Australian Government

Civil Aviation Safety Authority

TRAINING & EXAMINATION WORKBOOK

for
DAY VFR SYLLABUS
Version 3 - 01 July 2011

[formerly titled VFR (Day) Work Booklet]

The Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) owns copyright of this workbook.

The workbook is only for use in training to the Day VFR aeronautical knowledge
syllabus of training and the associated CASA PPL and CPL examinations, and not
to be used for any other purpose.

After use in a CASA PPL or CPL examination, the workbook must not be removed
from the examination room but left with the CASA CyberExams supervisor for
destruction. Failure to comply with these instructions may give CASA grounds for
taking action against the candidate under CAR 298A, which action could lead to the
outcome indicated in CAR 298A (5).
 CONTENTS – 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE CONTENT PAGE

Company Policy 3 Figs 16 / 17 / 18: Navigation 31
Figs 1 / 2 : Aerodrome Markers/Markings 4 Figs 19 / 20 / 21: Navigation 32
Scribble pad 5 Figs 22 / 23 / 24: Navigation 33
Fig 3 - Take-off Weight Chart 6 Figs 25 / 26 / 27: Navigation 34
Fig 4 - Landing Distance Chart 7 Figs 28 / 29 / 29A: Navigation 35
Fig 5 - Take-off Weight Chart 8 Figs 30 / 31: Navigation 36
Fig 6 - Landing Chart 9 Figs 32 / 33 / 34: Navigation 37
Loading System Alpha: Instructions 10 Figs 35 / 36 / 37: Navigation 38
Fig 7 - Loading System Alpha 11 Figs 38 / 39: Navigation 39
Loading System Bravo: Instructions 12 Figs 40 / 41 / 42 / 43: Principles of Flight 40
Fig 8 - Loading System Bravo 13 Scribble pad 41
Loading System Charlie: Instructions 14 Scribble pad 42
Loading System Charlie: Index Units 15 Scribble pad 43
Fig 9 - Loading System Charlie 16 Figs 48 / 49 Meteorology 44
Scribble pad 17 MSL Analysis charts
Loading System Echo: Instructions 18 Meteorology – ARFOR No. 1 45
Loading System Echo: Instructions 19 Meteorology – ARFOR No. 2 46
(Continued) Meteorology – ARFOR No. 3 47
Fig 10 - Loading System Echo: Index Units 20 Meteorology – ARFOR No. 4 48
Fig 11 - Loading System Echo: 21 Meteorology – ARFOR No. 5 49
CG Envelope Meteorology – ARFOR No. 6 50
Fig 12 - Take-off Weight Chart: 22 Scribble pad 51
Aircraft Echo Scribble pad 52
Fig 13 - Landing Weight Chart: 23 Scribble pad 53
Aircraft Echo Meteorology - PCA 54
Helicopter Figures “A” and “B” 24 ARFOR Boundaries for Flights
Helicopter Figures “C” and “D” 25 Scribble pad 55
Helicopter Figures “E” and “F” 26 Scribble pad 56
WAC Extract: (3219) TOWNSVILLE 27
WAC Extract: (3456) SYDNEY 28 & 29
WAC Extract: (3356) BOURKE 30

Pages 27 to 30, WAC Extracts.

This work contains aeronautical information and data which is © Airservices Australia 2011. No part of
this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of
Airservices Australia. Airservices Australia does not guarantee that the aeronautical information and data
is current or free from errors, and disclaims all warranties in relation to its quality, performance or
suitability for any purpose. Not for operational use. All rights reserved.
 COMPANY POLICY – 3

EXTRACT FROM COMPANY OPERATIONS MANUAL

Fuel Reserves
Fuel Reserves (for all flights) shall be carried in accordance with Civil Aviation Advisory Publication,
CAAP 234-1 (1) dated November 2006.

Aeroplane Landing Areas

Selection of and operation into landing areas other than licensed aerodromes, shall be in accordance with
Civil Aviation Advisory Publication, CAAP 92-1 (1) dated July 1992.

Helicopter Landing Sites

Selection of and operations into helicopter landing sites (HLS), which are not licensed aerodromes, shall
be in accordance with the Civil Aviation Advisory Publication, CAAP 92-2 (1) dated January 1996.
 AIR LAW – 4

AERODROME AERODROME
MARKERS MARKINGS

Figure 1 Figure 2

(i) (i)

(ii)
(ii)

(iii)
(iii)

(iv) (iv)
SCRIBBLE PAD – 5
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 6

TAKE-OFF WEIGHT CHART

Figure 3

SLOPE PERCENT
TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE - METRES

LEVEL 2

2 UP
4

1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000

900 DOWN

800 700 600 500 400

LONG WET GRASS SURFACE
LONG DRY OR SHORT WET GRASS SURFACE
REFERENCE LINE SHORT DRY GRASS SURFACE
1090 KG
1100
AIRFIELD PRESSURE HEIGHT - FT

(B) HEAD
TAKE-OFF WEIGHT - KG

8000 1050

(A)
6000 1000
START 5 0 10 20
HERE
4000 950

40 30 20 10 0 -10
2000 900
SHADE
TEMP TAIL
C 850
SL

AMBIENT WIND COMPONENT - KNOTS

NOTES:
(1) THE GROSS WEIGHT AT TAKE-OFF SHALL
NOT EXCEED THE LESSOR OF (A) AND (B).
(2) THE MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT = 1090 KG

POWER TO BE USED FULL THROTTLE

FLAP SETTING 10 DEGREES
TAKE-OFF SAFETY SPEED 60 KIAS
TAKE-OFF DISTANCE FACTOR 1.15
 NOTE:
LANDING WEIGHT MUST FLAP SETTING 40 DEGREES
6000 NOT EXCEED CLIMB APPROACH SPEED 65 KT IAS
1000 WEIGHT LIMIT BELOW LANDING DISTANCE FACTOR 1.15

5000

REFERENCE LINE

REFERENCE LINE
1050
1055 1000
MAX
AIRFIELD PRESSURE

CLIMB LIMIT WEIGHT - KG

HEIGHT - FEET
900

4000
800
NOTE:

6000
WEIGHT.

4000 700
2000
Figure 4

S.L.
600

500
LANDING DISTANCE CHART

400
IS INDEPENDENT OF LANDING
LANDING DISTANCE REQUIRED

LANDING DISTANCE REQUIRED - METRES

300

200
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 2 0 2 4 6 5 0 10 20
SHADE TEMPERATURE C SLOPE PERCENT AMBIENT WIND
COMPONENT - KT
PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 7
FLAP SETTING ZERO TAKE-OFF WEIGHT CHART
TAKEOFF SAFETY SPEED 64 KT IAS
POWER SETTING FULL THROTTLE Figure 5
RPM NOT LESS THAN 2350
CHART DISTANCE FACTOR 1.15
TAKE-OFF WEIGHT - KG 1055
NOTE:
TAKEOFF WEIGHT MUST NOT EXCEED

750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050

REFERENCE LINE
REFERENCE LINE
CLIMB WEIGHT LIMIT BELOW

LONG WET GRASS

SHORT DRY GRASS

850
2400

900
2200

00
60
950

SHORT WET OR LONG DRY GRASS

2000

00
50
1000
1800

REFERENCE LINE HARD SEALED SURFACE

00
40
1055

CLIMB LIMIT WEIGHT - KG

1600
AIRFIELD PRESSURE HEIGHT - FEET
1400
00
60
1200
00
40

0 1000
200
0
800
TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE - METRES

600

400

200
-10 0 10 20 30 40 2 0 2 4 6 5 0 10 20
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050

SHADE TEMPERATURE C SURFACE SLOPE PERCENT AMBIENT WIND

1055

COMPONENT - KT TAKE-OFF WEIGHT - KG

PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 8
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 9

LANDING CHART
Figure 6
SLOPE PERCENT
LANDING DISTANCE REQUIRED - METRES

2 LEVEL 2

DOWN
4
650

600

550

500 UP

450 400 5 0 10 20
TAIL HEAD
AMBIENT WIND COMPONENT - KNOTS

CLIMB WEIGHT LIMIT

AIRFIELD PRESSURE HEIGHT - FT
AIRFIELD PRESSURE HEIGHT - FT

8000 8000
1080
KG
6000 6000

4000 4000

40 30 20 10 0 -10
(A)
2000 2000
SHADE 800 900 1000 1100
TEMP
C LANDING WEIGHT - KG
SL

NOTES:
(1) THE GROSS WEIGHT AT LANDING SHALL
NOT EXCEED (A).
(2) LANDING DISTANCE REQUIRED DOES NOT
VARY SIGNIFICANTLY WITH WEIGHT

FLAP SETTING 30 DEGREES

APPROACH SPEED 58 KIAS
LANDING DISTANCE FACTOR 1.15
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 10

LOADING SYSTEM ALPHA

CONFIGURATION: 6/7 SEATS

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF LOADING SYSTEM

1 Obtain Basic Empty Weight and Index Units from current Section of 6.2 of Flight Manual.

2 Mark Basic Empty Weight Index Units on top scale. Enter Basic Empty Weight at top of right-
hand column.

3 Enter weights of load items required for flight in appropriate squares of right-hand column.
Maximum weights for load items are indicated on Index Unit scales.

4 Total weights in right-hand column to obtain Zero Fuel Weight and Take-Off Weight. **

5 Draw horizontal lines on CG Envelope graph corresponding to Zero Fuel Weight and Take-Off
Weight.

6 Draw a line vertically down from point marked on Basic Empty Weight Index Units scale to first
load item scale.
* Move to the left or right on this load item index scale as per arrow directions, and mark point as
appropriate to the load indicated in the right-hand column.
(e.g. 154 KG load @ 77 KG/div. = 2 div.).

7 Draw a line vertically down from the point marked on the first load item index scale to the second
load item index scale and continue as per * above. Continue down the scales to “Rear Baggage”.
Draw a line vertically from the “Rear Baggage” point down to intersect the Zero Fuel Weight line
and Take-Off Weight line previously marked on the CG envelope graph.

8 The two intersection points as per 7, above must not exceed the boundaries of the CG envelope
graph. If they do, re-organise the load in the aircraft and start again with steps 3 to 7.

** DO NOT EXCEED MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT AS SHOWN ON CG ENVELOPE

DIAGRAM OF THIS LOADING SYSTEM.
_____________________________________________________

EXAMPLE:
Basic Empty Weight 1050 KG
Empty Index units -260
Row 1 150 KG (2 persons)
Row 2 (forward facing) 160 KG (2 persons)
Row 3 120 KG (2 persons)
Nose baggage 40 KG ----------------- Zero Fuel Wt = 1520 KG
Rear baggage Nil
Fuel 113 KG ---------------- Take-Off Wt = 1633 KG

Note: Basic Empty Weight includes unusable fuel and full oil.
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 11

LOADING SYSTEM ALPHA

Figure 7
EXAMPLE
AIRCRAFT BASIC INDEX UNITS
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 +100 +200
WEIGHT (KG)

50 KG/DIV
ROW 1
OCCS
77 KG/DIV

(FORWARD FACING) 50 KG/DIV

ROW 2
OCCS
77 KG/DIV

50 KG/DIV
(AFT FACING)
ROW 2
OCCS
77 KG/DIV

50 KG/DIV
ROW 3
OCCS
77 KG/DIV

10 KG/DIV
NOSE (45 KG MAXIMUM)
BAGGAGE

10 KG/DIV
REAR (45 KG MAXIMUM)
BAGGAGE
ZERO FUEL WEIGHT

(MAXIMUM 356 LITRES 252 KG) NIL SCALE

FUEL

TAKEOFF WEIGHT
1633 KG 1633 KG
MAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT 1600 KG

1500 KG

1400 KG

1300 KG
GROSS WEIGHT (KG)
1200 KG

1100 KG
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 12

LOADING SYSTEM BRAVO

CONFIGURATION: 4 SEATS

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF LOADING SYSTEM

To check the loading of the aircraft before take-off, calculate the total weight and total moments as shown
in the example below.

Plot the total weight and moment on the “Centre of Gravity Envelope” chart, and if the intersection point
is within the envelope, the loading is acceptable.

AIRCRAFT LIMITATIONS

Maximum take-off weight

Normal category: 1000 KG / 2200 lbs
Utility category: 841 KG / 1850 lbs

Maximum baggage compartment baggage: 53 KG / 120 lbs

Notes:
1 The aircraft is fitted with standard tanks (37 US Gallons at 6 lbs / gallon)
2 Empty weight includes unusable fuel and undrainable oil
3 Obtain Moment / 1000 inch pounds from the loading graph
_____________________________________________________

EXAMPLE:

WEIGHT (LBS) ARM (IN) MOMENT/1000 IN LB

Empty weight 1260 80 100.80
Oil 15 32 .48
Fuel (141 litres) 222 91 20.02
Pilot & Co-Pilot 320 91 29.12
Rear seat passengers 350 126 44.10
Baggage 25 151 3.78

Take-Off Weight 2192 198.30

Check CG is within the envelope

 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 13

LOADING SYSTEM BRAVO

Figure 8
Add weight of items to be carried to aeroplane licensed
empty weight. Add moment/1000 of items to be carried
to total aeroplane moment/1000. Use Centre of Gravity
Envelope to determine acceptibility.

500
LOADING GRAPH
LOAD - WEIGHT IN POUNDS

PILOT AND COPILOT CARGO

400
STD FUEL (37 gal. useable - 6 lbs/gal.)

300 OPT FUEL (51 gal. useable - 6 lbs/gal.)

REAR SEAT PASSENGERS

200

100

BAGGAGE
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
MOMENT/1000 INCH POUNDS
LOADING GRAPH

CENTRE OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE

2200

2100
LOADED AIRCRAFT WEIGHT IN POUNDS

RY
GO

2000
TE
CA
A L
RM
NO

1900

1800
Y
OR
G

1700
TE
CA
Y
IT
IL
UT

1600

1500

1400
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
MOMENT/1000 INCH POUNDS
CENTRE OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 14

LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE

CONFIGURATION: 4 SEATS

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF LOADING SYSTEM

To check the loading of the aircraft before take-off, carry out a summation of weight and index units as
shown in the example below. Check the centre of gravity of the aircraft at Zero Fuel Weight and Take-
Off Weight by use of the formula:

CG (mm aft of datum) = Index unit x 100

Weight

The CG must be within the envelope given at all times.

AIRCRAFT LIMITATIONS

Maximum take-off weight

Normal category: 1115 KG
Utility category: 925 KG
Maximum baggage compartment baggage: 122 KG

Notes:
1 Aircraft empty weight includes unusable fuel and undrainable oil
2 All arms are in mm aft of datum
3 1 index unit = 100 KG mm
_____________________________________________________

EXAMPLE:

KG IU
Aircraft empty weight 687 19,522
Full oil 7 86
1 pilot + 1 passenger Row 1 140 3,850
2 passengers Row 2 160 5,760
Baggage 20 842
Zero Fuel Weight 1014 30,060
Fuel 140 litres 99 2,920
Take-off Weight 1113 32,980

CG check 1. At Zero Fuel Weight = (30,060 x 100) / 1014 = 2965 mm OK

2. At Take-Off Weight = (32,980 x 100) / 1113 = 2963 mm OK

 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 15

LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE

INDEX UNITS

Fuel ARM: 2950 BAGGAGE ARM: 4210

20 14 413 10 421
40 28 826 20 842
60 43 1,268 30 1,263
80 57 1,682 40 1,684
100 71 2,095 50 2,105
120 85 2,507 60 2,526
140 99 2,920 70 2,947
160 114 3,363 80 3,368
180 129 3,806 90 3,789
200 142 4,189 100 4,210
216 153 4,513 110 4,631
122 5,136

OCCUPANTS

ROW 1 ROW 2
KG
ARM: 2750 ARM: 3600
40 1,100 1,440
45 1,237 1,620
50 1,375 1,800
55 1,512 1,980
60 1,650 2,160
65 1,786 2,340
70 1,925 2,520
75 2,062 2,700
80 2,200 2,880
85 2,338 3,060
90 2,475 3,240

OIL ARM : 1230

US Quarts LITRES KG INDEX UNITS

6 5.7 5.0 62
7 6.6 6.0 74
8 7.6 7.0 86
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 16

LOADING SYSTEM CHARLIE

Figure 9

1200

1150
MAX AUW 1115 KG

1100

1050

NORMAL CATEGORY
1000
KILOGRAMS

AFT LIMIT 3004 mm

950

900

850 AFT LIMIT 2896 mm

UTILITY CATEGORY
800
FWD LIMIT

750

700
2680 2720 2760 2800 2840 2880 2920 2960 3000

CENTRE OF GRAVITY POSITION (mm AFT OF DATUM)

ALLOWABLE CENTRE OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE

CONVERSION FACTORS
1 inch = 25.4 mm

1 foot = 0.305 metre

1 lb = 0.454 KG

1 Imp gal = 1.201 US gal = 4.546 litres

100/130 aviation gasoline: Specific Gravity = 0.71

SCRIBBLE PAD – 17
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 18

LOADING SYSTEM ECHO

CONFIGURATION: 6 SEATS

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE OF LOADING SYSTEM

1 Moment Index chart (fig 10, page 20) may be used to determine the balance of the aeroplane.
Locate the weight (in KG) of a particular load item on the vertical scale and move horizontally to
the line representing the location of that item. From that point drop vertically to read off the
Moment Index for that item.

2 Obtain the aeroplane basic empty weight and index units from the examination question. Add up
the required total weight (Gross Weight) of the aeroplane and the corresponding Total Moment
Index.

3 Refer to the Centre of Gravity chart (fig 11, page 21). Locate the Gross Weight of the loaded
aeroplane (in KG) on the vertical scale and move horizontally to meet the vertical line
representing the Total Moment Index of the loaded aeroplane. If the point of intersection, which
represents the Centre of Gravity, falls in the shaded area, the aeroplane is correctly loaded.

Note: The Centre of Gravity must lie in the shaded area at ALL stages of flight.

Weight Limitations: Maximum Take-off Weight 2950 KG

Maximum Landing Weight 2725 KG
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight 2630 KG

Balance Data: The Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) data is as follows:

Length of chord 1900 mm
Location of leading edge 2190 mm aft of datum

Centre of Gravity range is a follows:

2400 mm to 2680 mm at 2360 KG or less
2560 mm to 2680 mm at 2950 KG
Linear variation between the points given
Loading Data:
Location Maximum Permissible Load Load Arm (mm Aft of Datum)
Seating:
Row 1 (Seats 1 & 2) Pilot + 1 Passenger 2290
Row 2 (Seats 3 & 4) 2 Passengers 3300
Row 3 (Seats 5 & 7 2 Passengers 4300
Cargo & Baggage Compts:
Forward Compt 55 KG 500
Left wing Compt. 55 KG 3550
Right wing Compt. 55 KG 3550
Rear Compartment 155 KG 5000
Floor loading intensity (All Compts) 450 KG/m2
Fuel:
Left main tank 50 gal 1780
Right main tank 50 gal 1780
Left auxiliary tank 40 gal 2800
Right auxiliary tank 40 gal 2800
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 19

LOADING SYSTEM ECHO (continued)

Note: All passenger seats weigh 5 KG each and may be removed to permit the carriage of additional
cargo or baggage in the cabin.

The maximum permissible load in the area otherwise occupied by a passenger seat is 82 KG.

If a passenger seat is removed, adjust the empty weight and empty moment.

EXAMPLE:

WEIGHT MOMENT INDEX

(KG) (Refer to Figure 10)
Aeroplane Basic Empty Weight 1970 478.0
Row 1 (2 passengers) 150 34.0
Row 2 (2 passengers) 140 46.3
Row 3 (2 passengers) 130 56.0
Rear compartment 100 50.0
Zero Fuel Weight 2490 664.3
Fuel in Main tanks 200 35.5
Take-off Weight 2690 699.8
Fuel Burn-off 80 14.3
Landing Weight 2610 685.5

Refer to the Centre of Gravity Chart (Fig 11, page 21) to assess whether the horizontal line from the
“Gross Weight” in question intersects the vertical line from its corresponding Total Moment Index in the
shaded area.
 300

250

MAINS FUEL
AUX FUEL

ROW 2
200 ROW 1 (SEATS 3 AND 4)
(SEATS 1 AND 2)
ROW 3
(SEATS 5 AND 6)

150
PS
OM

LOAD - KG
C
NG
Figure 10

WI
REAR COMP

100
LOADING SYSTEM ECHO

FWD COMP

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
MOMENT INDEX
PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 20
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE
3000

2900

2800

2700

2600

2500
Figure 11

2400

GROSS WEIGHT - KG
2300
LOADING SYSTEM ECHO

2200

2100 1 INDEX UNIT = 10,000 KG mm

2000
450 500 550 600 650 700 750

TOTAL MOMENT INDEX

PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 21
 PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 22

FLAP SETTING ZERO DEGREES TAKE-OFF WEIGHT CHART

TAKE-OFF SAFETY SPEED SEE SCALE AIRCRAFT - ECHO Figure 12
DISTANCE FACTOR 1.22
POWER TO BE USED RPM 3200 RPM TAKE-OFF SAFETY SPEED
MAN PRESS 37.4 IN Hg KNOTS - IAS

98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
5 0 10 20

COMPONENT - KNOTS
AMBIENT WIND
HEAD
UP

TAIL
SLOPE PERCENT

DOWN

0 10 20
2
LEVEL 1

5
2950
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6

TAKE-OFF WEIGHT - KG
SURFACE

LONG WET GRASS

SHORT WET OR LONG DRY GRASS
REFERENCE LINE - SHORT DRY GRASS

0
SHADE
TEMP
C

2000
-10

DENSITY HEIGHT - FEET

0

4000
10

6000
400

20
30

8000
40
500

1200010000
SL
8000

6000

4000

2000
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800

700

600

10000

START
HERE

TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AIRFIELD PRESSURE

AVAILABLE - METRES HEIGHT - FEET
 SLOPE PERCENT
LEVEL 1 2
1
2
1600 3
4
1500 5 DOWN
6

SLOPE PERCENT
FLAP SETTING

1400
APPROACH SPEED
DISTANCE FACTOR

1300
1200
1100
1.26

METRES
1000
UP
SEE SCALE

900
45 DEGREES

800

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE

700
600 500
5 0 10 20
10000 2950 94
2900
Figure 13

2800 92
8000 2700 90
AIRCRAFT - ECHO

HEAD
2600 88
SHADE 2500 86
LANDING WEIGHT CHART

6000 TEMP
START
2400
C 84
KNOTS - IAS

HERE 40 30 20 10 0 -10 2300

FEET
TAIL 82
APPROACH SPEED

4000 2200
2100 80
LANDING WEIGHT - KG

2000
2000 5 0 10 20

AIRFIELD PRESSURE HEIGHT

AMBIENT WIND
0 COMPONENT - KNOTS
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
DENSITY HEIGHT - FEET
PERFORMANCE & LOADING – 23
 HELICOPTER – 24

PLANE OF
ROTATION

ROTATION
AXIS OF
Helicopter Figure “A”

PLANE OF
ROTATION
ROTATION
AXIS OF

Helicopter Figure “B”

 HELICOPTER – 25

PLANE OF
ROTATION

ROTATION
AXIS OF
Helicopter Figure “C”

PLANE OF
ROTATION
ROTATION
AXIS OF

Helicopter Figure “D”

 HELICOPTER – 26

TOTAL TOTAL
LIFT REACTION LIFT REACTION

DRAG DRAG

RELATIVE RELATIVE
AIRFLOW AIRFLOW
Diagram 1 Diagram 2

TOTAL TOTAL
LIFT REACTION LIFT REACTION

DRAG DRAG

RELATIVE RELATIVE
AIRFLOW AIRFLOW
Diagram 3 Diagram 4

Helicopter Figure “E”

Power available

d
re
ui
POWER

eq
rr
we
Po

1 2 3 4
IAS (Kts)
Helicopter Figure “F”
 NAVIGATION – 31

B
A

q nm
p nm

X
D1 nm D 2 nm

Figure 16

A
B

p nm
q nm

X
D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 17

q nm
X
p nm

A
D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 18
 NAVIGATION – 32

p nm

X
q nm

B
D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 19

A
B

p nm
q nm
X
D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 20

D1 nm D2 nm

X
p nm q nm

A
B
Figure 21
 NAVIGATION – 33

p nm

X
q nm

B
D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 22

A
B

p nm
q nm
X
D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 23

D nm

TRACK = T M

A p nm

B
Figure 24
 NAVIGATION – 34

A TRACK = T M

p nm

B
D nm

Figure 25

A TRACK = T M
p nm

D nm

Figure 26

p nm
TRACK = T M A

D nm

Figure 27
 NAVIGATION – 35

20

50 n
30
nm

nm

m
LL4000 LL6000 LL8000

A X

Figure 28

50 n
35
22
nm

nm

m
LL4000 LL6000 LL10000

A X

Figure 29

H3 H3
H2 H2
H1 CTR H1 Class G

R1
R2
R3

Figure 29A
 NAVIGATION – 36

TMG

A
TRACK ERROR = E REQUIRED TRACK

D nm

Figure 30

REQUIRED TRACK

TRACK ERROR = E
A

TMG

B
D nm

Figure 31
 NAVIGATION – 37

A B C

D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 32

A X B
P nm Q nm R nm

Figure 33

A C
X

D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 34
 NAVIGATION – 38

A p nm

D nm

Figure 35

A p nm
X

D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 36

A p nm

D nm

Figure 37
 NAVIGATION – 39

TMG
p nm

A
TRACK = T M

D nm

Figure 38

A Prohibited Area Z

D1 nm D2 nm

Figure 39
 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT – 40

POWER REQUIRED
TOTAL DRAG

X X Y
TAS TAS

Figure 40 Figure 41

L CL
D

X X
ANGLE OF ATTACK ANGLE OF ATTACK

Figure 42 Figure 43
SCRIBBLE PAD – 41
SCRIBBLE PAD – 42
SCRIBBLE PAD – 43
 METEOROLOGY – MSL ANALYSIS CHARTS – 44

MSL ANALYSIS - Figure 48

10
YPDN 10

LOW
P
1012 YBTL
10 16
20 YPPD C
20
YBAS
B N
R 1020
HIGH
YBBN
30 M
J 30
YPPH
YBHI
YPAD YSSY

1016 YMML

40
1008 40
YMHB
A
120 1000 130 140 K
110
100 150 160
90 1 70
50 992
80 50

MSL ANALYSIS - Figure 49

10
YPDN 10
P
1012
YBTL

20 YPPD
20
YBAS R

J 1020 C YBBN 1020

1036 30
YPPH 30 B
YBHI
YPAD YSSY
HIGH M
1028

996 YMML
1012
0
102

4
2

40 988
100
101

40
YMHB
98
A 0 120 130 140
100 LOW 150
110 K 160
90
50 1 70
80 50

MSL ANALYSIS - Figure 49

 METEOROLOGY – ARFOR – 45

ARFOR No. 1

AREA 21 (21)
AMEND AREA FORECAST 090200 TO 091700 AREA 21
OVERVIEW
SURFACE TROUGH AT 2200 Z: THROUGH YYNG/YMER
0500 Z: YBTH/YSNW
1100 Z : EAST OF AREA
SCATTERED SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS. INCLUDING ISOLATED HAIL. AREAS OF
RAIN. CONTRACTING EASTWARDS ISOLATED FOG AFTER 1100Z
REFER SIGMET RE SQUALLS AND HAIL.
SUBDIVISIONS:
A: E OF TROUGH : B: W OF TROUGH
AMD WIND
2000 5000 7000 10000 14000 18500
A : 350/25 340/30 340/35 340/40 340/50 MS04 340/55 MS14
B : 260/25 260/30 260/30 280/30 ZERO 280/40 MS08 280/60 MS17
AMD CLOUD
AREAS OF BKN ST 1000/3000 W SLOPES 3000/5000 RANGES.
ALSO WITH PRECIPITATION 1000/3000 COAST/SEA
BKN CUSC 2500/10000 W SLOPES 4500/11000 W RANGES
SCT CUSC 2500/10000 COAST/SEA 4500/11000 E RANGES
ISOL CB 5000/35000
BKN ACAS ABV 10000 CONTRACTING E
AMD WEATHER
RA CONTRACTING E SH/TS WITH HAIL FOG AFTER 11
VISIBILITY
5000M SH/RA 3000 TS
AMD FREEZING LEVEL
A: 12000 B: 9500
AMD ICING
MOD IN CU 9500/11000 AND AC
AMD TURBULENCE
MOD WITH CU AND AC
MOD TO ISOL SEV RANGES/COAST/6ONM OFFSHORE
NOTE: REFER SIGMET RE SQUALLS AND HAIL
 METEOROLOGY – ARFOR – 46

ARFOR No. 2

AREA 21 (21)
AMEND AREA FORECAST 090100 TO 091700 AREA 21
OVERVIEW:
SURFACE TROUGH AT 0400 Z : THROUGH YSWG/YMCO
1000 Z : YCWR/YMRY
1600 Z : EAST OF AREA
SCATTERED SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS. INCLUDING ISOLATED HAIL. AREAS OF
RAIN. CONTRACTING EASTWARDS ISOLATED FOG AFTER 1600Z REFER SIGMET RE
SQUALLS AND HAIL.
SUBDIVISIONS:
A: E OF TROUGH
B: W OF TROUGH
AMD WIND:
2000 5000 7000 10000 14000 18500
A: 350/25 340/30 340/35 340/40 340/50 MS04 340/55 MS14
B: 260/25 260/30 260/30 280/30 ZERO 280/40 MS08 280/60 MS17
AMD CLOUD:
AREAS OF SCT ST 1000/3000 W SLOPES 3000/5000 RANGES.
ALSO WITH PRECIPITATION 1000/3000 COAST/SEA
BKN CUSC 2500/10000 W SLOPES 4500/11000 W RANGES
SCT CUSC 2500/10000 COAST/SEA 4500/11000 E RANGES
ISOL CB 5000/35000
BKN ACAS ABV 10000 CONTRACTING E
AMD WEATHER:
RA CONTRACTING E SH/TS WITH HAIL FOG AFTER 16
VISIBILITY
5000M SH/RA 3000 TS
AMD FREEZING LEVEL
A: 12000 B: 9500
AMD ICING
MOD IN CU 9500/11000 AND AC
AMD TURBULENCE:
MOD WITH CU AND AC
MOD TO ISOL SEV RANGES/COAST/6ONM OFFSHORE
 METEOROLOGY – ARFOR – 47

ARFOR No. 3

AREA 21 (21)
AMEND AREA FORECAST 092300 TO 101100 AREA 21
OVERVIEW:
WEAK SURFACE TROUGH THROUGH NSW SLOPING WEST WITH HEIGHT,
AT 23 Z: 10000FT ABOUT PARKES/MORUYA
18500FT ABOUT WAGGA/ORBOST
SUBDIVISIONS:
A: E OF TROUGH
B: W OF TROUGH
AMD WIND:
2000 5000 7000 10000 14000 18500
A: 240/25 250/25 250/25 280/35 MS04 280/50 MS11 280/70 MS20
B: 240/30 240/30 240/30 240/30 MS06 240/35 MS13 220/45 MS22
AMD CLOUD
SCT ST 1000/3000 SW SLOPES. BKN RANGES TILL 02
SCT CUSC 5000/7000 RANGES/SLOPES. BKN SLOPES IN S
SCT CU 4000/7000 SEA/COAST
AMD WEATHER
ISOL SHOWERS RANGES/W SLOPES S OF 35S
ISOL SHOWER SEA
VISIBILITY:
5000M SHOWERS
AMD FREEZING LEVEL:
6000 S OF 35S / 9000 N
AMD ICING
MOD IN CU TOPS
AMD TURBULENCE
MOD BLW 10000 RANGES/E
 METEOROLOGY – ARFOR – 48

ARFOR No. 4

AREA 21 (21)
AMEND AREA FORECAST 092300 TO 101100 AREA 21
OVERVIEW:
WEAK SURFACE TROUGH AT 0200 Z : THROUGH YSWG/YORB
0700 Z : YPKS/YMRY
1100 Z : YBTH/YSNW
SUBDIVISIONS:
A: E OF TROUGH
B: W OF TROUGH
AMD WIND :
2000 5000 7000 10000 14000 18500
A: 240/25 250/25 250/25 280/35 MS04 280/50 MS11 280/70 MS20
B: 240/30 240/30 240/30 240/30 MS06 240/35 MS13 220/45 MS22
AMD CLOUD:
SCT ST 1000/3000 SW SLOPES. BKN RANGES TILL 08
SCT CUSC 5000/7000 RANGES/SLOPES. BKN SLOPES IN S
SCT CU 4000/7000 SEA/COAST
AMD WEATHER:
ISOL SHOWERS RANGES/W SLOPES S OF 35S
ISOL SHOWER SEA
VISIILITY:
5000M SHOWERS
AMD FREEZING LEVEL:
A: 8000 B: 9000
AMD ICING
MOD IN CU TOPS
AMD TURBULENCE:
MOD BLW 10000 RANGES/E
 METEOROLOGY – ARFOR – 49

ARFOR No. 5

AREA 21 (21)
AREA FORECAST 062100 TO 071100 AREA 21
OVERVIEW:
ISOLATED SHOWERS CHIEFLY ALONG COAST WITH AREAS OF LOW CLOUD TILL 04Z
PATCHY RAIN NORTH OF ORANGE/SYDNEY. ISOL FOGS RANGES/EAST TILL 23Z
SUBDIVISIONS:
NIL
WIND
2000 5000 7000 10000 14000 18500
VRB/15 260/15 260/15 260/25 ZERO 270/30 MS08 270/40 MS17
CLOUD
AREAS OF BKN ST 1000/3000 SEA/COAST TILL04
3000/5000 RANGES IN E TILL 02
AREAS OF CU/SC 3000/8000 SEA/COAST ISOL TOPS SEA 20000
SCT CU/SC 4000/8000 RANGES, BKN IN S AND E
SCT SC 5000/8000 W SLOPES
AREAS OF BKN ACAS ABOVE 11000
WEATHER:
SH IN E. PATCHY RA N OF YORG/YSSY
ISOL FOG RANGES AND EAST TILL 23
VISIBILITY:
5000 SH/RA
FREEZING LEVEL
10000
ICING
MOD IN CU/AC
TURBULENCE:
MOD IN CU/AC
CRITICAL LOCATIONS: (HEIGHT ABOVE MSL)
MT VICTORIA: BKN SC 4000
FM23 5000M SH BKN CU 5000
BOWRAL: 500M FOG
FM22 5000M BKN ST 3000
FM00 8000M BKN SC 4500
 METEOROLOGY – ARFOR – 50

ARFOR No. 6

AREA 22 (22)
AREA FORECAST 112300 TO 121100 AREA 22
OVERVIEW:
THUNDERSTORMS WITH HAIL (SMALL) DEVELOPING IN W AREA 22 EXTENDING E
SCATTERED SHOWERS/DRIZZLE
WIDESPREAD LOW CLOUD, BECOMING SCATTERED NW
ISOLATED SEVERE TURBULENCE BELOW 8000
REFER SIGMET FOR LATEST DETAILS OF SEVERE ICING
WIND:
2000 5000 7000 10000 14000 18500
270/40 270/35 260/40 270/45 MS10 270/50 MS18 260/60 MS28
CLOUD:
OCNL CB 2500/28000 W AREA 22 EXTENDING E
BKN ST 800/3000, BECOMING SCT NW
BKN CU 2500/15000
WEATHER:
TS (HAIL) SH/DZ
VISIBILITY:
4000M SH/DZ/TS
FREEZING LEVEL:
4000S/5000N
ICING:
REFER SIGMET
TURBULENCE:
ISOL SEV BELOW 8000
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