Net movement from starting point | s | s x 2 sy 2 = 52 km
S (Y
Y component 5 2
Angle which makes with the east direction tan )
X component 2
tan 1 (5)
Problem 20. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other of 12 N at what angle the two vectors be
added to get resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and 13 N respectively
(a) 0°, 180° and 90° (b) 0°, 90° and 180° (c) 0°, 90° and 90° (d) 180°, 0° and 90°
Solution : (a) For 17 N both the vector should be parallel i.e. angle between them should be zero.
For 7 N both the vectors should be antiparallel i.e. angle between them should be 180°
For 13 N both the vectors should be perpendicular to each other i.e. angle between them
should be 90°
Problem 21. Given that A B C = 0 out of three vectors two are equal in magnitude and the magnitude
of third vector is 2 times that of either of the two having equal magnitude. Then the
angles between vectors are given by
(a) 30°, 60°, 90° (b) 45°, 45°, 90° (c) 45°, 60°, 90° (d) 90°, 135°, 135°
Solution : (d) From polygon law, three vectors having summation zero should form a closed polygon.
(Triangle) since the two vectors are having same magnitude and
the third vector is 2 times that of either of two having equal
magnitude. i.e. the triangle should be right angled triangle
A
Angle between A and C, = 135º
Mathematics In Physics 23
Problem 22. If A 4ˆi 3ˆj and B 6ˆi 8 ˆj then magnitude and direction of A B will be
(a) 5, tan 1 (3 / 4) (b) 5 5 , tan 1 (1 / 2) (c) 10, tan 1 (5) (d) 25, tan 1 (3 / 4)
| A B | (10) 2 (5)2 5 5
5 1 1
tan tan 1
10 2 2
Problem 23. A truck travelling due north at 20 m/s turns west and travels at the same speed. The
change in its velocity be
(a) 40 m/s N–W (b) 20 2 m/s N–W (c) 40 m/s S–W (d) 20 2 m/s S–W
v 1 20 ˆj and v 2 20 ˆi
v2 =20 m/s
O
v v 2 v 1 20 (ˆi ˆj)
v – v1
| v | 20 2 and direction tan 1 (1) 45 i.e. S–W
Problem 24. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then magnitude of difference is
Solution : (b) Let n̂ 1 and n̂ 2 are the two unit vectors, then the sum is
1
or cos or 120
2
Now the difference vector is n d n1 n 2 or nd2 n12 n22 2n1n2 cos 1 1 2 cos(120 )
n d2 2 2(1 / 2) 2 1 3 nd 3
Problem 25. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at point is 18 and the magnitude of their
resultant is 12. If the resultant is at 90° with the force of smaller magnitude, what are the,
magnitudes of forces
R P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos 12 .......(ii)
24 Mathematics In Physics
Q sin
tan tan 90
P Q cos
P Q cos 0 .......(iii)
Problem 26. Two forces F1 1 N and F2 2 N act along the lines x = 0 and y = 0 respectively. Then the
resultant of forces would be
Problem 27. Let A 2ˆi ˆj, B 3 ˆj kˆ and C 6ˆi 2kˆ value of A 2 B 3 C would be
(a) 20ˆi 5ˆj 4 kˆ (b) 20ˆi 5ˆj 4 kˆ (c) 4ˆi 5ˆj 20kˆ (d) 5ˆi 4 ˆj 10 kˆ
= 20ˆi 5 ˆj 4 kˆ
Problem 28. A vector a is turned without a change in its length through a small angle d . The value of
| a | and a are respectively
So | a | a d
O
So a 0
Problem 29. An object of m kg with speed of v m/s strikes a wall at an angle and rebounds at the same
speed and same angle. The magnitude of the change in momentum of the object will be
v v
1 2
0 0
Mathematics In Physics 25
Since R and are usually known, Equation (ii) and (iii) give the magnitude of the
components of R along x and y-axes respectively.
Here it is worthy to note once a vector is resolved into its components, the components
themselves can be used to specify the vector as –
(1) The magnitude of the vector R is obtained by squaring and adding equation (ii) and (iii),
i.e.
R R x2 R y2
(2) The direction of the vector R is obtained by dividing equation (iii) by (ii), i.e.
tan (R y / R x ) or tan 1 (R y / R x )
R R x R y R z or R R xˆi Ry ˆj R z kˆ
If R makes an angle with x axis, with y axis and with z axis, then
26 Mathematics In Physics
Rx Rx
cos l Y
R R x2 R y2 R z2
Ry Ry
cos m Ry R
R R x2 R y2 R z2
Rx
Rz
X
R Rz
cos z n Z
R R x2 R y2 R z2
Note : When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector OP xˆi yˆj zkˆ
When a particle moves from point (x1, y1, z1) to (x2, y2, z2) then its displacement
vector
r (x 2 x 1 )ˆi (y 2 y 1 )ˆj (z 2 z 1 )kˆ
Problem 31. Position of a particle in a rectangular-co-ordinate system is (3, 2, 5). Then its position
vector will be
(a) 3ˆi 5ˆj 2kˆ (b) 3ˆi 2ˆj 5kˆ (c) 5ˆi 3ˆj 2kˆ (d) None of these
Solution : (b) If a point have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector OP xˆi yˆj zkˆ .
Problem 32. If a particle moves from point P (2,3,5) to point Q (3,4,5). Its displacement vector be
(a) ˆi ˆj 10 kˆ (b) ˆi ˆj 5kˆ (c) ˆi ˆj (d) 2ˆi 4 ˆj 6kˆ
Solution : (c) Displacement vector r xˆi yˆj zkˆ (3 2)ˆi (4 3)ˆj (5 5)kˆ ˆi ˆj
Problem 33. A force of 5 N acts on a particle along a direction making an angle of 60° with vertical. Its
vertical component be
Mathematics In Physics 27
F cos
60o
2 60o
x
F sin 60o
Problem 34. If A 3ˆi 4 ˆj and B 7ˆi 24 ˆj, the vector having the same magnitude as B and parallel to A is
ˆ ˆ
ˆ 3i 4 j
Unit vector in the direction of A will be A
5
3ˆi 4 ˆj
So required vector = 25 15 ˆi 20 ˆj
5
Problem 35. Vector A makes equal angles with x, y and z axis. Value of its components (in terms of
magnitude of A ) will be
A A 3
(a) (b) (c) 3A (d)
3 2 A
Solution : (a) Let the components of A makes angles , and with x, y and z axis respectively then
1
cos2 cos2 cos2 1 3 cos 2 1 cos
3
A
A x A y A z A cos
3
Problem 36. If A 2ˆi 4 ˆj 5kˆ the direction of cosines of the vector A are
2 4 5 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 5
(a) , and (b) , and (c) , 0 and (d) , and
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
2 4 5
cos , cos , cos
45 45 45
Problem 37. The vector that must be added to the vector ˆi 3ˆj 2kˆ and 3ˆi 6ˆj 7kˆ so that the resultant
vector is a unit vector along the y-axis is
28 Mathematics In Physics
(a) 4ˆi 2ˆj 5kˆ (b) 4ˆi 2ˆj 5kˆ (c) 3ˆi 4 ˆj 5kˆ (d) Null vector
(2) Properties : (i) It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between the vectors is
acute (i.e., < 90°) and negative if angle between them is obtuse (i.e. 90°< < 180°).
(iii) It is distributive, i.e. A . (B C ) A . B A . C
A. B
The angle between the vectors cos 1
AB
(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when cos max 1, i.e. 0 o , i.e.,
vectors are parallel
( A . B)max AB
(vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when | cos | min 0, i.e. 90 o
( A . B) min 0
i.e., if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes the vectors are orthogonal.
(vii) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by
( A) A . A AA cos A 2
2
i.e., A A. A
nˆ . nˆ 1 1 cos 0 1 so nˆ . nˆ ˆi . ˆi ˆj . ˆj kˆ . kˆ 1
(3) Example : (i) Work W : In physics for constant force work is defined as, W Fs cos
.......(i)
So from eqn (i) and (ii) W F.s i.e. work is the scalar product of force with displacement.
(ii) Power P :
dW ds
As W F.s or F. [As F is constant]
dt dt
or P F .v i.e., power is the scalar product of force with velocity.
dW ds
As P and v
dt dt
(iii) Magnetic Flux :
ds
B
Magnetic flux through an area is given by d B ds cos ......(i)
d B . d s or B.ds
U E p . E and U B M . B
. B a1 b1 a 2 b 2 a 3 b 3 24 4 2 4 4
Solution : (d) cos 0
| | .| B | | | .| B | | A | .| B |
cos 1 (0 ) 90
Problem 39. If two vectors 2ˆi 3ˆj kˆ and 4ˆi 6ˆj kˆ are parallel to each other then value of be
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
a1 a2 a3 2 3 1
A and B are parallel to each other i.e. 2.
b1 b2 b3 4 6
Problem 40. In above example if vectors are perpendicular to each other then value of be
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) – 26 (d) – 25
Problem 41. If 2ˆi 3ˆj kˆ and B ˆi 3ˆj 4 kˆ then projection of A on B will be
3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 26 26 13
| B | (1)2 3 2 4 2 1 9 16 26
A . B 2 (1) 3 3 (1) (4 ) 3
A. B 3
The projection of A on B
| B| 26
Problem 42. A body, acted upon by a force of 50 N is displaced through a distance 10 meter in a direction
making an angle of 60° with the force. The work done by the force be
(a) 200 J (b) 100 J (c) 300 (d) 250 J
1
Solution : (d) W F . S FS cos 50 10 cos 60 50 10 250 J .
2
Problem 43. A particle moves from position 3ˆi 2ˆj 6kˆ to 14ˆi 13 ˆj 9kˆ due to a uniform force of
4ˆi ˆj 3kˆ N . If the displacement in meters then work done will be
Solution : (a) S r2 r1
Problem 44. If for two vector A and B , sum ( A B) is perpendicular to the difference ( A B) . The ratio of
their magnitude is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these
( A B) . ( A B) = 0 or A 2 B . A A . B B 2 0
Problem 45. A force F K(yˆi xˆj) (where K is a positive constant) acts on a particle moving in the x-y
plane. Starting from the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x- axis to the point
(a, 0) and then parallel to the y-axis to the point (a, a). The total work done by the forces
F on the particle is [IIT-JEE 1998]
C AB
Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector product written as A B is a vector C
defined by
C A B AB sin nˆ
(i) Vector product of any two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane
containing these two vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and B, though the vectors A
and B may or may not be orthogonal.
| A B | | B A | AB sin
i.e., in case of vector A B and B A magnitudes are equal but directions are opposite.
(iii) The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors is strictly maintained,
i.e.
A (B C) A B A C
| A B |
So | A B | AB sin i.e., sin 1
| A | | B |
(v) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when sin max 1, i.e., 90 o
[ A B]max AB nˆ
[ A B]min 0
i.e. if the vector product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
(vii) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself vanishes, i.e., is null vector
A A AA sin 0 o nˆ 0
(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, ˆi , ˆj, kˆ in accordance with right hand screw rule :
ˆj ˆj
k̂
î î
k̂
ˆi ˆj kˆ , ˆj kˆ ˆi and kˆ ˆi ˆj
Mathematics In Physics 33
(3) Example : Since vector product of two vectors is a vector, vector physical quantities
(particularly representing rotational effects) like torque, angular momentum, velocity and
force on a moving charge in a magnetic field and can be expressed as the vector product of
two vectors. It is well – established in physics that :
(i) Torque r F
(iii) Velocity v r
(iv) Force on a charged particle q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is given by
F q(v B)
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Solution : (b) A B 3 1 2 (1 4 2 2)ˆi (2 2 4 3)ˆj (3 2 1 2)kˆ 8ˆi 8 ˆj 8kˆ
2 2 4
Problem 47. In above example a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B will be
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a) (i j k ) (b) (i j k ) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
3 3
A B 8ˆi 8 ˆj 8 kˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
Solution : (c) nˆ (i j k )
| A B| 8 3 3
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
There are two unit vectors perpendicular to both A and B they are nˆ (i j k )
3
34 Mathematics In Physics
Problem 48. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are A 3ˆi 6ˆj 2kˆ and B 2ˆi ˆj 2kˆ
respectively. The area of the triangle OAB be
5 2 3 5
(a) 17 sq.unit (b) 17 sq.unit (c) 17 sq.unit (d) 17 sq.unit
2 5 5 3
ˆi ˆj kˆ
(a b) 3 6 2 (12 2)ˆi (4 6)ˆj (3 12)kˆ
2 1 2
10ˆi 10 ˆj 15 kˆ | a b | 10 2 10 2 15 2 425 5 17
1 5 17
Area of OAB | ab| sq.unit.
2 2
Problem 49. The angle between the vectors A and B is . The value of the triple product A . (B A ) is
(a) A 2 B (b) Zero (c) A 2 B sin (d) A 2 B cos
Problem 50. The torque of the force F (2ˆi 3 ˆj 4 kˆ )N acting at the point r (3ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ ) m about the
origin be
[CBSE PMT 1995]
(a) 6ˆi 6ˆj 12kˆ (b) 17ˆi 6ˆj 13kˆ (c) 6ˆi 6ˆj 12kˆ (d) 17ˆi 6ˆj 13kˆ
ˆi ˆj kˆ
Solution : (b) r F 3 2 3
2 3 4
Solution : (d) From the property of vector product, we notice that C must be perpendicular to the plane
formed by vector A and B . Thus C is perpendicular to both A and B and ( A B) vector
also must lie in the plane formed by vector A and B . Thus C must be perpendicular to
( A B) also but the cross product ( A B) gives a vector C which can not be perpendicular to
itself. Thus the last statement is wrong.
Problem 52. If a particle of mass m is moving with constant velocity v parallel to x-axis in x-y plane as
shown in fig. Its angular momentum with respect to origin at any time t will be
b
As motion is in x-y plane (z = 0 and Pz 0 ), so L k (xp y yp x )
x
O
Here x = vt, y = b, p x m v and p y 0
L k vt 0 b mv mvb kˆ
For a triangle whose three sides are in the same order we 180 – a
a b c .....(ii)
a (a b) a c 0 a b a c a b c a .....(iii)
wind is blowing or a person is running with a speed v, we mean that these all are relative to the
earth (which we have assumed to be fixed).
Now to find the velocity of a moving object relative to another moving object, consider a
particle P whose position relative to frame S is rPS while relative to S is rPS . If the position of
frames S relative to S at any time is r S S then from fig.
Y
Y P
rPS rPS rS S
r
PS '
Differentiating this equation with respect to time r
PS
X
S
drPS drPS drS S rS ' S
X
dt dt dt S
or v PS v PS v S S [as v d r /dt ]
or v PS v PS v S S
(2) General Formula : The relative velocity of a particle P1 moving with velocity v 1 with
respect to another particle P2 moving with velocity v 2 is v1
v2
given by, v r12 = v 1 – v 2
P2
(i) If both the particles are moving in the same
P1
direction then :
r12 1 – 2
(ii) If the two particles are moving in the opposite direction, then :
r12 1 2
(iii) If the two particles are moving in the mutually perpendicular directions, then:
r12 12 22
1/2
(iv) If the angle between 1 and 2 be , then r12 12 22 – 2 1 2 cos .
(3) Relative velocity of satellite : If a satellite is moving in equatorial plane with velocity
v s and a point on the surface of earth with v e relative to the centre of earth, the velocity of
satellite relative to the surface of earth
v se v s v e
So if the satellite moves form west to east (in the direction of rotation of earth on its axis)
its velocity relative to earth's surface will be v se v s v e
Mathematics In Physics 37
And if the satellite moves from east to west, i.e., opposite to the motion of earth,
v se v s (v e ) v s v e
(4) Relative velocity of rain : If rain is falling vertically with a velocity v R and an
observer is moving horizontally with speed v M the
velocity of rain relative to observer will be
– vM
vR vR
v RM v R v M – vR
vM vM
which by law of vector addition has magnitude
v RM v R2 v M
2
(6) Crossing the river : Suppose, the river is flowing with velocity r . A man can swim in
still water with velocity m . He is standing on one bank of the river and wants to cross the river
Two cases arise.
(i) To cross the river over shortest distance : That is to cross the river straight, the man
should swim making angle with the upstream as
shown. A vr B
Here OAB is the triangle of vectors, in which
vr
OA v m , AB r . Their resultant is given by OB . w v
vm
The direction of swimming makes angle with
upstream. From the triangle OBA, we find, Upstreem O Downstree
m
r r
cos Also sin
m m
where is the angle made by the direction of swimming with the shortest distance (OB)
across the river.
Time taken to cross the river : If w be the width of the river, then time taken to cross the
river will be given by
38 Mathematics In Physics
w w
t1
m2 – r2
(ii) To cross the river in shortest possible time : The man should swim perpendicular
to the bank.
The time taken to cross the river will be:
A vr B
w
t2
m
vr
w
In this case, the man will touch the opposite bank at a vm
s rel. 90
Distance between the train s rel. 90 km, Time when they collide 1 hr.
v rel. 90
Problem 54. Two cars are moving in the same direction with the same speed 30 km/hr. They are
separated by a distance of 5 km, the speed of a car moving in the opposite direction if it
meets these two cars at an interval of 4 minutes, will be
Solution : (b) The two car (say A and B) are moving with same velocity, the relative velocity of one (say
B) with respect to the other A, v BA v B v A v v 0
So the relative separation between them (= 5 km) always remains the same.
Now if the velocity of car (say C) moving in opposite direction to A and B, is v C relative to
d 4 5
So, the time taken by it to cross the cars A and B t v C 45 km / hr.
v rel 60 v C 30
Problem 55. A steam boat goes across a lake and comes back (a) On a quite day when the water is still
and (b) On a rough day when there is uniform current so as to help the journey onward and
to impede the journey back. If the speed of the launch on both days was same, in which
case it will complete the journey in lesser time
Mathematics In Physics 39
Now if va is the velocity of air- current then time taken in going across the lake,
l
t1 [as current helps the motion]
vb va
l
and time taken in coming back t 2 [as current opposes the motion]
vb va
2l
So t R t1 t 2 .....(ii)
v b [1 (v a / v b ) 2 ]
tR 1 v a2
From equation (i) and (ii) 1 [as 1 1] i.e. t R t Q
t Q [1 (v a / v b ) 2 ] v b2
i.e. time taken to complete the journey on quite day is lesser than that on rough day.
Problem 56. A man standing on a road hold his umbrella at 30° with the vertical to keep the rain away.
He throws the umbrella and starts running at 10 km/hr. He finds that raindrops are hitting
his head vertically, the speed of raindrops with respect to the road will be
(a) 10 km/hr (b) 20 km/hr (c) 30 km/hr (d) 40 km/hr
Solution : (b) When the man is at rest w.r.t. the ground, the rain comes to him at an angle 30° with the
vertical. This is the direction of the velocity of raindrops with respect to the ground.
Here v rg velocity of rain with respect to the ground v mg
We have v r g v r m v mg ......(i)
10
or v r g 20 km / hr
sin 30
Problem 57. In the above problem, the speed of raindrops w.r.t. the moving man, will be
(a) 10 / 2 km / h (b) 5 km/h (c) 10 3 km / h (d) 5 / 3 km / h
3
Solution : (c) Taking vertical components equation (i) gives v rg cos 30 v rm 20 10 3 km / hr
2
40 Mathematics In Physics
Problem 58. Two cars are moving in the same direction with a speed of 30 km/h. They are separated
from each other by 5 km. Third car moving in the opposite direction meets the two cars
after an interval of 4 minutes. What is the speed of the third car
Solution : (d) Let v be the velocity of third car, then relative velocity of third car w.r.t. the either car is
Problem 59. To a person, going eastward in a car with a velocity of 25 km/hr, a train appears to move
towards north with a velocity of 25 3 km/hr. The actual velocity of the train will be
2
Solution : (a) v T v TC
2
v C2 = (25 3) (25 ) 2 = 1875 625 = 2500 = 25 km/hr
Problem 60. A boat is moving with a velocity 3i + 4j with respect to ground. The water in the river is
moving with a velocity – 3i – 4j with respect to ground. The relative velocity of the boat
with respect to water is [CPMT 1998]