PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARIZING TASK

Compiled to Meet One of the Tasks

English Course
Supervisor : Widjijati, MN.

Arranged by:
Name : Isnain Adi Nasucha (P1337420217023)
Class : 2A

POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN SEMARANG

PROGRAM STUDI D III KEPERAWATAN PURWOKERTO
TAHUN AJARAN 2018
 Paraphrasing and Summarizing Teks

A. Journal 1 “Colds and flu – an overview of the management”

Pharmacotherapy is directed at alleviating associated symptoms. The prophylactic

use of vitamin C has been shown to reduce the risk of developing a cold or flu in certain
populations, e.g. athletes, with a reduction of approximately 6% in the disease duration.
However, the evidence that supports the use of vitamin C in high dosages to reduce the
severity of a cold or flu is lacking and inconclusive. Fluid (especially water) helps to
lubricate the mucous membranes of patients suffering from the common cold or
influenza. Anticholinergic agents, such as inhaled ipratropium bromide, may be used to
treat a cough caused by the common cold. Nasal preparations have shown some efficacy
in reducing rhinorrhoea and sneezing. Inhaled corticosteroids can be used to reduce the
swelling and inflammation of the nasal mucosa, but have not been shown to provide any
benefit in patients diagnosed with a common cold.1

Antibiotics should never be used to treat the common cold or flu, unless there is a
secondary bacterial infection. There is insufficient evidence in the literature to supports
the use of OTC products for the prevention of these viral infections; however, products
like Corenza C or Corenza para-C which contain vitamin C and zinc can be used as a
prophylaxis. Receiving the influenza vaccine may reduce the risk of acquiring seasonal
influenza. Treatment is symptomatic; however, the use of many of the OTC medicines is
not supported by literature. Certain herbal remedies like P. sidoides extract, A.
paniculata and elderberry may be effective, although a person should always read the
safety profile of these remedies first. Codeine and antihistamines may be used in
combination therapies to treat coughs and other cold symptoms. Medicines, such as
paracetamol and other NSAIDs, may be used to manage pain and fever in adults.
Antivirals, such as the neuraminidase inhibitors, can be used in the prevention and
treatment of both influenza A and B.
B. Journal 2 “Laryngeal Responses to Mechanically Assisted Cough in Progressing
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis”

Respiratory complications represent the major cause of death in amyotrophic

lateral sclerosis (ALS). Noninvasive respiratory support is the mainstay therapy, but
treatment becomes challenging as the disease progresses, possibly due to a
malfunctioning larynx, which is the entrance to the airways. We studied laryngeal
response patterns to mechanically assisted cough (mechanical insufflation-
exsufflation) as ALS progresses. METHODS: This prospective longitudi-nal study of
13 consecutively included subjects with ALS were followed up during 2011–2016
with repeated tests of lung function, neurological status, and laryngeal responses to
mechanical insuf-flation-exsufflation using video-recorded flexible transnasal
fiberoptic laryngoscopy. RESULTS: Follow-up time was median 17 (range 6 –59)
months. In total, 751 laryngoscopy recordings from 67 individual examinations
(median 4 per subject, range 2–11 per subject) were analyzed. Adverse laryngeal
events that developed with disease progression during insufflation included adduction
of true vocal folds in 8 of 9 spinal-onset subjects and adduction of aryepiglottic folds
in all subjects, initially at the highest positive pressure and prior to onset of other
bulbar symptoms in spinal-onset subjects. As cough became less expulsive with
disease progression, laryngeal adduction occurred at lower insufflation pressures.
Retroflex movement of the epiglottis was observed in 7 of 13 subjects regardless of
insufflation pressures and independent of bulbar involvements. Backward movement
of the tongue base occurred regardless of insufflation pressures in all but 1 subject.
During exsuf-flation, constriction of the hypopharynx was observed in all subjects
regardless of the presence of bulbar symptoms, after the adverse events that occurred
during insufflation. CONCLUSIONS: Applying high insufflation pressures during
mechanically assisted cough in ALS can become coun-terproductive as the disease
progresses as well as prior to the onset of bulbar symptoms.
based study examining laryngeal response patterns to MI-E in ALS9 were asked to
participate in this obser-vational, long-term, follow-up study. Eighteen subjects con-
sented; one declined due to discomfort during the exami-nations, and one declined
due to fatigue. There were 5 dropouts: 2 subjects were tracheostomized and 3 sub-
jects died; hence, 13 subjects were included in the study. The long-term follow-up ran
from 2011 to 2016. All data retrieval was performed longitudinally at planned visits
to the out-patient clinic until death, tracheostomy, or withdrawal. The study protocol
was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics (the registry
number for the study 2011/784/Western Nor-way Regional Committee for Medical
and Health Re-search Ethics). Written informed consent was obtained from all
participants.
The authors extend many thanks to the study participants and their care-givers
for their participation in this study. We are also very grateful to medical photographer
Thor-Andre Ellingsen for valuable help with the video recordings and editing of film
clips, to nurses Gunvor Mo Norstein and Marit Arnevik Renså for coordinating the
ALS clinic and helping run examinations, to otolaryngologists Magnus Hilland and
Lorenz Sandvik for performing several TFL examinations, and to neurologist Tiina
Re-kand to contributing the neurological assessments.
 C. References

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