1. Define the meaning of transducer.

Transducer is the device which converts the one form of energy into. The

process of conversion is known as transduction. The conversion is done by sensing

and transducing the physical quantities like temperature, pressure, sound, etc.

The electrical transducer converts the mechanical energy into an electric

signal. The electrical signal may be voltage, current and frequency. The production of

the signal depends on the resistive inductive and capacitive effects of the physical

input.

2. Explain the classification of the transducers.

Transducer can be categorized on the basis of four thoughts. Based on transduction

form it is used, we can go further.

I. Primary and secondary type

Primary transducers are transducers which convert a physical quantity

into another form. But the secondary transducers convert the output signal

from the primary transducer into a usable output (i.e. an electrical signal).

Bourdon tube acting as a primary detector senses the pressure and

converts the pressure into a displacement of its free end. The displacement of

the free end moves the core of a linear variable differential transformer

(LVDT) which produces an output voltage.

When input signal is directly sensed first by some sensor and then its

output being of some form other than input signal I given as input to a

transducer for conversion into electrical form, then it’s called secondary

transducer.
 II. Analog and digital type

Analog transducers convert the input quantity into an analog output which is a

continuous function of time.

 Strain Gauge

 LVDT

 Thermocouple

 Thermistor

Digital transducers convert the input quantity into an electrical output which is

in the form of pulses. For example, glass scale can be read optically by means

of a light source anoptical system and photocells.

III. Active and passive type

For active type, do not require an external power, and produce an analog

voltage or current when stimulated by some physical form of energy

 Thermocouple

 Photovoltaic cell

 Tachogenerators

 Piezoelectric crystals

For passive transducers, require an external power, and the output is a measure

of some variation (resistance or capacitance)

 Slide-wire resistor

 Resistance strain gauge

 Differential transformer

IV. Transducer and Inverse type

A Transducer can be broadly defined as a device which converts a non-

electrical quantity into an electrical quantity.

 Ex: - Resistive, inductive and capacitive transducers

An inverse transducer is defined as a device which converts an electrical

quantity into a non-electrical quantity.

Ex: -Piezoelectric crystals

3. List (at least 15) and classify different types of transducers based on the above

explanation (Q.2). Please summarize your answer in proper table. The answers

also need to justify the detection and conversion signal.

CONVERSION
TYPE OF TRANSDUCER PHYSICAL DETECTION
SIGNAL/OUTPUT

Potentiometers Displacement Resistance

Bridge circuits Physical Quantity Voltage

Wheatstone bridge Displacement Current

Capacitive sensors Displacement Capacitance

Resistive sensors Physical Quantity Resistance of The Sensors

Magnetic sensors Displacement Inductance or Reluctance

Piezoelectric transducers Force Voltage

Strain gauges Applied Force Or Pressure Displacements

Photo electric Light Voltage

Linear variable differential
Displacement Resistance
transformer (LVDT)
Bellows Air Pressure Displacement

Bourdon tube Air Pressure Rotary Motion

Proving rings Applied Force Displacement

Diaphragm Applied Pressure Displacement

Manometer Applied Pressure Displacement

Thermocouple Temperature Electric Current

Reference

1. http://www.darshan.ac.in/Upload/DIET/Documents/EE/EMMI_Ch%205_11102018_063106
AM.pdf
2. https://studylib.net/doc/8746987/classification-of-transducers
3. http://www.yantraeducation.com/transducer-type-classification/