Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 1

SKH Bishop Baker Secondary School

A-Level Chemistry
Section 3 Energetics

80 IB Q.6 (a) (i) The term is lattice energy. [1]

−
+
The lattice energy of M Cl (s) is the standard enthalpy of formation of one mole of
crystal lattice M+Cl−(s) from M+ and Cl− in the gaseous phase. [2]
[If one mole not mentioned, deduct 1 mark; if gaseous phase not mentioned, deduct 1
mark; do not penalise if M+Cl−(s) or standard are not mentioned.]

(ii)
M+(g) + e− + Cl(g)

∆Hat for Cl2(g) electron affinity of Cl

M+(g) + ½Cl2(g) + e− M+(g) + Cl−(g)

ionization energy lattice energy

of M of M+Cl−
M(g) + ½Cl2(g)

∆Hat of M(s)

(accept any suitable diagram)

M(s) + ½Cl2(g)

∆Hf for M+Cl−(s)

M+Cl−(s) [2]
Deduct ½ mark for each mistake or omission (including states).
Do not penalise if standard is omitted.

(iii) (I) The basic assumptions are as follows :

(1) The crystal lattice is composed of discrete spherical ions. [1]
(2) Charge is distributed evenly around each ion. [1]
(Point charges give one mark only.)
(II) Purely ionic bonding exists in M+Cl−(s) and thus the assumption in (I) hold for
M+Cl−(s). [1]
The simple purely ionic model is not satisfied and thus the above assumptions do
not hold for AgCl(s) because there is distortion of electron cloud on anion Cl − by
cation Ag+ to introduce covalent character in AgCl(s). [1]

(III) M belongs to group I. [½]

∵M is very electropositive and so there is a large difference in electronegativity
between M and Cl. [½]
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 2
[If correct group is given but wrong reason, e.g. because M forms a +1 ion give no
mark. Correct group but no reason ⇒ ½ mark;

If mention that this is a theoretical case and therefore M cannot be placed in the
Periodic Table ⇒ 1 mark.]

(i) ∆H1 = - nw cθ
nx,a

nw = number of moles of water; c = molar heat capacity; θ = change in temperature;

nx,a = number of moles of anhydrous salt X
∆H1 = − (100/18)(75.6)(8.0)
8.0/160
= − 672 00 J mol−1 = − 67.2 kJ mol−1 [1]
[if no sign ⇒ no mark; if wrong sign ⇒ no mark.]

(ii) ∆H2 = + n’wcθ

nx,h where nx,h = number of moles of hydrated salt X

∆H2 = +(100/18)(75.6)(1.0)
(13. 0/250)
= +8077 J mol−1 = + 8.077 kJ mol−1 [1]
[if no sign ⇒ no mark; if wrong sign ⇒ no mark.]

(iii) ∆H1
X(s) + large quantity of water →X(aq)

∆H3 + yH2O(l) ∆H2

(accept any suitable
X.yH2O(s) + large quantity of water diagram) [1 or 0]

(iv) ∆H3 = ∆H1 - ∆H2 = (-67.200) - (+8.077) = -75.277 kJ mol-1 [1]

(v) The possible assumptions are as follows :

(1) The thermal capacity of the container is negligible.
(2) The molar heat capacity of solution of X is similar to water.
(3) The solid dissolves so quick that heat losses are negligible.
(4) Further dilution of the solution would cause no further heat change.
(ANY THREE OF THE ABOVE) [3]

(vi) The sources of errors and their methods of minimizing the errors are as follows :
(1) Heat will be absorbed by the container; determine the value of heat capacity of it
or use a container of known heat capacity.
(2) The molar heat capacity of solution X may not be equal to that of water; determine
the actual value of the molar heat capacity of the solution.
(3) Heat is lost to and gained from the surroundings; insulate the container with a thick
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 3
layer of bad conductor or used a vacuum flask.
(4) There is dilution effect to cause further heat change; use smaller quantities of solid
in powder form so that it can dissolve rapidly.
(5) The anhydrous salt may already absorb moisture in air; gentle heat the sample for
several hours and keep it in a desiccator before experiment.
(ANY THREE OF THE ABOVE) [3]
[Award ½ mark for the source and ½ mark for the method of minimizing the error.]

82 IB Q.7 (b) (i)

(ii) Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) (no physical state, zero mark) [1]
Temp. rise = 8.5 C ± 0.1 (36.1 − 27.6)
o
[1]
assuming the density of the solution is the same as that of water,
∴ mass of solution = 50 g
0.1
∆H1 = −8.5 x 50/1000 x 4.2 ÷ [1]
24.3
= −433.8 kJ mol−1 (range allowed −428 to −439 kJ mol−1) [1]
answer : no unit −1 mark
no negative sign −1 mark (or exothermic in words)
(iii)
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 4
By Hess’s Law
∆Hf + ∆H2 = ∆H1 + ∆H3 + ∆H4 (complete cycle : either zero or ½ mark.)

Or ∆Hf = −433.8 + (−285.8) + (−393.5) − (− 43.5) kJ mol−1 [1]

= −1069.6 kJ mol (range allowed −1063 to −1075 kJ mol )
−1 −1
[1]
answer : no unit −1 mark; no −ve sign −1 mark
(iv) Possible errors Improvements
(I) error in the scale of (I) thermometer with a more refined scale.
thermometer.
(II) the heat losses due to (II) use a lid / cover / lagging.
evaporation and convection.
(III) the heat capacity of the (III) replace polythene beaker by a vacuum
polythene beaker being flask or a copper calorimeter or a properly
ignored. insulated one or to find the heat capacity of
the beaker.
(IV) specific heats of the solution find the specific heat capacity of the
cannot be the same as that of solution
pure water.
(ANY TWO FOR EACH COLUMN 2 X 2 = 4 MARKS)
83 IB Q.5 (a) The enthalpy change which occurs when one mole of a compound is formed under
standard conditions, from its elements in the standard states. [2]
(b) (i) Stearic acid
C18H36O2(s) + 26O2(g) → 18CO2(g) + 18H2O(l) [½]
Combustion, ∆H = 18(−394) + 18(−286) − (−896)
= −11344 kJ mol−1 [1]
Glucose
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) [½]
Combustion, ∆H = 6(−394) + 6(−286) − (−1274)
= −2806 kJ mol−1 [1]
(ii) Molecular mass for stearic acid = 18 x 12 + 36 x 2 + 2 x 16 = 284
energy released by 1 g = 11344/284 = 39.9 kJ [1]

Molecular mass for glucose = 6 x 12 + 12 + 6 x 16 = 180

energy released by 1 g = 2806/180 = 15.6 kJ [1]

(c) From (b) (ii), energy released by stearic acid (or fats) is about 2½ times that of glucose (or
starches-polymer of glucose).
Since animals have to move about with their energy supply they prefer the high energy-per
gram feature of fats.
Plants are stationary so weight consideration is not important. [3]

85 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) No. of moles of acid / base in 50 cm3 of 2 M solution
= 2 x 50/1000 = 0.1 [1]
Total volume of solution = (50 + 50) cm3 = 100 cm3 = 100 g
In Experiment (I) :
Heat produced by the reaction between 0.1 mole of acid and 0.1 mole of base = mcθ
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 5
= 100 x 4.2 x 13.0 = 5460 J [1]
Enthalpy of neutralization, ∆H1 = 5460 x 1/0.1 = −54600 J mol−1
= −54.6 kJ mol−1 [1]
(sign and dimension)
In Experiment (II) :
Heat produced by the reaction between 0.1 mole of acid and 0.1 mole of base = mcθ
= 100 x 4.2 x 10.5 = 4410 J [1]
Enthalpy of neutralization, ∆H2 = 44.10 x 1/0.1 = −44100 J mol−1
= −44.1 kJ mol−1 [1]
The dissociation(ionization) of RCO2H absorbs some energy. [1]

(ii) Standard enthalpy of dissociation of RCO2H = ∆H2 − ∆H1 [1]

= +54.6 − 44.1
= +10.5 kJ mol−1 [1]
no dimension (− ½)

87 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) Since ½O2(g) + H2(g) → H2O(g) −242.76 kJ mol−1 [1]
H2O(g) → H2O(l) −39.48 kJ mol−1 [1]
sum of these two equations
½O2(g) + H2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = − 242.76 − 39.48
= − 282.24 kJ mol−1 [1]
(ii) want :
CH3COOH(l) → CH4(g) + CO2(g)
CH3COOH(l) → 2C(s) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) 488.88 kJ mol−1 [1]
CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) → CH4(g) + 2O2(g) 809.34 kJ mol−1 [1]
2C(s) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) 2(−394.8) kJ mol −1
[1]
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) 2(−242.76) kJ mol −1
[1]
∆H = 488.88 + 809.34 − 789.6 − 485.52 = 23.1 kJ [1]

88 IA Q.1 (a) Given data

C(s) +O2(g) = CO2(g) ∆H = − 393.1 kJ
H2(g) + ½O2(g) = H2O(l) ∆H = − 285.8 kJ
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ∆H = − 1367 kJ
2C(s) +2O2(g) = 2CO2(g) ∆H = − 786.2 kJ
3H2(g) + 3/2O2(g) = 3H2O(l) ∆H = − 857.4 kJ
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) = C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) ∆H = + 1367 kJ
∴ 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) = C2H5OH(l)
∆H = − 786.2 − 857.4 + 1367 = − 276.6 kJ [1]
The standard molar enthalpy of formation, ∆Hf°(298 K) of ethanol(l) is −276.6 kJ mol−1. [1]
(Accept working through the Born-Haber cycle.)
Wrong units deduct 1 mark.
Arithmetical / numerical errors deduct 1 mark.
Omit −ve sign deduct 1 mark.
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 6

90 IA Q.2 (b) Cu(s) + S(s) + 2O2(g) = CuSO4(s) −773 kJ

5H2(g) + 2½O2(g) = 5H2O(l) −5 x 286 kJ
CuSO4(s) = CuSO4(aq) −66 kJ
CuSO4(aq) + 5H2O(l) = CuSO4.5H2O(s) 8 kJ
Cu(s) + S(s) + 5H2(g) + 4½O2(g) = CuSO4.5H2O(s)
∴ ∆Hf° for CuSO4.5H2O(s) = (−773) + 5(−286) + (−66) + 8
= −2261 kJ mol−1
[2 marks for working (cycle / equations and expressions)]
[1 mark for correct answer (sign, numerical value and units  deduct ½ mark for each
mistake)]

90 IC Q.1 Essential points (1 mark per point)

1. What is thermochemistry  in terms of energy change [½] giving rise to enthalpy changes
that are both exothermic and endothermic [½].
2. Definition of enthalpy changes [½ per definition, max. 2]
3. Description of a practical method to determine ∆H.
4. Description of an indirect method of measuring ∆H based on Hess’s Law.
5. Why measure thermochemical data ?
6. Standard conditions [½] and notations [½].

Optional Points (1 mark per point, max. 4)

1. Expressing ∆H as ∆U + p∆V and explaining.
2. Additional practical methods for determining ∆H [max. 2]
3. Spelling out experimental precautions.
4. Additional examples of using Hess’s Law/ Born-Haber cycle to determine ∆H indirectly.
5. Definition and description of Hess’s Law [if separate from point 4]
6. Calculation details using Hess’s Law.
7. Additional examples of applications of thermochemical data. [max. 2]
Total 10 marks
Organisation 6 marks Presentation 4 marks

91 IB Q.4 (b) (i) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
[states + coefficients]
[2 marks for correct answer
deduct ½ mark for missing or incorrect states of any species.
(H+ can substitute the acid and Ca2+ for the soluble salt.)
deduct ½ mark for wrong coefficients
deduct ½ mark for inappropriate acids (e.g. H2SO4 and HNO3)]

(ii) Equipment : Calorimeter (beaker or plastic cup, stirrer, constant temperature bath,
insulation, electrical heater); thermometer or thermocouple, measuring cylinder or
burette, pipette; balance.
½ mark each for a container with insulation
½ mark for a temperature measuring device (or a calorimeter)
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 7
½ mark for a volume measuring device
½ mark for a weight measuring device.

(iii) Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2O2(g) → CaCO3(s)

Side reactions:
2Ca(s) + O2(g) → 2CaO(s)
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
2 marks for any one explanation:
 extent of reaction cannot be controlled.
 side reactions
 heat evolved cannot be separated into appropriate terms.
 direct combustion of Ca can be violent.
(Only 1 mark if it cannot react or cannot react to form CaCO3)

91 IIA Q.1 (b) (i) Na(s) + ½O2(g) + ½H2(g) + aq → NaOH(aq) ∆H = −425.6

NaOH + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ∆H = −57.3
H2O(l) → H2(g) + ½O2(g) ∆H = 285.9
½H2(g) + ½Cl2(g) + aq.→ HCl(aq) ∆H = −92.3 + (−71.9)
= −164.2
NaCl(aq) → NaCl(s) + aq. ∆H = −3.9

∆H = −425.6 − 57.3 + 285.9 − 164.2 − 3.9

= −365.1 kJ mol−1 [4]
(ii) The enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid (HCl) by a strong base (NaOH) is −57.3
kJ mol−1. The enthalpy of neutralization of ethanoic acid with NaOH is −55.2 kJ mol−1
because ethanoic acid is a weak acid and is only slightly ionized, and
the difference is due to the enthalpy of ionization, +2.1 kJ mol−1. [2]

(ii) The dissolving of a salt in water is a case of an enthalpy change accompanying a

chemical process. The first process requires an input of energy to break the lattice.
The second process involves the release of energy when new bonds are made between
ions and water. The enthalpy of solution is a measure of the difference between these
two processes. In case of NaCl, the lattice energy is larger than the enthalpy of
hydration. [2]

92 IIA Q.1 (b) (i) The standard enthalpy of formation of a compound is the standard enthalpy change
that occurs when one mole of the compound is made from its constituent elements
under standard conditions (298 K and 1 atmospheric pressure).
e.g. C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) → C2H5OH(l) ∆Hf°(C2H5OH) [1]

(ii) CH3OH(l) + 3/2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆Hf° = −726.6 kJ mol−1

∆H° = Σnp(∆H°)p − Σnr(∆H°)r
∆H° = [∆Hf°(CO2) + 2∆Hf°(H2O)] − [∆Hf°(CH3OH) + 3/2∆Hf°(O2)]
Since ∆Hf°(O2) is zero, energy cycles [1]
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 8
∴ −726.6 = (−393.5 − 2 x 285.8) − (∆Hf°(CH3OH) + 0) step
[1]
∴ ∆Hf°(CH3OH) = −238.5 kJ mol−1 correct answer
[1]
(wrong/no unit −½ mark; no sign −1 mark)

93 IIA Q.3 (b) (i) [1] ∆(g) + 9/2O2(g) → 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g) ∆H = −2090 kJ mol−1
[2] C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 4H2O(l) + 3CO2(g) ∆H = −2220 kJ mol−1
[3] H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆H = −285.8 kJ mol−1
(or energy cycle: 1 mark)
[1] + [3] − [2]
∆(g) + H2(g) → CH3CH2CH3(g) [1]
∆H = −2090 − 285.8 + 2220 [1]
= −156.8 kJ mol−1 [1]

(ii) [4] C3H6(g) + 9/2O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ∆H = −2058 kJ mol−1

[1] - [4] ∆(g) → H2C=CH−CH3(g) step [1]
∆H = −33 kJ mol−1 answer [1]
the conversion from cyclopropane to propene is exothermic,
hence propene is more stable because in the structure of cyclopropane there is [1]
squeezing of bond angles/the ring is highly strained/poor overlapping of atomic
orbitals [1]

94 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) ∆H°298 = ∆Hc°298(graphite) + 2∆Hc°298 (H2(g)) − ∆Hf°298(CH4(g)) [1]
= −393.5 + 2(-285.9) − (−75.0)
= −890.3 kJ [1]
(ii) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → 2H2O(g) + CO2(g) ∆H = −801.7 kJ
−) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + CO2(g) ∆H = −890.3 kJ
2H2O(l) → 2H2O(g) ∆H = 88.6 kJ [1]
∆H°vaporization(H2O) = 44.3 kJ [1]

(iii) ∆H°c[C(diamond)] = −395.4 kJ mol−1

∆H°c[C(graphite)] = −393.5 kJ mol−1
∴graphite is the relatively more stable allotrope. [1]
Conversion from diamond to graphite involves the rearrangement of atoms in a giant
covalent network would require a high activation energy, ∴conversion does not occur
at room temperature. [1]

95 IIA Q.1 (b) The reaction

AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)
is equivalent to
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 9
∆H = Σ∆Hf (products) − Σ∆Hf (reactants)
= −127.07 − (+105.56) − (−167.15)
= −65.48 kJ mol−1 or kJ
(Accept any correct method using an energy cycle.) [4]

96 IIA Q.1 (a) (i) ∆H = −2EC-C − 4EC−H + 2EC=C + 2EH−H [1]

or, −2(346) − 4(413) + 2(611) + 2(436) (1)
= −250 kJ mol−1 [1]
(0 mark for omitting the −ve sign; deduct ½ marks for no units)

(ii) Buta-1,3-diene is a conjugated system / delocalization of π electrons / resonance /

mesomerism occurs in buta-1,3-diene [1]
or

(1)
+ −
or H2C=CH-CH=CH2 ↔ H2C−CH=CH−CH2 ↔ etc. (1)

The molecule is thus stabilized ∴ energy released in hydrogenation is less than

that in non-conjugated system. [1]
(Award 1 mark for the explanation : the bond energy given is only the average bond
energy / bond energy of a covalent bond depends on the bonding environment.)

97 IIA Q.2 (c) ∆Hf [CH3CH2OH(l)] = 2∆Hf [CO2(g)] + 3∆Hf [H2O(l)] − ∆Hc [CH3CH2OH(l)]
or using energy cycle
or = 2(−393.5) + 3(−285.8) − (−1336.9) [2]
= −307.5 kJ mol−1 [2]

(1 mark for numerical answer; 1 mark for wrong or missing unit.) [4]
Note: Wrong answer ⇒ no unit mark.

1
98 IA Q.1 (c)(i)∆Hθlatt [NaCl(s)]=∆Hθf [NaCl(s)] − ∆Hθatom [Na(s)] − ∆Hθdiss [Cl2(g)]−∆HθI.E, [Na(g)]−∆Hθ E.A[ Cl(g)]
2
(2)
1
∆Hθlatt [NaCl(s)] = (−411) − (495) − (239) − (108) − (−349)
2
= −784.5 kJ mol-1 (−785 kJ mol-1) (1 )

(ii) AgCl has a strong covalent character / the electronegativity difference between Ag (½ )
and Cl is small.
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 10
Ionic model is not applicable in the case of AgCl. (½ )

− 242 ×1000
98 IIAQ.2 (c) (i) (1) ∆H =
18
= −13.4 MJ kg-1 / −1.34 × 104 kJ kg-1 (1)
(Accept answers from –13.3 to –13.5 MJ kg-1, deduct ½ marks for omitting
the sign; award 0 marks for +13.4 MJ kg-1 )

(2) ∆Hcomb[CH3OH(l)] = ∆Hf[CO2(g)] + 2 ∆Hf[H2O(l)] - ∆Hf[CH3OH(l)]

= −394 + 2(−242) – (− 239)
= −639 kJ mol-1 (1)
- 639 ×1000 -639 ×1000
∆H = ( or ∆H = )
(32 +1.5 ×32 ) ( 44 + 2 ×18 )
= −8.0 MJ kg-1 / −8.0 × 103 kJ kg-1 (1)
(Accept answers from –7.9 to –8.1 MJ kg-1, deduct ½ marks for omitting
the sign; award 0 marks for +8.0 MJ kg-1 )

(ii) Effectiveness of fuel

−13 .4 −13 .4 ×10 4
(1) : = –0.744 / = –744 (1)
18 18
- 8 .0 − 8.0 ×10 3
(2) : 1 = –0.3 / 1 = –300 (1)
(44 + 2 ×18 ) ( 44 + 2 ×18 )
3 3
Based on the above data, H2 (g) is the more effective fuel. (1)
(Correct calculation is a pre-requisite for the correct deduction.)

99IB Q.7 (b) Any THREE of the following :

heat loss to the surrounding (1)
error in the scale of the thermometer (1)
error in the mass (volume) of acid / alkali used (1)
assuming that the specific heat capacity of the reaction mixture equals to that of water (1)
assuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene foam cup /
the thermometer is negligible (1)
assuming that the density if the solution is the same as that of water (1)

(3 marks)

99IIA Q.1(a) (ii)∆Hlattice = ∆Hf[RbCl(s)] − ∆Hatom[Rb(s)] − ½ ∆Hdiss[Cl2(g)] − I.E.[Rb(g)] − E.A.[Cl(g)] (2)

= ½ (–861) – 82 – ½(242) – 403 + 348
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 11
-1
= –688.5 kJ mol (–689 kJ mol ) -1
(1)
(Award 0 marks for the answer +688.5 kJ mol-1; deduct ½ marks for giving a wrong
unit / no unit.)

00 IIAQ.4 (a) (i)

(−75) + ∆Hc[CH4 (g)] = (−393)+2(−285) (1 )

∆Hc[CH4 (g)] = – 888 kJ mol-1 (1 )

or ∆Hc[CH4 (g)] = ∆Hf[CO2 (g)] + 2∆Hf[H2O (l)] – ∆Hf[CH4 (g)]

∆Hc[CH4 (g)] = – 888 kJ mol-1
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 12
(ii)

∆Hc[CH4 (g)]

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

∆H1 ∆H2
CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

∆Hc[CH4 (g)] = ∆H1 −∆H2

= ( 4EC-H + 2EO=O – 2EC=O – 4EO-H ) – 2∆Hvap[H2O (l)] (1 )
= [4(433) +2 (497) – 2(806) – 4(465)] – 2(41)
= – 828 kJ mol-1
(1 )

(iii) The value – 888 kJ mol-1 is an experimental value because the standard molar enthalpies
of formation are obtained indirectly from experimentally determined enthalpy changes of
combustion. (½)

The value – 828 kJ mol-1 differs from – 888 kJ mol-1 to a greater extent because the bond
dissociation enthalpies are average enthalpy values and may be determined by interpretation
of data such as that obtained from spectroscopy. (½ )

The value calculated in (i) is more reliable / accurate / close to the true value than the value
calculate in (ii). (1 )

01 IA Q.6 (a) (i) stabilization energy = 3(−119) − (−208)

= −149 kJ mol-1 (1)

(ii) stabilization energy = 4(−96) − (−410)

= +26 kJ mol-1 (1)

(iii) benzene is stabilized because its stabilization energy is negative (1)

cyclooctatetraene is destabilized because its stabilization energy is positive (1)

01 IIA Q.2 (a) (i) +149 + 2188 + ½(498) + 650 + ∆Hlattice = − 602 (2)
(Accept answer in form of energy cycle.)
∆Hlattice = − 602 − 149 − 2188 − ½(498) − 650
= − 3838 kJ mol-1 (1)
(2 marks for method; 1 mark for answer)
 Section 3/ Energetics / Suggested solution/ 13
(ii) Principle of the experiment : (2)
Determine ∆H for the reactions
Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) ∆H1
MgO (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) ∆H2 (1)*
∆Hf[MgO(s)] = ∆H1 − ∆H2 + ∆Hf[H2O (l)] (1)*

Experimental procedure : (2)

Determination of ∆H1 ;
Weigh a piece of Mg ribbon. Add Mg ribbon to a known volume of HCl (aq) (excess) (1)*
in a heat insulated container.
Measure the rise in temperature of the mixture. (∆T1)
(mass of solution) x c x T
H1 = no. of moles of Mg
(1)*
(c is the specific heat capacity of water.)

Determination of ∆H2 ;
Repect the experiment using MgO (s) instead of Mg (s). Concentration of MgCl2 (1)
in the resulting solution should be the same as that in the original experiment.