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Chapter

CONTENTS
0.1 Introduction

0.2 Algebra

0.3 Trigonometry

0.4 Logarithm

0.5 Graphs

0.6 Differential calculus

0.7 Integral calculus

0.8 General formulae for area and volume

0.9 Introduction of vector

0.10 Types of vector

0.11 Triangle law of vector addition of two vectors

0.12 Parallelogram law of vector addition of two vectors

0.13 Polygon law of vector addition

0.14 Subtraction of vectors


0.15 Resolution of vector into components

0.16 Rectangular components of 3-D vector

0.17 Scalar product of two vectors

0.18 Vector product of two vector

0.19 Lemi's theorem


This famous book of mathematics
"PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA"
0.20 Relative velocity was written by all time great physicist
Sample Problems
Sir Isaac Newton.

Practice Problems

Answer Sheet of Practice Problems


2 Mathematics In Physics

0.1 Introduction.
Mathematics is the language of physics. It becomes very easier to describe, understand and
apply the physical principles, if we have a good knowledge of mathematics.

For example : Newton’s law of gravitation states that every body in this universe attracts
every other body with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and
is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

m 1m 2 Gm 1 m 2
This law can be expressed by a single mathematical relationship F  2
or F 
r r2

The techniques of mathematics such as algebra, trigonometry, calculus, graph and


logarithm can be used to make predictions from the basic equation.

If we are poor at grammar and vocabulary, it would be difficult for us to communicate our
feelings, similarly for better understanding and expressing of physics the basic knowledge of
mathematics is must.

In this introductory chapter we will learn some fundamental mathematics.

0.2 Algebra.
(1) Quadratic equation : An equation of second degree is called a quadratic equation.
Standard quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0
Here a is called the coefficient of x2, b is called the coefficient of x and c is a constant term,
x is the variable whose value (roots of the equation) are to be determined

 b  b 2  4 ac
Roots of the equation are : x 
2a
This formula can be written as

 Coefficien t of x  (Coefficien t of x ) 2  4 (Coefficien t of x 2 )  (Constant term)


x
2(Coefficien t of x 2 )

Note :  If  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation then


Mathematics In Physics 3

b c
Sum of roots  +  = – and product of roots =
a a
Problem 1. Solve the equation 10 x 2  27 x  5  0

Solution : By comparing the given equation with standard equation a = 10, b = – 27, and c = 5

 b  b 2  4 ac  (27 )  (27 )2  4  10  5 27  23
x  
2a 2  10 20
27  23 5 27  23 1
 x1   and x 2  
20 2 20 5

5 1
 Roots of the equation are and .
2 5

(2) Binomial theorem : If n is any number positive, negative or fraction and x is any real
number, such that x < 1 i.e. x lies between – 1 and + 1 then according to binomial theorem

n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3


(1  x )n  1  nx  x  x  .....
2! 3!

Here 2 ! (Factorial 2) = 2  1, 3 ! (Factorial 3) = 3  2  1 and 4 ! (Factorial 4) = 4  3  2  1

Note :  If |x| << 1 then only the first two terms are significant. It is so because the values
of second and the higher order terms being very very small, can be neglected. So
the expression can be written as

(1 + x)n = 1 + nx

(1 + x)–n = 1 – nx

(1 – x)n = 1 – nx

(1 – x)–n = 1 + nx

Problem 2. Evaluate (1001)1/3 upto six places of decimal.

Solution : (1001)1/3 = (1000 + 1)1/3 = 10(1 + 0.001)1/3

n(n  1) 2
By comparing the given equation with standard equation (1  x )n  1  nx  x  ......
2!

x = 0.001 and n = 1/3

 1 1  
  1   (. 001 )
2
 
1 3  3   1 
 10 (1  0 .001 )1 / 3  10 1  (0 .001 )   ....   10 1  0.00033  (0.000001 )  .... 
 3 2!   9 
 
 
 10 [1.0003301 ]  10 .003301 (Approx.)
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Problem 3. The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) at a height h above the surface of earth is
gR 2
given by g'  . If h  R then
(R  h) 2

 h  2h   h  2h 
(a) g'  g 1   (b) g'  g 1   (c) g'  g 1   (d) g'  g 1  
 R   R   R   R 

2 2 2  2 
 R   1   h h (2) (3)  h 
Solution : (b) g '  g   = g  = 1    g 1  (2)     ....... 
 R  h   1  h / R   R   R 2!  R  

 2h  h
g'  g1   ( if h  R then by neglecting higher power of .)
 R  R

(3) Arithmetic progression : It is a sequence of numbers which are arranged in increasing


order and having a constant difference between them.

Example : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …… or 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, …..

In general arithmetic progression can be written as a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 …….

(i) nth term of arithmetic progression an  a 0  (n  1)d

a0 = First term, n = Number of terms, d = Common difference = (a1 – a0) or (a2 – a1) or (a3
– a2)

(ii) Sum of arithmetic progression S n 


n
2a0  (n  1)d   n a0  an 
2 2

Problem 4. Find the sum of series 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25

Solution : Sn 
n
a 0  an   7 7  25  = 112 [As n = 7; a0 = 7; an = a7 = 25]
2 2

(4) Geometric progression : It is a sequence of numbers in which every term is obtained


by multiplying the previous term by a constant quantity. This constant quantity is called the
common ratio.
Example : 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 …… or 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, …….
In general geometric progression can be written as a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4, ….
Here a = first term, r = common ratio
a(1  r n )
(i) Sum of ‘n’ terms of G.P. Sn  if r < 1
1r
a (r n  1)
Sn  if r > 1
r 1
a
(ii) Sum of infinite terms of G.P. S  if r < 1
1r
Mathematics In Physics 5

a
S  if r > 1
r 1
q q q
Problem 5. Find the sum of series Q  2q     ......
3 9 27
 q q q 
Solution : Above equation can be written as Q  q  q     ...... 
 3 9 27 
 
 q  3 5
By using the formula of sum of infinite terms of G.P. Q  q   q q q
1
1   2 2
 3

(5) Some common formulae of algebra


(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
(iii) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(iv) (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
(v) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
(vi) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
(vii) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
(viii) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)

(ix) a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  b 2  ab)

(x) a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  b 2  ab)

a c ab cd
(6) Componendo and dividendo method : If  then 
b d ab c d
0.3 Trigonometry.
Arc AB S
Angle ( )    (formula true for radian only) B
Radius OA r S

unit of angle is radian or degree O A
r

relation between radian and degree :

2 radian = 360o; 1 radian = 57.3o

(1) Trigonometric ratio : In right angled triangle ABC, the largest side AC, which is
opposite to the right angle is called hypotenuse, and if angle considered is  , then side opposite
to , AB, will be termed as perpendicular and BC is called the base of the triangle.
Perpendicu lar AB Hypotenuse AC
sin    cosec    A
Hypotenuse AC Perpendicu lar AB

90o 
B C
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Base BC Hypotenuse AC
cos    sec   
Hypotenuse AC Base BC
Perpendicu lar AB Base BC
tan    cot   
Base BC Perpendicu lar AB

(2) Value of trigonometric ratio of standard angles


Angle 0o 30o 45o 60o 90o 120o 135o 150o 180o 270o 360o
sin 0 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 3/2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0
cos 1 3/2 1/2 1/2 0 – 1/2 – – –1 0 1
1/2 3/2
tan 0 1/3 1 3  – 3 –1 – 0 – 0
1/3

(3) Important points :


(i) Value of sin or cos lies between – 1 and +1, however tan and cot can have any real
value.
(ii) Value of sec and cosec can not be numerically less than one.
(iii) (90o – ) will lie in first quadrant
Second quadrant First quadrant
(90o + ) will lie in second quadrant
(Only sin and cosec (All T-ratio positive)
(180 – ) will lie in second quadrant
o are positive)

(180o + ) will lie in third quadrant Third quadrant Fourth quadrant


(Only tan and cot are (Only cos and sec are
(270o + ) and (0o – ) will lie in fourth quadrant. positive) positive)

(4) Fundamental trigonometrical relation


sin  1 1 1
(i) tan   (ii) cosec  (iii) sec   (iv) cot  
cos  sin  cos  tan 
(v) sin 2   cos 2   1 (vi) sec 2   tan 2   1 (vii) cosec 2  cot 2   1
(5) T-Ratios of allied angles : The angles whose sum or difference with angle  is zero or a
multiple of 90° are called angle allied to .

(i) sin( )   sin cos( )  cos tan( )   tan 


(ii) sin(90 o   )  cos  cos(90 o   )  sin  tan(90 o   )  cot 

(iii) sin(90 o   )  cos  cos(90 o   )   sin  tan( 90 o   )   cot 

(iv) sin(180 o
  )  sin  cos(180 o
  )   cos  tan(180 o
  )   tan 

(v) sin(180 o
  )   sin  cos(180 o
  )   cos  tan(180 o
  )  tan 

(vi) sin(270 o
  )   cos  cos(270 o
  )   sin  tan( 270 o
  )  cot 
Mathematics In Physics 7

(vii) sin(270 o
  )   cos  cos(270 o
  )  sin  tan( 270 o
  )   cot 
(viii
sin(360 o
  )   sin  cos(360 o
  )  cos  tan( 360 o
  )   tan 
)
(ix) sin(360 o
  )  sin  cos(360 o
  )  cos  tan( 360 o
  )  tan 

Note :  Angle ( 2n   ) lies in first quadrant, if  in an acute angle. Similarly (2n   ) will
lie in fourth quadrant. Where n  0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 Angle ( ) is presumed always lie in fourth quadrant, whatever the value of  .
 If parent angle is 90° or 270° then sin  change to cos  , tan  change to cot  and
sec  change to cos ec  .
 If parent angle is 180° or 360° then no change in trigonometric function
Problem 6. Find the values of (i) cos(60 o ) (ii) tan 210 o (iii) sin 300 o (iv) cos120 o (v) sin(1485 o )

1
Solution : (i) cos(60 o )  cos 60 o 
2
1
(ii) tan( 210 o )  tan(180 o
 30 o )  tan 30 o 
3

 3
(iii) sin(300 o )  sin(360 o
 60 o )   sin 60 o 
2
1
(iv) cos(120 o )  cos(90 o  30 o )   sin 30 o 
2
1
(v) sin(1485 o )   sin(3  360 o
 45 o )   sin 45 o  
2
(6) Addition formulae
(i) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(iii) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
Putting B = A in these formulae, we get
(iv) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A
(v) cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A  1  2 sin 2 A  2 cos 2 A  1
2 tan A
(vi) tan 2 A 
1  tan 2 A
Problem 7. If A  60 o then value of sin 2 A will be

3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 2
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3 1 3
Solution : (a) sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A  2 sin 60 cos 60  2   
2 2 2
(7) Difference formulae
(i) sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
(ii) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(iii) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
(8) Transformation formulae
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 sin A cos B
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B
sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 cos A sin B
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
If we put ( A  B)  C and ( A  B)  D then on adding and subtracting, we get
CD CD
A and B 
2 2
Putting these values in the above equation we get
CD CD
(i) sin C  sin D  2 sin cos
2 2
CD CD
(ii) cos C  cos D  2 cos cos
2 2
CD CD
(iii) sin C  sin D  2 cos sin
2 2
CD CD
(iv) cos C  cos D  2 sin sin
2 2
(9) The sine and cosine formulae for a triangle : In a triangle ABC of sides a, b, c and
angles A, B and C, the following formulae hold good.
a b c
(i)  
sin A sin B sin C
(ii) a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

(iii) b 2  c 2  a 2  2ca cos B

(iv) c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

(v) Area of a triangle ABC  S (S  a)(S  b)(S  c) ; where, S  (a  b  c) / 3

0.4 Logarithm.
Mathematics In Physics 9

Logarithm of a number with respect to a given base is the power to which the base must be
raised to represent that number.

If a x  N then log a N  x

Here x is called the logarithm of N to the base a.


There are two system of logarithm : Logarithm to the base 10 are called common
logarithms where as logarithms to the base e are called natural logarithm. They are written as
ln.
Conversion of natural log into common log : log e x  2 .3026 log 10 x

Important formulae of logarithm :


(i) log a (mn )  log a m  log a n (Product formula)

m 
(ii) log a    log a m  log a n (Quotient formula)
n

(iii) log a m n  n log a m (Power formula)

(iv) log a m  log b m log a b (Base change formula)

Note :  Antilogarithm is the reverse process of logarithm i.e., the number whose logarithm
is x is called antilogarithm of x. If log n  x then n = antilog of x

0.5 Graphs.
A graph is a line, straight or curved which shows the variation of one quantity w.r.t. other,
which are interrelated with each other.
In a relation of two quantities, the quantity which is made to alter at will, is called the
independent variable and the other quantity which varies as a result of this change is called the
dependent variable. Conventionally, in any graph, the independent variable (i.e. cause) is
represented along x-axis and dependent variable (i.e. effect) is represented along y-axis.
For example, we want to depict V  IR graphically, in which R is a constant called
resistance, V is the applied voltage (cause) and I (effect) is the resulting current. We will
represent voltage on x-axis and current on y-axis.

Some important graphs for various equations


Y Y

 C
X y = mx X y = mx + c
O O

m = tan = slope of line with x-axis c = Positive intercept on y-axis and positive
10 Mathematics In Physics

slope

Y Y

C 
y = mx – c X
y = – mx + c
X
O O
C 

Negative intercept and positive slope Positive intercept and Negative slope
Y Y

X y2 = kx X y2 = – kx
O O

Symmetric parabola about positive X-axis Symmetric parabola about negative X-axis

Y Y

X x2 = ky O
X x2 = – ky
O

Symmetric parabola about positive Y-axis Symmetric parabola about negative Y-axis
Y
Y

X y = ax + bx2 y = ax – bx2
O
X
O

Asymmetric parabola Asymmetric parabola


Y Y

xy = constant O
X x2 + y2 = a2
a
X
O

Rectangular hyperbola Circle of radius 'a'

Y Y
2 2
x y
b
2
 2 1
O
X a b y = e–kx
a
X
O
Mathematics In Physics 11

Ellipse of semi-major axis a and semi-minor Exponential curve


axis b.

+1 +1
180o 450o 180o 360o
 
0 90o 270o 360o 540o y = sin 0 90o 270o 450o y = cos
–1 –1

sine curve cosine curve

0.6 Differential Calculus.


The differential coefficient or derivative of variable y with respect to variable x is defined as
dy
the instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x. It is denoted by Y y = f (x)
dx
Geometrically the differential coefficient of y  f (x ) with respect to 

x at any point is equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve


representing y  f (x ) at that point X

dy
i.e.  tan  .
dx
dy
Note :  Actually is a rate measurer.
dx
dy
 If is positive, it means y is increasing with increasing of x and vice-versa.
dx
dy
 For small change x we use y  . x
dx
ds
Example: (1) Instantaneous speed v =
dt
dv d 2 x
(2) Instantaneous acceleration a  =
dt dt 2
dp
(3) Force F 
dt
d
(4) Angular velocity  
dt
d
(5) Angular acceleration  
dt
dW
(6) Power P 
dt
12 Mathematics In Physics

dL
(7) Torque  
dt
(1) Fundamental formulae of differentiation :
Function Differentiation
If c is some constant d
(c)  0
dx
If y  c x where c is a constant dy d dx
 (c x )  c c
dx dx dx
If y  c u where c is a constant and u is a function of x dy d du
 (c u)  c
dx dx dx
If y = xn where n is a real number dy
 nx n 1
dx
If y = un where n is a real number and u is a function dy du
 nu n 1
of x dx dx

If y = u + v where u and v are the functions of x dy du dv


 
dx dx dx
If y = uv where u and v are functions of x (product dy dv du
u v
formula) dx dx dx

u du dv
If y  where u and v are the functions of x v u
v dy d u  dx dx
  
(quotient formula) dx dx  v  v2

If y = f (u) and u = f (x) dy dy du


 
dx du dx
If y = (ax + b)n dy d
 n (ax  b)n 1  (ax  b)
dx dx
If y = sin x dy d
 (sin x )  cos x
dx dx

If y = cos x dy d
 (cos x )   sin x
dx dx
If y = tan x dy d
 (tan x )  sec 2 x
dx dx
If y = cot x dy d
 (cot x )  cosec 2 x
dx dx
If y = sec x dy d
 (sec x )  tan x sec x
dx dx
If y = cosec x dy d
 (cosec x )   cot x cosec x
dx dx
Mathematics In Physics 13

If y = sin u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)


 (sin u)  cos u
dx dx dx
If y = cos u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cos u)   sin u
dx dx dx
If y = tan u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (tan u)  sec 2 u
dx dx dx
If y = cot u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cot u)  cosec 2 u
dx dx dx
If y = sec u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (sec u)  sec u tan u
dx dx dx
If y = cosec u where u is the function of x dy d d (u)
 (cosec u)   cosec u cot u
dx dx dx

If y  log a x dy 1
 log a e
dx x

Problem 8. Differentiate the following w.r.t x

(i) x 3 (ii) x (iii) ax 2  bx  c (iv) 2 x 3  e x (v) 6 log e x  x  7


d
Solution : (i) (x 3 )  3 x 2
dx
1
d 1 1 1 1
(ii) (x )1 / 2  (x ) 2  (x )1 / 2 
dx 2 2 2 x
d d 2 d d
(iii) (ax 2  bx  c)  a (x )  b (x )  (c) = 2ax  b
dx dx dx dx
d d d x
(iv) (2 x 3  e x )  2 (x 3 )  (e )  6 x 2  e x
dx dx dx
d d d 1/2 d 6 1
(v) (6 log e x  x  7)  6 (log e x )  (x )  (7)  
dx dx dx dx x 2 x

Problem 9. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x

(i) sin x  cos x (ii) sin x  e


x

d d d
Solution : (i) (sin x  cos x )  (sin x )  (cos x )  cos x  sin x
dx dx dx
d d d x
(ii) (sin x  e x )  (sin x )  (e )  cos x  e x
dx dx dx

Problem 10. Differentiate the following w.r.t. t


(iii) sin(t   )
2 sin t
(i) sin t (ii) e

d d
Solution : (i) (sin t 2 )  cos t 2 (t 2 )  2t cos t 2
dt dt
d sin t d
(ii) (e )  e sin t (sin t)  e sin t . cos t
dt dt
14 Mathematics In Physics

d d
(iii) [sin(t   )]  cos(t   ). (t   )  cos(t   ). 
dt dt
x2 ex
Problem 11. Differentiate w.r.t. x
log x  20

x2 ex
Solution : Let y  .
log x  20

dy d  x 2  e x 

Then 
dx dx  log x  20 

d d
(log x  20 ) (x 2  e x )  (x 2  e x ) (log x  20 )
 dx dx
(log x  20 ) 2
1 
(log x  20 )(2 x  e x )  (x 2  e x )  0 
x 

(log x  20 ) 2

(2) Maxima and minima : If a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner


shown in figure. It becomes maximum at x1 and minimum at x2. Y

At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to X-axis


and hence its slope is tan   0. But the slope of the curve equals the
dy dy
rate of change . Thus, at a maximum or minimum 0 X
dx dx O x1 x2
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum
dy
it is zero and just after the maximum it is negative. Thus decreases at a maximum and hence
dx
dy d  dy 
the rate of change of is negative at a maximum. i.e.,    0 at a maximum.
dx dx  dx 

dy d 2y
Hence the condition of maxima :  0 and 0 (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2

Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive. The slope increases at
d  dy 
such a point and hence  0
dx  dx 

dy d 2y
Hence the condition of minima :  0 and 0. (Second derivative test)
dx dx 2

Problem 12. The height reached in time t by a particle thrown upward with a speed u is given by
1 2
h  ut  gt . Find the time taken in reaching the maximum height.
2

dh d 1 2 gt u
Solution : For maximum height 0 [ut  gt 2 ]  u   0 t 
dt dt 2 2 g
Mathematics In Physics 15

Problem 13. A metal ring is being heated so that at any instant of time t in second, its area is given by
t
A  3t 2   2 m2 .
3
What will be the rate of increase of area at t  10 sec .
dA d t 1
Solution : Rate of increase of area  (3 t 2   2)  6 t 
dt dt 3 3

 dA  1 181 m 2
   6  10   .
 dt t 10 sec 3 3 sec

1
Problem 14. The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of cm / sec . Determine the rate of
2
increase in its volume when the radius is 1 cm.
4
Solution : Volume of the spherical bubble V  R 3
3
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. time

dV d  4 3  4 dR dR
  R    .3 R 2 .  4R 2
dt dt  3  3 dt dt

dV 1 dR 1
at R  1cm ,  4  (1) 2   2 cm 3 / sec . [Given  cm / sec ]
dt 2 dt 2

Problem 15. Find the angle of tangent drawn to the curve y  3 x 2  7 x  5 at the point (1, 1) with the x-
axis.

Solution : y  3x 2  7x  5

dy
Slope of tangent   6x  7
dx
dy
at (1, 1)  1  tan   1    135 o .
dx

0.7 Integral Calculus.


The process of integration is just the reverse of differentiation. The symbol ∫ is used to
denote integration.
If f (x ) is the differential coefficient of function F(x ) with respect to x, then by integrating
f (x ) we can get F(x ) again.

(1) Fundamental formulae of integration :

x n 1
 sec x dx  tan x
2

 x n dx 
n 1
, provided n  – 1

x 0 1
 cos ec x dx   cot x
2

 dx   x 0 dx 
0 1
x
16 Mathematics In Physics

 (u  v) dx   u dx   v dx  sec x tan x dx  sec x


 cu dx  c u dx  cosec x cot x dx  cosec x
where c is a constant and u is a function of
x.

x n 1 (ax  b)n 1 (ax  b)n 1


 cx n dx  c  (ax  b) dx  
n
n 1 d a(n  1)
(n  1) (ax  b)
dx

a log e ax  b 
x x  (ax  b) dx 
1 dx a
dx   log e x  log e (ax  b)
d
(ax  b)
dx

e dx  e x e ax  b e ax  b
x
 e ax  b dx 
d
(ax  b )

a
dx

ax a cx  d a cx  d
 a x dx 
log e a  a cx  d dx 
log e a
d
(cx  d )

c log e a
dx

tan(ax  b) tan  ax  b)
 sin x dx   cos x  sec
2
(ax  b) dx 
d

a
(ax  b)
dx
 cos nx  cot (ax  b)  cot (ax  v)
 sin nx dx   cosec (ax  b) dx  
2
n d a
(ax  b)
dx
sec (ax  b) sec (ax  b)
 cos x dx  sin x  sec (ax  b) tan (ax  b) dx  d

a
(ax  b)
dx
cosec (ax  b) cosec (ax  b)
 cos nx dx 
sin nx
n  cosec (ax  b) cot (ax  b) dx  d
(ax  b)

a
dx

(2) Method of integration : Sometimes, we come across some functions which cannot be
integrated directly by using the standard integrals. In such cases, the integral of a function can
be obtained by using one or more of the following methods.
(i) Integration by substitution : Those functions which cannot be integrated directly can be
reduced to standard integrand by making a suitable substitution and then can be integrated by
using the standard integrals. To understand the method, we take the few examples.
(ii) Integration by parts : This method of integration is based on the following rule :
Integral of a product of two functions = first function  integral of second function –
integral of (differential coefficient of first function  integral of second function).
Mathematics In Physics 17

 du 
Thus, if u and v are the functions of x, then  uv dx  u  v dx    dx   v dx  dx
Problem 16. Integrate the following w.r.t. x
1
(i) x1/2 (ii) cot 2 x (iii)
1  sin x

x 1 / 2 1 2 3 / 2
Solution : (i)  x 1 / 2 dx 
1
1
 (x )
3
2

 cot x dx   (cosec x  1)dx   cosec x dx   dx   cot x  x


2 2 2
(ii)

 1  sin x  1  sin x
 1  sin x dx    1  sin x  1  sin x  . dx    cos
1 1 1 sin x
(iii) dx   dx
1  sin 2 x 2
x cos 2 x


= (sec 2 x  tan x sec x )dx  tan x  sec x .

(3) Definite integrals : When a function is integrated between definite limits, the integral is
called definite integral. For example,
b
 a
f ( x ) dx is definite integral of f (x ) between the limits a and b and is written as

b
 a
f (x ) dx | F(x )| ba  F(b)  F(a)

Here a is called the lower limit and b is called the upper limit of integration.
b
Geometrically  a
f ( x ) dx equals to area of curve F(x ) between the limits a and b.

6
 (2 x  3 x  5)dx
2
Problem 17. Evaluate
0

6 6
 2x 3  3x 2 
  5 x 0  144  54  30 = 228.
6 6 6 6
 (2 x 2  3 x  5)dx   2 x 2 dx   3 x dx   5 dx    
6
Solution :
0 0 0 0  3  0  2  0

Problem 18. Integrate the following


2  /2 r2 Kq 1 q 2  /4
   
1
(i) dx (ii) cos x dx (iii) .dr (iv) tan 2 x dx
0 0 2 0
x r1 r
2
 x1/2 
 
2
2
 
1 2
Solution : (i) dx  x 1 / 2 dx     2x
1/2
0 2 2
0
x 0  1 / 2  0

 /2

(ii)  cos x dx  sin x 0 / 2  sin 1
2
0
18 Mathematics In Physics
r2 r2
1 1 1 1
r
q1 q 2  1 2
 
1
(iii) k dx  k q 1 q 2 dx = kq 1 2  
q  kq1 q 2     kq1 q 2   
r2  r  r1
2
r1 r1
r  r2 r1   r1 r2 

 /4  /4

(iv)  tan 2 x dx   (sec
2
x  1)dx  tan x  0 / 4  [ x ] 0 / 4  1 
4
0 o

0.8 General Formulae for Area and Volume.


1. Area of square = (side)2
2. Area of rectangle = length  breadth
1
3. Area of triangle   base  height
2
4. Area enclosed by a circle   r 2 ; where r is radius

5. Surface area of sphere  4 r 2

6. Surface area of cube  6 L2 ; where L is a side of cube


7. Surface area of cuboid  2L  b  b  h  h  L  ; where L= length, b = breadth, h = height
8. Area of curved surface of cylinder  2 rl ; where r = radius, l = length of cylinder

9. Volume of cube  L3
10. Volume of cuboid  L  b  h
4
11. Volume of sphere   r3
3
12. Volume of cylinder   r 2 l
1
13. Volume of cone   r2h
2
0.9 Introduction of Vector.
Physical quantities having magnitude, direction and obeying laws of vector algebra are
called vectors.
Example : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, impulse, weight, thrust,
torque, angular momentum, angular velocity etc.
If a physical quantity has magnitude and direction both, then it does not always imply that
it is a vector. For it to be a vector the third condition of obeying laws of vector algebra has to be
satisfied.
Example : The physical quantity current has both magnitude and direction but is still a
scalar as it disobeys the laws of vector algebra.
0.10 Types of Vector.
Mathematics In Physics 19

(1) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be equal when they have equal magnitudes
and same direction.

(2) Parallel vector : Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel when
(i) Both have same direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar (positive) non-zero multiple of another vector.

(3) Anti-parallel vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be anti-parallel when
(i) Both have opposite direction.
(ii) One vector is scalar non-zero negative multiple of another vector.
(4) Collinear vectors : When the vectors under consideration can share the same support
or have a common support then the considered vectors are collinear.

(5) Zero vector (0 ) : A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary direction (not known to
us) is a zero vector.

(6) Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a unit vector. Unit vector for A is Â
(read as A cap / A hat).

Since, ˆ  A  A AA
A ˆ .
A
Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the direction.

(7) Orthogonal unit vectors : ˆi , ˆj and k̂ are called orthogonal unit vectors. These vectors
must form a Right Handed Triad (It is a coordinate system such that y

when we Curl the fingers of right hand from x to y then we must get
the direction of z along thumb). The ˆj
x
ˆi  x , ˆj  y , kˆ  z k̂

x y z z

 x  xˆi , y  yˆj , z  z kˆ

(8) Polar vectors : These have starting point or point of application . Example
displacement and force etc.
(9) Axial Vectors : These represent rotational effects and are always along the axis of
rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule. Angular velocity, torque and angular
momentum, etc., are example of physical quantities of this type.
Axial vector Axis of rotation

Anticlock wise Clock wise rotation


rotation
Axis of rotation Axial vector
20 Mathematics In Physics

(10) Coplanar vector : Three (or more) vectors are called coplanar vector if they lie in
the same plane. Two (free) vectors are always coplanar.

0.11 Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors.


If two non zero vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in same order
then the resultant is given by the closing side of triangle in opposite order. i.e. R  A  B B

 OB  OA  AB R  AB

(1) Magnitude of resultant vector B


O A
AN A
In  ABN cos    AN  B cos 
B
BN
sin    BN  B sin 
B
B
In OBN , we have OB 2  ON 2  BN 2
R
B sin
 R 2  ( A  B cos  )2  (B sin  )2 B
 
 R  A  B cos   2 AB cos   B sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2 O A A N
B
 R 2  A 2  B 2 (cos 2   sin 2  )  2 AB cos  cos

 R  A  B  2 AB cos 
2 2 2

 R A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

(2) Direction of resultant vectors : If  is angle between A and B, then

| A  B|  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

If R makes an angle  with A, then in OBN , then

BN BN
tan   
ON OA  AN
B sin 
tan  
A  B cos 
0.12 Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors.
If two non zero vector are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then
the resultant is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of
intersection of the two vectors.

(1) Magnitude
B C

Since, R  ON  CN
2 2 2
R  AB
B B sin
B
 

O A N
A B cos 
Mathematics In Physics 21

 R 2  (OA  AN )2  CN 2

 R  A  B  2 AB cos 
2 2 2

 R | R | | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 

Special cases : R  A  B when  = 0o


R  A  B when  = 180o

R A 2  B 2 when  = 90o
(2) Direction
CN B sin 
tan   
ON A  B cos 
0.13 Polygon Law of Vector Addition.
If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n – 1) sides of an n-sided polygon
then the resultant is given by the closing side or the nth side of the polygon taken in opposite
D D C
order. So,
C
R  ABCD E E

OA  AB  BC  CD  DE  OE E B

R B
Note :  Resultant of two unequal vectors can not be zero. A
O
A
 Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not be zero
 Resultant of three non co- planar vectors can not be zero.
0.14 Subtraction of Vectors.

Since, A  B  A  ( B) and | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos 


R su m  A  B

 | A  B|  A  B  2 AB cos (180   )
2 2 o

B
Since, cos (180   )   cos 
 1
 | A  B |  A 2  B 2  2 AB cos  2 A
180 – 
B sin  B
tan  1 
A  B cos 
B sin (180   )
and tan  2  R diff  A  ( B )
A  B cos (180   )
But sin(180   )  sin  and cos(180   )   cos 
B sin 
 tan  2 
A  B cos 
Sample problem based on addition and subtraction of vectors
22 Mathematics In Physics

Problem 19. A car travels 6 km towards north at an angle of 45° to the east and then travels distance of
4 km towards north at an angle of 135° to the east. How far is the point from the starting
point. What angle does the straight line joining its initial and final position makes with the
east

(a) 50 km and tan 1 (5 ) (b) 10 km and tan 1 ( 5 )

(c) 52 km and tan 1 (5 ) (d) 52 km and tan 1 ( 5 )

1
Solution : (c) Net movement along x-direction Sx = (6 – 4) cos 45° î  2   2 km
2 N

1
Net movement along y-direction Sy = (6 + 4) sin 45° ˆj  10 
4 km
 5 2 km 6 km
2 45o
W E(X
O
 2   5 2 
2 2 )
Net movement from starting point | s |  s x 2  sy 2  = 52 km

S (Y
Y  component 5 2
Angle which makes with the east direction tan    )
X  component 2

   tan 1 (5)

Problem 20. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and other of 12 N at what angle the two vectors be
added to get resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and 13 N respectively

(a) 0°, 180° and 90° (b) 0°, 90° and 180° (c) 0°, 90° and 90° (d) 180°, 0° and 90°
Solution : (a) For 17 N both the vector should be parallel i.e. angle between them should be zero.

For 7 N both the vectors should be antiparallel i.e. angle between them should be 180°

For 13 N both the vectors should be perpendicular to each other i.e. angle between them
should be 90°

Problem 21. Given that A  B  C = 0 out of three vectors two are equal in magnitude and the magnitude
of third vector is 2 times that of either of the two having equal magnitude. Then the
angles between vectors are given by

(a) 30°, 60°, 90° (b) 45°, 45°, 90° (c) 45°, 60°, 90° (d) 90°, 135°, 135°

Solution : (d) From polygon law, three vectors having summation zero should form a closed polygon.
(Triangle) since the two vectors are having same magnitude and
the third vector is 2 times that of either of two having equal 
magnitude. i.e. the triangle should be right angled triangle

Angle between A and B,  = 90º C B

Angle between B and C,  = 135º 

 A
Angle between A and C,  = 135º
Mathematics In Physics 23

Problem 22. If A  4ˆi  3ˆj and B  6ˆi  8 ˆj then magnitude and direction of A  B will be

(a) 5, tan 1 (3 / 4) (b) 5 5 , tan 1 (1 / 2) (c) 10, tan 1 (5) (d) 25, tan 1 (3 / 4)

Solution : (b) A  B  4ˆi  3 ˆj  6ˆi  8 ˆj  10 ˆi  5 ˆj

| A  B |  (10) 2  (5)2  5 5

5 1 1
tan       tan 1  
10 2 2

Problem 23. A truck travelling due north at 20 m/s turns west and travels at the same speed. The
change in its velocity be

(a) 40 m/s N–W (b) 20 2 m/s N–W (c) 40 m/s S–W (d) 20 2 m/s S–W

Solution : (d) From fig.


v1 =20 m/s

v 1  20 ˆj and v 2  20 ˆi
v2 =20 m/s
 O
v  v 2  v 1  20 (ˆi  ˆj)

v – v1
| v |  20 2 and direction   tan 1 (1)  45  i.e. S–W

Problem 24. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then magnitude of difference is

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 / 2 (d) 5

Solution : (b) Let n̂ 1 and n̂ 2 are the two unit vectors, then the sum is

n s  nˆ 1  nˆ 2 or n s2  n12  n 22  2n1 n 2 cos  1  1  2 cos 

Since it is given that n s is also a unit vector, therefore 1  1  1  2 cos 

1
or cos    or   120 
2

Now the difference vector is n d  n1  n 2 or nd2  n12  n22  2n1n2 cos  1  1  2 cos(120 )

 n d2  2  2(1 / 2)  2  1  3  nd  3

Problem 25. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at point is 18 and the magnitude of their
resultant is 12. If the resultant is at 90° with the force of smaller magnitude, what are the,
magnitudes of forces

(a) 12, 5 (b) 14, 4 (c) 5, 13 (d) 10, 8


Solution : (c) Let P be the smaller force and Q be the greater force then according to problem –
P + Q = 18 ......(i)

R  P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos  12 .......(ii)
24 Mathematics In Physics

Q sin 
tan    tan 90  
P  Q cos 

 P  Q cos  0 .......(iii)

By solving (i), (ii) and (iii) we will get P  5, and Q  13

Problem 26. Two forces F1  1 N and F2  2 N act along the lines x = 0 and y = 0 respectively. Then the
resultant of forces would be

(a) ˆi  2 ˆj (b) ˆi  ˆj (c) 3ˆi  2 ˆj (d) 2ˆi  ˆj

Solution : (d) x = 0 means y-axis  F 1  ˆj

y = 0 means x-axis  F 2  2ˆi so resultant F  F 1  F 2  2ˆi  ˆj

Problem 27. Let A  2ˆi  ˆj, B  3 ˆj  kˆ and C  6ˆi  2kˆ value of A  2 B  3 C would be

(a) 20ˆi  5ˆj  4 kˆ (b) 20ˆi  5ˆj  4 kˆ (c) 4ˆi  5ˆj  20kˆ (d) 5ˆi  4 ˆj  10 kˆ

Solution : (b) A  2 B  3C  (2ˆi  ˆj)  2(3ˆj  kˆ )  3(6ˆi  2kˆ )

 2ˆi  ˆj  6 ˆj  2kˆ  18ˆi  6kˆ

= 20ˆi  5 ˆj  4 kˆ

Problem 28. A vector a is turned without a change in its length through a small angle d  . The value of
|  a | and a are respectively

(a) 0, a d (b) a d , 0 (c) 0, 0 (d) None of these

Solution : (b) From the figure | OA |  a and | OB |  a


B
Also from triangle rule OB  OA  AB  a  | a |  AB a
a A
arc
Using angle   AB = a . d
radius d a

So | a |  a d
O

a means change in magnitude of vector i.e. | OB |  | OA |  a  a  0

So a  0

Problem 29. An object of m kg with speed of v m/s strikes a wall at an angle  and rebounds at the same
speed and same angle. The magnitude of the change in momentum of the object will be

v   v
1 2
0 0
Mathematics In Physics 25

(a) 2m v cos  (b) 2 m v sin  (c) 0 (d) 2 m v

Solution : (a) P 1  m v sin  ˆi  m v cos  ˆj and P 2  m v sin  ˆi  m v cos  ˆj


y

So change in momentum P  P 2  P 1  2 m v cos  ˆj


p2
p1
 
|  P |  2 m v cos 
x

0.15 Resolution of Vector Into Components.


Consider a vector R in x-y plane as shown in fig. If we draw orthogonal vectors R x and
R y along x and y axes respectively, by law of vector addition, R  R x  R y
y
Now as for any vector A  A nˆ so, R x  ˆi R x and R y  ˆjR y
Ry R
so R  ˆi R x  ˆjR y .....(i)

x
But from fig R x  R cos  .....(ii) Rx

and R y  R sin  .....(iii)

Since R and  are usually known, Equation (ii) and (iii) give the magnitude of the
components of R along x and y-axes respectively.
Here it is worthy to note once a vector is resolved into its components, the components
themselves can be used to specify the vector as –

(1) The magnitude of the vector R is obtained by squaring and adding equation (ii) and (iii),
i.e.

R  R x2  R y2

(2) The direction of the vector R is obtained by dividing equation (iii) by (ii), i.e.

tan   (R y / R x ) or   tan 1 (R y / R x )

0.16 Rectangular Components of 3-D Vector.

R  R x  R y  R z or R  R xˆi  Ry ˆj  R z kˆ

If R makes an angle  with x axis,  with y axis and  with z axis, then
26 Mathematics In Physics

Rx Rx
 cos    l Y
R R x2  R y2  R z2

Ry Ry
 cos    m Ry R
R R x2  R y2  R z2
Rx

Rz
X
R Rz
 cos   z  n Z
R R x2  R y2  R z2

where l, m, n are called Direction Cosines of the vector R


R x2  R y2  R z2
l 2  m 2  n 2  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
R x2  R y2  R z2

Note :  When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector OP  xˆi  yˆj  zkˆ

 When a particle moves from point (x1, y1, z1) to (x2, y2, z2) then its displacement
vector

r  (x 2  x 1 )ˆi  (y 2  y 1 )ˆj  (z 2  z 1 )kˆ

Sample problem based on representation and resolution of vector


Problem 30. If a particle moves 5 m in +x- direction. The displacement of the particle will be
(a) 5 j (b) 5 i (c) – 5 j (d) 5 k

Solution : (b) Magnitude of vector = 5 y

Unit vector in +x direction is î 5 î


x
O
So displacement = 5 î

Problem 31. Position of a particle in a rectangular-co-ordinate system is (3, 2, 5). Then its position
vector will be

(a) 3ˆi  5ˆj  2kˆ (b) 3ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ (c) 5ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ (d) None of these

Solution : (b) If a point have coordinate (x, y, z) then its position vector OP  xˆi  yˆj  zkˆ .

Problem 32. If a particle moves from point P (2,3,5) to point Q (3,4,5). Its displacement vector be
(a) ˆi  ˆj  10 kˆ (b) ˆi  ˆj  5kˆ (c) ˆi  ˆj (d) 2ˆi  4 ˆj  6kˆ

Solution : (c) Displacement vector r  xˆi  yˆj  zkˆ  (3  2)ˆi  (4  3)ˆj  (5  5)kˆ  ˆi  ˆj

Problem 33. A force of 5 N acts on a particle along a direction making an angle of 60° with vertical. Its
vertical component be
Mathematics In Physics 27

(a) 10 N (b) 3 N (c) 4 N (d)


Solution : (d) The component of force in vertical direction will be F cos   F cos 60  y
F
1
 5  2.5 N

F cos
60o
2 60o

x
F sin 60o

Problem 34. If A  3ˆi  4 ˆj and B  7ˆi  24 ˆj, the vector having the same magnitude as B and parallel to A is

(a) 5ˆi  20 ˆj (b) 15 ˆi  10 ˆj (c) 20 ˆi  15 ˆj (d) 15 ˆi  20 ˆj

Solution : (d) | B |  7 2  (24 )2  625  25

ˆ ˆ
ˆ  3i  4 j
Unit vector in the direction of A will be A
5

 3ˆi  4 ˆj 
So required vector = 25    15 ˆi  20 ˆj
 5 
 

Problem 35. Vector A makes equal angles with x, y and z axis. Value of its components (in terms of
magnitude of A ) will be

A A 3
(a) (b) (c) 3A (d)
3 2 A

Solution : (a) Let the components of A makes angles ,  and  with x, y and z axis respectively then
   

1
cos2   cos2   cos2   1  3 cos 2   1  cos  
3

A
 A x  A y  A z  A cos  
3

Problem 36. If A  2ˆi  4 ˆj  5kˆ the direction of cosines of the vector A are
2 4 5 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 5
(a) , and (b) , and (c) , 0 and (d) , and
45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

Solution : (a) | A |  (2) 2  (4 ) 2  (5) 2  45

2 4 5
 cos   , cos   , cos  
45 45 45

Problem 37. The vector that must be added to the vector ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ and 3ˆi  6ˆj  7kˆ so that the resultant
vector is a unit vector along the y-axis is
28 Mathematics In Physics

(a) 4ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ (b)  4ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ (c) 3ˆi  4 ˆj  5kˆ (d) Null vector

Solution : (b) Unit vector along y axis  ˆj so the required vector


 ˆj  [(ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ )  (3ˆi  6ˆj  7kˆ )]   4ˆi  2ˆj  5kˆ

0.17 Scalar Product of Two Vectors.


(1) Definition : The scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors is defined as the product
of the magnitude of two vectors with cosine of angle between them.
Thus if there are two vectors A and B having angle  between them, then their scalar
product written as A . B is defined as A . B  AB cos 

(2) Properties : (i) It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between the vectors is
acute (i.e., < 90°) and negative if angle between them is obtuse (i.e. 90°< < 180°).

(ii) It is commutative, i.e. A . B  B . A B


(iii) It is distributive, i.e. A . (B  C )  A . B  A . C

(iv) As by definition A . B  AB cos  A

 A. B
The angle between the vectors   cos 1  
 AB 

(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when cos   max  1, i.e.   0 o , i.e.,
vectors are parallel

( A . B)max  AB

(vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when | cos  |  min  0, i.e.   90 o

( A . B) min  0

i.e., if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes the vectors are orthogonal.

(vii) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by
( A)  A . A  AA cos   A 2
2

i.e., A  A. A

(viii) In case of unit vector n̂

nˆ . nˆ  1  1  cos 0  1 so nˆ . nˆ  ˆi . ˆi  ˆj . ˆj  kˆ . kˆ  1

(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors ˆi , ˆj and k̂ , ˆi . ˆj  ˆj . kˆ  kˆ . ˆi  1  1 cos 90  0

(x) In terms of components A . B  (iA x  jA y  k A z ). (iB x  jB y  k B z )  [ A x B x  A y B y  A Z B z ]


Mathematics In Physics 29

(3) Example : (i) Work W : In physics for constant force work is defined as, W  Fs cos 
.......(i)

But by definition of scalar product of two vectors, F. s  Fs cos 


.......(ii)

So from eqn (i) and (ii) W  F.s i.e. work is the scalar product of force with displacement.

(ii) Power P :

dW ds
As W  F.s or  F. [As F is constant]
dt dt
or P  F .v i.e., power is the scalar product of force with velocity.
 dW ds 
 As  P and  v
 dt dt 
(iii) Magnetic Flux  : 
ds 
B
Magnetic flux through an area is given by d   B ds cos  ......(i)

But by definition of scalar product B . d s  Bds cos  ......(ii) 

So from eqn (i) and (ii) we have O

d   B . d s or    B.ds

(iv) Potential energy of a dipole U : If an electric dipole of moment p is situated in an


electric field E or a magnetic dipole of moment M in a field of induction B, the potential
energy of the dipole is given by :

U E   p . E and U B   M . B

Sample problem based on dot product


Problem 38. A  2ˆi  4 ˆj  4 kˆ and B  4ˆi  2ˆj  4 kˆ are two vectors. The angle between them will be
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 90°

. B a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3 24  4 2 4 4
Solution : (d) cos     0
| | .| B | | | .| B | | A | .| B |

   cos 1 (0 )    90 

Problem 39. If two vectors 2ˆi  3ˆj  kˆ and  4ˆi  6ˆj  kˆ are parallel to each other then value of  be
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Solution : (c) Let A  2ˆi  3ˆj  kˆ and B  4ˆi  6 ˆj  kˆ


30 Mathematics In Physics

a1 a2 a3 2 3 1
A and B are parallel to each other   i.e.     2.
b1 b2 b3 4 6 

Problem 40. In above example if vectors are perpendicular to each other then value of  be
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) – 26 (d) – 25

Solution : (c) If A and B are perpendicular to each other then A . B  0  a1 b1  a 2 b 2  a3 b 3  0

So, 2(4)  3(6)  (1)()  0    26

Problem 41. If   2ˆi  3ˆj  kˆ and B  ˆi  3ˆj  4 kˆ then projection of A on B will be
3 3 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 26 26 13

Solution : (b) |  |  2 2  3 2  (1)2  4  9  1  14

| B |  (1)2  3 2  4 2  1  9  16  26

A . B  2 (1)  3  3  (1) (4 )  3

A. B 3
The projection of A on B  
| B| 26

Problem 42. A body, acted upon by a force of 50 N is displaced through a distance 10 meter in a direction
making an angle of 60° with the force. The work done by the force be
(a) 200 J (b) 100 J (c) 300 (d) 250 J
1
Solution : (d) W  F . S  FS cos   50  10  cos 60   50  10   250 J .
2
Problem 43. A particle moves from position 3ˆi  2ˆj  6kˆ to 14ˆi  13 ˆj  9kˆ due to a uniform force of
4ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ N . If the displacement in meters then work done will be

(a) 100 J (b) 200 J (c) 300 J (d) 250 J

Solution : (a) S  r2  r1

W  F . S  (4ˆi  ˆj  3kˆ ) . (11ˆi  11 ˆj  15 kˆ )  (4  11  1  11  3  15 )  100 J .

Problem 44. If for two vector A and B , sum ( A  B) is perpendicular to the difference ( A  B) . The ratio of
their magnitude is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None of these

Solution : (a) ( A  B) is perpendicular to ( A  B) . Thus

( A  B) . ( A  B) = 0 or A 2  B . A  A . B  B 2  0

Because of commutative property of dot product A. B  B. A


 A2  B2  0 or A  B
Thus the ratio of magnitudes A/B = 1
Mathematics In Physics 31

Problem 45. A force F   K(yˆi  xˆj) (where K is a positive constant) acts on a particle moving in the x-y
plane. Starting from the origin, the particle is taken along the positive x- axis to the point
(a, 0) and then parallel to the y-axis to the point (a, a). The total work done by the forces
F on the particle is [IIT-JEE 1998]

(a)  2 Ka 2 (b) 2 Ka 2 (c)  Ka 2 (d) Ka 2

Solution : (c) For motion of the particle form (0, 0) to (a, 0)

F   K(0 ˆi  a ˆj)  F   Kaˆj

Displacement r  (a ˆi  0 ˆj)  (0 ˆi  0 ˆj)  aˆi

So work done from (0, 0) to (a, 0) is given by W  F . r  Kaˆj . aˆi  0

For motion (a, 0) to (a, a)

F  K(aˆi  aˆj) and displacement r  (aˆi  aˆj)  (aˆi  0 ˆj)  aˆj

So work done from (a, 0) to (a, a) W  F . r  K(aˆi  aˆj). aˆj  Ka 2

So total work done   Ka 2

0.18 Vector Product of Two Vector.


(1) Definition : The vector product or cross product of two vectors is defined as a vector
having a magnitude equal to the product of the magnitudes of two vectors with the sine of angle
between them, and direction perpendicular to the plane containing the two vectors in
accordance with right hand screw rule.

C  AB

Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector product written as A  B is a vector C
defined by

C  A  B  AB sin  nˆ

The direction of A  B, i.e. C is perpendicular to the plane


containing vectors A and B and in the sense of advance of a
right handed screw rotated from A (first vector) to B (second
vector) through the smaller angle between them. Thus, if a
right handed screw whose axis is perpendicular to the plane framed by A and B is rotated from
A to B through the smaller angle between them, then the direction of advancement of the
screw gives the direction of A  B i.e. C
(2) Properties :
32 Mathematics In Physics

(i) Vector product of any two vectors is always a vector perpendicular to the plane
containing these two vectors, i.e., orthogonal to both the vectors A and B, though the vectors A
and B may or may not be orthogonal.

(ii) Vector product of two vectors is not commutative, i.e., A  B  B  A [but   B  A]


Here it is worthy to note that

| A  B | | B  A |  AB sin 

i.e., in case of vector A  B and B  A magnitudes are equal but directions are opposite.
(iii) The vector product is distributive when the order of the vectors is strictly maintained,
i.e.

A  (B  C)  A  B  A  C

(iv) As by definition of vector product of two vectors A  B  AB sin  nˆ

| A  B | 
So | A  B |  AB sin  i.e.,   sin 1  
| A | | B | 

(v) The vector product of two vectors will be maximum when sin   max  1, i.e.,   90 o

[ A  B]max  AB nˆ

i.e., vector product is maximum if the vectors are orthogonal.


(vi) The vector product of two non- zero vectors will be minimum when | sin  |  minimum = 0,
i.e.,   0 o or 180 o

[ A  B]min  0

i.e. if the vector product of two non-zero vectors vanishes, the vectors are collinear.
(vii) The self cross product, i.e., product of a vector by itself vanishes, i.e., is null vector
A  A  AA sin 0 o nˆ  0

(viii) In case of unit vector nˆ  nˆ  0 so that ˆi  ˆi  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0

(ix) In case of orthogonal unit vectors, ˆi , ˆj, kˆ in accordance with right hand screw rule :

ˆj ˆj


î î

ˆi  ˆj  kˆ , ˆj  kˆ  ˆi and kˆ  ˆi  ˆj
Mathematics In Physics 33

And as cross product is not commutative,


ˆj  ˆi  kˆ kˆ  ˆj  ˆi and ˆi  kˆ  ˆj

(x) In terms of components


ˆi ˆj kˆ
A  B  Ax Ay A z  ˆi ( A y B z  A z B y )  ˆj( A z B x  A x B z )  kˆ ( A x B y  A y B x )
Bx By Bz

(3) Example : Since vector product of two vectors is a vector, vector physical quantities
(particularly representing rotational effects) like torque, angular momentum, velocity and
force on a moving charge in a magnetic field and can be expressed as the vector product of
two vectors. It is well – established in physics that :

(i) Torque   r  F

(ii) Angular momentum L  r  p

(iii) Velocity v    r

(iv) Force on a charged particle q moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is given by
F  q(v  B)

(v) Torque on a dipole in a field  E  p  E and  B  M  B

Sample problem based on vector product


Problem 46. If A  3ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ and B  2ˆi  2ˆj  4 kˆ then value of | A  B | will be

(a) 8 2 (b) 8 3 (c) 8 5 (d) 5 8

ˆi ˆj kˆ
Solution : (b) A  B  3 1 2  (1  4  2  2)ˆi  (2  2  4  3)ˆj  (3  2  1  2)kˆ  8ˆi  8 ˆj  8kˆ
2 2 4

 Magnitude of A  B | A  B |  (8) 2  (8) 2  (8)2 8 3

Problem 47. In above example a unit vector perpendicular to both A and B will be
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
(a)  (i  j  k ) (b)  (i  j  k ) (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
3 3

A B 8ˆi  8 ˆj  8 kˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
Solution : (c) nˆ    (i  j  k )
| A B| 8 3 3

1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
There are two unit vectors perpendicular to both A and B they are nˆ   (i  j  k )
3
34 Mathematics In Physics

Problem 48. The vectors from origin to the points A and B are A  3ˆi  6ˆj  2kˆ and B  2ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ
respectively. The area of the triangle OAB be

5 2 3 5
(a) 17 sq.unit (b) 17 sq.unit (c) 17 sq.unit (d) 17 sq.unit
2 5 5 3

Solution : (a) Given OA  a  3ˆi  6 ˆj  2kˆ and OB  b  2ˆi  ˆj  2kˆ

ˆi ˆj kˆ
 (a  b)  3 6 2  (12  2)ˆi  (4  6)ˆj  (3  12)kˆ
2 1 2

 10ˆi  10 ˆj  15 kˆ  | a  b |  10 2  10 2  15 2  425  5 17

1 5 17
Area of OAB  | ab|  sq.unit.
2 2

Problem 49. The angle between the vectors A and B is  . The value of the triple product A . (B  A ) is
(a) A 2 B (b) Zero (c) A 2 B sin  (d) A 2 B cos 

Solution : (b) Let A .( B  A)  A . C

Here C  B  A Which is perpendicular to both vector A and B  A. C  0

Problem 50. The torque of the force F  (2ˆi  3 ˆj  4 kˆ )N acting at the point r  (3ˆi  2ˆj  3kˆ ) m about the
origin be
[CBSE PMT 1995]

(a) 6ˆi  6ˆj  12kˆ (b) 17ˆi  6ˆj  13kˆ (c)  6ˆi  6ˆj  12kˆ (d)  17ˆi  6ˆj  13kˆ

ˆi ˆj kˆ
Solution : (b)   r  F  3 2 3
2 3 4

 (2  4 )  (3  3) ˆi  (2  3)  (3  4 )ˆj  (3  3)  (2  2)kˆ  17 ˆi  6 ˆj  13 kˆ

Problem 51. If A  B  C, then which of the following statements is wrong


(a) C  A (b) C  B (c) C  ( A  B) (d) C  ( A  B)

Solution : (d) From the property of vector product, we notice that C must be perpendicular to the plane
formed by vector A and B . Thus C is perpendicular to both A and B and ( A  B) vector
also must lie in the plane formed by vector A and B . Thus C must be perpendicular to
( A  B) also but the cross product ( A  B) gives a vector C which can not be perpendicular to
itself. Thus the last statement is wrong.
Problem 52. If a particle of mass m is moving with constant velocity v parallel to x-axis in x-y plane as
shown in fig. Its angular momentum with respect to origin at any time t will be

(a) mvb kˆ (b)  mvb kˆ (c) mvb ˆi (d) mv ˆi


Mathematics In Physics 35

Solution : (b) We know that, Angular momentum


ˆi ˆj kˆ
y
L  r  p in terms of component becomes L  x y z m
px py pz v

b
As motion is in x-y plane (z = 0 and Pz  0 ), so L  k (xp y  yp x )
x
O
Here x = vt, y = b, p x  m v and p y  0

 L  k vt  0  b mv   mvb kˆ

0.19 Lami's Theorem.

In any  A B C with sides a, b, c


180 – 
sin  sin  sin 
  
a b c
c b
i.e., for any triangle the ratio of the sine of the angle
containing the side to the length of the side is a constant.   180 – 

For a triangle whose three sides are in the same order we 180 –  a

establish the Lami's theorem in the following manner. For the


triangle shown

ab c  0 [All three sides are taken in order] .....(i)

 a  b  c .....(ii)

Pre-multiplying both sides by a

a  (a  b)  a  c  0  a  b  a  c  a  b  c  a .....(iii)

Pre-multiplying both sides of (ii) by b


b  (a  b)   b  c  b  a  b  b  b  c   a  b  b  c  a  b  b  c .....(iv)

From (iii) and (iv), we get a  b  b  c  c  a


Taking magnitude, we get | a  b | | b  c | | c  a |
 ab sin(180   )  bc sin(180   )  ca sin(180   )
 ab sin   bc sin   ca sin 
sin  sin  sin 
Dividing through out by abc, we have   
a b c
0.20 Relative Velocity.
(1) Introduction : When we consider the motion of a particle, we assume a fixed point
relative to which the given particle is in motion. For example, if we say that water is flowing or
36 Mathematics In Physics

wind is blowing or a person is running with a speed v, we mean that these all are relative to the
earth (which we have assumed to be fixed).
Now to find the velocity of a moving object relative to another moving object, consider a
 
particle P whose position relative to frame S is rPS while relative to S  is rPS  . If the position of

frames S  relative to S at any time is r S S then from fig.
Y
   Y P
rPS  rPS   rS S
r
PS '
Differentiating this equation with respect to time r
PS
   X
S
drPS drPS  drS S rS ' S
  X
dt dt dt S

    
or v PS  v PS   v S S [as v  d r /dt ]
  
or v PS   v PS  v S S

(2) General Formula : The relative velocity of a particle P1 moving with velocity v 1 with

respect to another particle P2 moving with velocity v 2 is v1
   v2
given by, v r12 = v 1 – v 2
P2
(i) If both the particles are moving in the same
P1
direction then :
 r12  1 –  2

(ii) If the two particles are moving in the opposite direction, then :
 r12   1   2

(iii) If the two particles are moving in the mutually perpendicular directions, then:
 r12   12   22

 
  1/2
(iv) If the angle between  1 and  2 be , then  r12   12   22 – 2 1 2 cos  .

(3) Relative velocity of satellite : If a satellite is moving in equatorial plane with velocity
 
v s and a point on the surface of earth with v e relative to the centre of earth, the velocity of
satellite relative to the surface of earth
  
v se  v s  v e
So if the satellite moves form west to east (in the direction of rotation of earth on its axis)
its velocity relative to earth's surface will be v se  v s  v e
Mathematics In Physics 37

And if the satellite moves from east to west, i.e., opposite to the motion of earth,
v se  v s  (v e )  v s  v e

(4) Relative velocity of rain : If rain is falling vertically with a velocity v R and an

observer is moving horizontally with speed v M the
velocity of rain relative to observer will be
 – vM 
   vR vR
v RM  v R  v M   – vR 
vM vM
which by law of vector addition has magnitude

v RM  v R2  v M
2

direction   tan 1 (v M / v R ) with the vertical as shown in fig.



(5) Relative velocity of swimmer : If a man can swim relative to water with velocity v
 
and water is flowing relative to ground with velocity v R velocity of man relative to ground v M
will be given by:
     
v  v M  v R , i.e., v M  v  v R
So if the swimming is in the direction of flow of water, v M  v  v R

And if the swimming is opposite to the flow of water, v M  v  v R

(6) Crossing the river : Suppose, the river is flowing with velocity  r . A man can swim in
still water with velocity  m . He is standing on one bank of the river and wants to cross the river
Two cases arise.
(i) To cross the river over shortest distance : That is to cross the river straight, the man
should swim making angle  with the upstream as

shown. A vr B

Here OAB is the triangle of vectors, in which

       vr
OA  v m , AB   r . Their resultant is given by OB   . w  v
vm

The direction of swimming makes angle  with

upstream. From the triangle OBA, we find, Upstreem O Downstree
m
r r
cos   Also sin  
m m
where  is the angle made by the direction of swimming with the shortest distance (OB)
across the river.
Time taken to cross the river : If w be the width of the river, then time taken to cross the
river will be given by
38 Mathematics In Physics

w w
t1  
  m2 –  r2
(ii) To cross the river in shortest possible time : The man should swim perpendicular
to the bank.
The time taken to cross the river will be:

A vr B
w
t2 
m

 vr
w
In this case, the man will touch the opposite bank at a vm

distance AB down stream. This distance will be given by:


w r Upstreem O Downstree
AB   r t 2  r or AB  w
m m m

Sample problem based on relative velocity


Problem 53. Two trains along the same straight rails moving with constant speed 60 km/hr respectively
toward each other. If at time t  0 , the distance between them is 90 km, the time when they
collide is

(a) 1 hr (b) 2 hr (c) 3 hr (d)


Solution : (a) The relative velocity v rel.  60  (30 )  90 km / hr.

s rel. 90
Distance between the train s rel.  90 km,  Time when they collide    1 hr.
v rel. 90

Problem 54. Two cars are moving in the same direction with the same speed 30 km/hr. They are
separated by a distance of 5 km, the speed of a car moving in the opposite direction if it
meets these two cars at an interval of 4 minutes, will be

(a) 40 km/hr (b) 45 km/hr (c) 30 km/hr (d) 15 km/hr

Solution : (b) The two car (say A and B) are moving with same velocity, the relative velocity of one (say
B) with respect to the other A, v BA  v B  v A  v  v  0

So the relative separation between them (= 5 km) always remains the same.

Now if the velocity of car (say C) moving in opposite direction to A and B, is v C relative to

ground then the velocity of car C relative to A and B will be v rel.  v C  v

But as v is opposite to vC so v rel  v c  (30 )  (v C  30 ) km / hr.

d 4 5
So, the time taken by it to cross the cars A and B t    v C  45 km / hr.
v rel 60 v C  30

Problem 55. A steam boat goes across a lake and comes back (a) On a quite day when the water is still
and (b) On a rough day when there is uniform current so as to help the journey onward and
to impede the journey back. If the speed of the launch on both days was same, in which
case it will complete the journey in lesser time
Mathematics In Physics 39

(a) Case (a) (b) Case (b)


(c) Same in both (d) Nothing can be predicted
Solution : (b) If the breadth of the lake is l and velocity of boat is vb. Time in going and coming back on a
quite day
l l 2l
tQ    .....(i)
vb vb vb

Now if va is the velocity of air- current then time taken in going across the lake,
l
t1  [as current helps the motion]
vb  va

l
and time taken in coming back t 2  [as current opposes the motion]
vb  va

2l
So t R  t1  t 2  .....(ii)
v b [1  (v a / v b ) 2 ]

tR 1 v a2
From equation (i) and (ii)   1 [as 1   1] i.e. t R  t Q
t Q [1  (v a / v b ) 2 ] v b2

i.e. time taken to complete the journey on quite day is lesser than that on rough day.
Problem 56. A man standing on a road hold his umbrella at 30° with the vertical to keep the rain away.
He throws the umbrella and starts running at 10 km/hr. He finds that raindrops are hitting
his head vertically, the speed of raindrops with respect to the road will be
(a) 10 km/hr (b) 20 km/hr (c) 30 km/hr (d) 40 km/hr
Solution : (b) When the man is at rest w.r.t. the ground, the rain comes to him at an angle 30° with the
vertical. This is the direction of the velocity of raindrops with respect to the ground.

Here v rg  velocity of rain with respect to the ground v mg

v mg  velocity of the man with respect to the ground. 30o




v rg
and v rm  velocity of the rain with respect to the man, v rm

We have v r g  v r m  v mg ......(i)

Taking horizontal components equation (i) gives v r g sin 30  v m g  10 km / hr

10
or v r g   20 km / hr
sin 30 
Problem 57. In the above problem, the speed of raindrops w.r.t. the moving man, will be
(a) 10 / 2 km / h (b) 5 km/h (c) 10 3 km / h (d) 5 / 3 km / h

3
Solution : (c) Taking vertical components equation (i) gives v rg cos 30   v rm  20  10 3 km / hr
2
40 Mathematics In Physics

Problem 58. Two cars are moving in the same direction with a speed of 30 km/h. They are separated
from each other by 5 km. Third car moving in the opposite direction meets the two cars
after an interval of 4 minutes. What is the speed of the third car

(a) 30 km/h (b) 35 km/h (c) 40 km/h (d) 45 km/h

Solution : (d) Let v be the velocity of third car, then relative velocity of third car w.r.t. the either car is

v – (– 30) = (v+30) km/h.

Now ( + 30)  (4/60) = 5  v = 45 km/h

Problem 59. To a person, going eastward in a car with a velocity of 25 km/hr, a train appears to move
towards north with a velocity of 25 3 km/hr. The actual velocity of the train will be

(a) 25 km/hr (b) 50 km/hr (c) 5 km/hr (d) 5 3 km/hr

2
Solution : (a) v T  v TC
2
 v C2 = (25 3)  (25 ) 2 = 1875  625 = 2500 = 25 km/hr

Problem 60. A boat is moving with a velocity 3i + 4j with respect to ground. The water in the river is
moving with a velocity – 3i – 4j with respect to ground. The relative velocity of the boat
with respect to water is [CPMT 1998]

(a) 8j (b) – 6i – 8j (c) 6i +8j (d) 5 2

Solution : (c) Relative velocity = (3i + 4j) – (– 3i – 4j) = 6i + 8j

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