Dynamics


fff : EXTREMELY LOUD


ff : VERY LOUD

f : LOUD
mf : QUITE LOUD

fp : LOUD THEN SUDDENLY SOFT
mp : QUITE SOFT
p : SOFT
pp : VERY SOFT
ppp : EXTREMELY SOFT
al niente : FADE AWAY TO NOTHING, TO SILENCE
calando : BECOMING SOFTER
dal niente : OUT OF SILENCE, FROM NOTHING
fortepiano : LOUD, THEN IMMEDIATELY SOFT
in rilievo : ONE INSTRUMENT OR PART MUST PLAY LOUDER THAN THE OTHERS
perdendo/perdendosi : FADING OUT
morendo : DYING AWAY
sottovoce : SOFT, WHISPERED
> : ATTACK
- : AGOGIC ACCENT
rf/rfz : RINFORZATO, WITH A STRONG ACCENT
sf/sfz : SFORZATO, WITH A SUDDEN ACCENT
marcato : MARKED
Tempo
allegretto : MODERATELY FAST
allegro : FAST AND LIVELY
adagio : MODERATELY SLOW
andante : AT WALKING PACE
largo : SLOW AND STATELY
moderato : AT A MODERATE SPEED
vivace : FASTER THAN ALLEGRO, BUT NOT AS PRESTO
presto : VERY QUICK
accelerando : GETTING QUICKER
allargando : SLOWLY DOWN AND GETTING LOUDER
rallentando : GETTING SLOWER
ritenuto : SLOWING DOWN/HOLDING BACK THE PACE
rubato : FLEXIBLE, WITH NO STRICT TIME
agitato : IN AN AGITATED MANNER
alla marcia : LIKE A MARCH
amoroso : IN A LOVING WAY
calmato : CALMLY
dolce : SWEETLY
energico : IN AN ENERGETIC FASHION
giocoso : PLAYFULLY
grazioso : GRACEFULLY
lento doloroso : SLOWLY AND SADLY
maestoso : MAJESTICALLY
morbido : SOFTLY, GENTLY
pesante : HEAVILY
sospirando : AS IF SIGHING
trionfante : IN A TRIUMPH WAY